使用颗粒状自体松质骨植骨的寰枢椎后路融合术

介绍一种在头环背心保护下用颗粒状自体松质骨植骨的寰枢椎后路融合术。对３４例寰枢椎不稳的病人施行了寰枢椎后路融合术。用头环背心维持寰椎的复位，将颗粒状的自体松质骨植于寰椎后弓和枢椎椎板的背面，不用内固定，直至植骨融合。３１例病人获得了随访，平均随访时间３０个月，其中２９例融合成功，术后头不背心固定时间平均为１３周，有３例出现了寰椎再移位。颗粒状自体松质骨比块状的全层骨更有利于融合。用头环背心的外固定     

小儿寰枢椎不稳的手术治疗

目的 探索一套手术治疗小儿寰枢帷不稳的方法。方法 对３１例１５岁以下的寰枢椎不稳的患儿进行手术治疗。先借助头环背心（ｈａｌｏ－ｖｅｓｔ）使寰椎复位并获得稳定。对１７例患儿施行颗粒状自体松质骨植骨的寰枢椎后路融合术,３例行寰椎后弓切除枕颈融合术,５例行枕骨大孔开大枕颈融合术,６例单纯行枕颈融合术。结果 全部病例均获植骨融合。头环背心平均固定时间：枕颈融合术者９４．３ｄ,寰枢椎融合术者６８．５ｄ。有脊     

后路钉板寰枢关节、枕颈固定融合术

目的报告后路寰枢椎侧块、枕颈钉板固定融合术治疗寰枢椎不稳定的疗效。方法2006年1月至2007年12月,用特制螺钉及连接板固定寰枢椎、枕骨枢椎,治疗12例寰枢关节不稳定的患者。其中横韧带松弛3例,先天性齿突不连3例,寰椎骨折2例,齿状突粉碎骨折2例,寰枢椎脱位2例。结果本组12例获得5-28个月随访,平均16.3个月,均获得了骨性融合。没有神经、血管损伤和断钉、断板的病例。结论后路使用螺钉、固定板的寰枢关节、枕颈固定融合术具有短节段固定作用,不仅疗效可靠,而且便于寰枢关节复位。     

后路寰枢椎钩钉棒联合内固定植骨融合术治疗寰枢椎不稳定

目的探讨后路寰枢椎钩钉棒联合内固定植骨融合术治疗寰枢椎不稳的临床疗效。方法采用寰椎椎板钩联合枢椎椎弓根钉内固定植骨融合术治疗8例齿状突骨折及寰枢椎脱位。结果 7例获得随访,均获得骨性愈合,神经功能D级2例,均恢复至E级。颈椎活动无明显疼痛,动度良好5例,可2例。结论后路寰枢椎钩钉棒联合内固定植骨融合术治疗效果好,值得临床推广应用。     

一期后路手术治疗可复性寰枢椎脱位合并下颈椎椎管狭窄

目的:探讨一期后路寰枢椎固定融合术联合单开门椎管扩大椎板成形术治疗可复性寰枢椎脱位合并下颈椎椎管狭窄的临床疗效.方法:2010年6月?2017年12月,采用一期后路寰枢椎钉棒系统固定融合术联合单开门椎管扩大椎板成形术治疗寰枢椎脱位合并下颈椎椎管狭窄的患者21例.患者均为可复性寰枢椎脱位,下颈椎椎管狭窄原因包括多节段颈椎...     

后路寰枢椎侧块钉板固定植骨融合术的临床初探

目的：初步报告后路寰枢椎侧块钉板固定植骨融合术治疗寰枢椎不稳定的近期疗效。方法：用特制螺钉经寰椎后弓根部沿寰椎侧块纵轴置入，固定枢椎的螺钉沿枢椎椎弓峡部进入椎弓根，用连接板将寰枢椎固定螺钉的尾端相连接，用螺母锁定，使寰枢椎得到稳定。在寰枢椎后弓间植入松质骨颗粒。结果：治疗10例因齿状突不连而寰枢不稳定的患者，平均随访194个月，1例固定失败而改用枕颈固定，其余9例均获得了骨性融合。1例术后8个月出现了连接板断裂。6例脊髓功能明显改善，3例略有改善，1例无变化。结论：利用寰椎侧块螺钉和枢椎椎弓根螺钉通过连接板锁定可以使寰枢椎得到坚强的三维固定。此方法更适用于因鹅颈畸形而难以施行Magerl术的病例。     

骨科：脊柱

侧块钉固定治疗齿突骨折并寰枢关节脱位；经枢椎椎弓根内固定钉道轨迹的术前三维CT重建；四点内固定技术治疗创伤性寰枢椎不稳；重建钛板枢椎椎弓根螺钉及颗粒状植骨枕颈融合术；一期前后路联合内固定治疗多节段颈椎骨折脱位     

后路寰枢椎椎弓根钉内固定及枕颈融合术治疗上颈椎不稳27例临床分析

目的 探讨应用寰枢侧块螺钉与枢椎椎弓根钉内固定及枕颈融合术治疗上颈椎不稳的疗效.方法 对寰枢椎不稳27例患者采用寰椎侧块螺钉结合枢椎椎弓根螺钉及枕颈融合治疗.结果 27例患者均经寰枢椎螺钉或枕颈融合内固定术,其中一例颅底凹陷患者一期行经口齿状突切除术,二期行枕颈融合术,27例患者无一例发生脊髓和椎动脉损伤.所有患者均获得随访,随访3 ～17个月,平均9个月.术后3个月JOA评分13.5 ～16.9分,平均15.2分,改善率为88.4％.植骨块全部融合,无内固定断裂、松动.结论 后路寰椎侧块螺钉结合枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定及枕颈融合术具有稳定的三维固定效果,可用于治疗上颈椎不稳.     

后路寰枢椎椎弓根钉固定融合治疗寰枢椎不稳或脱位

目的探讨颈后路寰枢椎椎弓根钉固定融合治疗寰枢椎不稳或脱位的临床效果。方法对25例寰枢椎不稳或脱位患者采用后路寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉系统复位固定并植骨融合治疗。结果所有患者术中无椎动脉及脊髓损伤发生,术后枕颈部不适症状均不同程度消失,受损脊髓神经功能改善明显。25例均获随访,时间12~36(18±6)个月。末次随访时,无螺钉断裂、松动或移位,颈椎复位满意,无寰枢椎再移位,失稳现象发生,全部获得骨性融合;颈椎屈曲功能良好,旋转功能轻度受限。结论后路寰枢椎椎弓根钉固定融合术是治疗寰枢椎不稳或脱位的有效方法。     

枢椎椎弓根钉板结合对侧椎板钉棒固定在寰枢椎及枕颈固定中的应用

目的探讨后路单侧枢椎椎弓根钉板系统结合对侧枢椎椎板钉棒系统在寰枢关节及枕颈固定中的临床疗效。方法后路单侧椎弓根钉板系统结合对侧枢椎椎板钉棒系统寰枢椎固定及枕颈固定11例,新鲜Ⅱ型齿突骨折5例,陈旧性齿突骨折3例,寰椎枕骨化畸形2例,寰枢椎不稳1例。单侧椎弓根发育狭小者6例,单侧椎动脉优势型2例,一侧椎动脉高跨2例,寰椎枕骨化畸形寰枢关节脱位行钉板系统固定失效后再次手术1例。寰枢椎固定9例,枕颈固定2例,1例难复型寰枢关节脱位行经口咽前路松解+后路复位内固定融合术,术后内固定失效行翻修手术。全部患者行后路寰枢或枕颈固定植骨融合术。比较术前、术后JOA评分变化,术后随访X线片及CT,观察寰枢椎复位及融合情况。结果所有患者均得到随访,随访时间6~32个月,平均16个月。全组患者无一例发生脊髓或椎动脉损伤,寰枢椎得到解剖复位,临床症状得到不同程度改善。术后JOA评分13~16分,平均14.9分,术前、术后JOA评分改善率为76%~92%,平均83%,术后半年复查CT显示均获得骨性融合,未见寰枢椎失稳或复位丢失征象,固定螺钉位置良好。结论单侧枢椎椎弓根钉板系统结合对侧枢椎椎板钉棒系统行寰枢关节及枕颈固定临床疗效可靠,但缺少临床对比研究。     

Management of cervical spinal fractures in ankylosing spondylitis with posterior fixation

STUDY DESIGN: Introduction of a posterior approach for internal fixation of fractures of the ankylosed cervical spine. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the clinical outcome of patients with ankylosing spondylitis and cervical spinal fractures treated with posterior instrumentation and a collar orthosis. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Cervical spinal fractures in patients with ankylosing spondylitis almost always extend completely across the vertebral segment to include both anterior and posterior elements. Treatment with immobilization alone is often inadequate. Generalized spinal rigidity and exaggerated thoracic kyphosis may hinder anterior exposure. Posterior approaches have been described but generally require postoperative halo immobilization. In the authors' technique for patients whose spinal alignment is relatively well preserved, a posterior exposure is used that achieves three-point internal fixation along multiple segments. The complications associated with halo immobilization are avoided. METHODS: Seven patients with ankylosing spondylitis and fractures of the cervical spine were stabilized with posterior instrumentation. Patients were immobilized after surgery with either a cervical collar or a sternal occipital mandibular immobilizing brace and observed for neurologic outcome, radiographic evidence of bony fusion, and complications. RESULTS: No patient experienced neurologic deterioration with surgery. Two patients died at acute rehabilitative facilities after discharge. Radiographic evidence of fusion was observed in the five patients available for follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with ankylosing spondylitis and cervical spinal fractures can be adequately treated with lateral mass plating and interspinous wiring of autologous rib graft. Adequate postoperative immobilization can be attained with a cervical collar and does not require a halo vest.     

Management of post-traumatic cervical spine instability: operative fusion versus halo vest immobilization. Analysis of 49 cases

A 5-year retrospective analysis was conducted for all cervical spine fractures associated with neurologic deficit initially treated at the University of Michigan Hospitals. Forty-nine cases of lower cervical spine fracture (C3-C7) were reviewed. Twenty-eight patients underwent early operative fusion followed by immobilization with either halo vests, or hard cervical collars, and 20 patients were initially immobilized in halo vests only. One patient refused treatment and was kept in a hard cervical collar. The average period of immobilization was 3 months. Eight patients in the halo vest group demonstrated radiographic evidence of spinal instability following immobilization (40%). Five of these eight patients subsequently required operative stabilization. Two of these five suffered progression of neurologic deficit secondary to loss of reduction while immobilized. Spinal instability occurred in two of the 28 patients initially fused (7%) (p less than 0.01), and in the patient treated in a collar. The findings indicate: 1) the halo vest does not protect patients with cervical instability from neurological injury, nor does it absolutely immobilize the cervical spine; 2) surgery may be required to provide spinal stability, even after a 3-month orthotic treatment period; and 3) there appears to be an increased rate of spinal stability with fusion and immobilization versus immobilization alone.     

Asymptomatic brain abscess as a complication of halo orthosis: Report of a case and review of the literature

The halo external orthosis has been used extensively for cervical immobilization after spine surgery or trauma, usually without serious complications. However, nine brain abscesses have been reported as complications following the use of halo orthosis. We report on a 53-year-old man who underwent anterior cervical fusion for cervical myelopathy, followed by the application of a halo orthosis. Approximately 4 weeks postfusion, loosening of the right anterior pin was recognized and the pin was tightened, as the pin-site was clean. One week later, purulent material was discharged from the pin hole when the pin was removed after it had loosened again. Enhanced computed tomography (CT) demonstrated an abscess on the right side of the brain. After the administration of antibiotics, the abscess resolved without surgical intervention. We describe asymptomatic brain abscess complicating the use of a halo orthosis and review the clinical features, symptoms, and outcomes; we also discuss the mechanism that induced brain abscess. Most reported cases of abscess have been associated with pin-site infection or tightening after late pin loosening. The present case indicates the importance of early recognition of symptoms and signs associated with brain abscess in patients with a halo orthosis. Received for publication on June 22, 1998; accepted on Aug. 28, 1998     

Atlantoaxial rotatory subluxation, congenital absence of the posterior arch of the atlas, and cerebral palsy: an unusual triad

Posttraumatic chronic atlantoaxial rotatory subluxation and congenital absence of the posterior arch of the atlas are rare upper cervical spine abnormalities. The present case is that of a 4-year-old girl who had these two spinal disorders as well as spastic cerebral palsy. The interrelationship, if any, between these three conditions is unclear but presented an unusual diagnostic triad. A posterior spinal fusion between the occiput and third cervical vertebra was performed because of concern for upper cervical spine instability. The patient was immobilized in a halo vest, and a solid fusion occurred within 3 months. Preoperatively the child had never walked independently, but postoperatively, while wearing the halo vest, she was able to walk without external support, thus raising the suspicion of previous spinal instability. Fifteen months postoperatively she remains spastic but has a stable, orthotic-free, independent gait.     

External immobilization of cervical spine with a halo vest--experience with 31 cases

Post-traumatic or post-operative immobilization of cervical spine often requires long term bed-rest. But, bed-rest indeed gave discomfort to patients, nonetheless, sometimes complete external fixation cannot be gained. Since 1982, we have applied Halo vest to the patients who required external immobilization of cervical spine. In this paper, we reported our experiences with 31 cases who were treated by Halo vest. Thirty-one cases comprised 19 cases of cervical spinal trauma, 5 cases of atlanto-axial dislocation, 1 case of foramen magnum meningioma, and 6 cases of ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL). In traumatic cases, Halo vest was used as external fixation of injured spine in 8 cases, and as an adjunct to surgical fusion in other cases. In case of atlanto-axial dislocation, 3 cases underwent posterior fusion, and 2 cases underwent anterior fusion. Anterior fusion of C1-2 was also done in case of foramen magnum meningioma after total excision of tumor. Six cases of OPLL underwent anterior decompression and anterior fusion. Mean immobilization time by Halo vest was as follows: 58 days (28-113) in case of cervical spinal trauma, 85 days (56-144) in case of atlanto-axial dislocation who underwent posterior fusion, 92 days (89-93) in case of atlanto-axial dislocation and foramen magnum meningioma who underwent anterior fusion, 59 days (54-70) in case of OPLL. Early ambulation was achieved in many cases. Good external fixation and result was obtained 27 cases out of 31 cases. Re-dislocation of cervical spine occurred in 1 case of cervical spinal trauma while he was in Halo vest.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Caspar plate fixation for the treatment of complex hangman's fractures.

This report details our recent experience with the surgical treatment of complex hangman's fractures after failure of closed reduction and immobilization in external orthosis. We have successfully treated hangman's fractures in 5 patients with anterior Caspar plate stabilization and C2-C3 interbody fusion. The specific anatomical features of these fractures were complex, rendering the spines of the patients highly unstable. The patients were considered surgical candidates when reduction could not be achieved or maintained with axial traction or halo immobilization. Each patient underwent anterior C2-C3 interbody bone fusion and Caspar plating from C2 to C3. All patients achieved adequate intraoperative reduction and were immobilized postoperatively with a halo vest. The follow-up period ranged from 3 to 28 months and provided a 100% fusion rate with no complications related to plating or nonunion. Our initial experience indicates that anterior C2-C3 interbody bone fusion and Caspar plate fixation is a suitable treatment option for patients with complex hangman's fractures who are not successfully managed nonoperatively.     

Cervical motion after adding a posterior pad to the halo vest

Investigators have shown that significant segmental motion occurs in patients immobilized in halo vests. One cadaver study showed that this is decreased with a posterior pad added to the construct. To improve nonoperative care of patients with cervical trauma, segmental cervical motion was evaluated in normal volunteers immobilized in a halo vest with and without a posterior pad. Two commonly used methods to measure sagittal angulation were used. Thirty normal volunteers were placed in halo vests by using positioning pins on the cranium. A sphygmomanometer attached to the posterior uprights of the vest inflated to 40 mm Hg was used as a posterior pad at the greatest visible lordosis. Lateral radiographs of the cervical spine were taken with volunteers in the upright and supine positions with and without the posterior pad inflated. Radiographs were randomly sorted and were each read twice by 3 readers. Measurements of the posterior atlantodental interval, sagittal displacement, and sagittal rotation were recorded using 2 different methods: the Buetti-Bauml method, which uses lines drawn along the posterior vertebral bodies, and the method of White and colleagues, which uses lines drawn along the inferior vertebral bodies. Inflation status of the pad showed no statistically significant difference in any of the measured variables. This was true for both methods of measurement. Application of a posterior pad to the halo vest did not show any change in the segmental motion of the cervical spine in normal volunteers.     

Temporäre perkutane Spondylodese C1/2 und Halotransfixation

Dislocated combined injuries of the upper cervical spine such as C 1/2 fractures require occipitocervical fusion, especially if the dislocation can not be redressed using halo vest immobilisition. We report on the clinical course and outcome of a young woman who sustained complex cervical spine injuries. Closed reduction and a percutaneous transfixation of C 1/2 with k-wires (Magerl) and an additional halo vest immobilisition was performed to avoid permanent fusion. The 25 year old patient was involved in a motor vehicle accident that resulted in a dislocated Jefferson's fracture, an odontoid fracture type II (Anderson and d'Alonso) with protrusion into the foramen magnum, and a dislocated C 6/7 fracture. A ventral spondylodesis C6/7 was followed by temporary dorsal spondylodesis C1/2 with k-wires (Magerl) and additional halo vest immobilisition after closed reduction. The temporary percutaneous fixation C1/2 was removed after 11 weeks, as was the halo vest immobilisition. After removing the temporary percutaneous fixation (k-wires) and the halo system, the patient showed very good functional results in terms of range of motion with only minor discomfort. Complex injuries of the upper cervical spine that cannot be retained by external fixation often require an occipitocervical fusion or fixation of C1/2. In the case presented, the temporary percutaneous fixation (Magerl) with k-wires was terminated after 3 months to avoid significant functional impairment. Younger patients benefit most from temporary fusion of the upper cervical spine, which results in better functional outcome and only minor pain.     

Unilateral facet dislocations and fracture-dislocations of the cervical spine

We treated 36 patients with unilateral facet dislocations or fracture-dislocations of the cervical spine at the Mayo Clinic between 1975 and 1986. Adequate records were available for 34: ten patients were treated by open reduction and posterior fusion, and 24 by nonoperative management. Of these, 19 had halo traction followed by halo-thoracic immobilisation, four had a simple cervicothoracic orthosis, and one received no active treatment. Anatomical reduction was achieved more frequently in the operative group (60% compared with 25%). Nonoperative treatment was more likely to result in cervical translation on flexion/extension lateral radiographs, and in significant symptoms. Only 36% of the patients treated by halo traction achieved anatomical alignment; in 25% halo traction failed to achieve or maintain any degree of reduction. During halo-thoracic immobilisation, half of the patients lost some degree of reduction and patient satisfaction with the appliance was low. Open reduction and internal fixation of unilateral facet injuries gave better results. 6     

Failure of immobilization of the cervical spine by the halo vest. A report of five cases

The halo vest is considered by us, as well as by the majority of orthopaedic surgeons, to be the best commercially available orthosis for control of the cervical spine. However, we have seen five patients with posterior ligament injury of the neck who sustained a recurrence of facet dislocation or subluxation while in a halo vest.