川芎对骨内高压状态下血液流变学的影响

３３只家兔随机分为三组：正常组、对照组和治疗组，后两组均将家兔一侧后肢于膝关节伸直位持续固定５周，制成该侧胫骨上端骨内高压模型，另侧不固定作为对照侧，分别应用生理盐水和２０％川芎注射液治疗３周，测定双侧胫骨上端骨髓血和颈静脉血血液流变学指标：全血粘度、血浆粘度、血沉、血浆纤维蛋白原、红细胞压积。结果２０％川芎注射液治疗３周后，其血液流变学指标除红细胞压积外均恢复正常，与正常组比较差异无显著性（Ｐ＞０．０５），而与生理盐水组比较则差异有显著性（Ｐ＜０．０５）；且骨髓血与静脉血的血液流变学改变基本一致。说明川芎注射液能改善骨内高压下血液流变学异常状态，从而降低骨内高压。     

川芎对骨内高压降压作用的实验研究

研究川芎对骨内高压的降压作用及其机理。应用家兔胫骨上端骨内高压模型，观察２０％川芎注射液对骨内高压下骨内压、静脉血和骨髓血血液流变学及骨内微循环和造血组织的影响。用药３周后，高压固定侧骨内压（３．７６±１．６３ｋＰａ）和对照侧（４．１２±１．９３ｋＰａ）差异无显著性（Ｐ值＞０．０５）；全身静脉血和骨髓血的全血粘度、血浆粘度、血沉和纤维蛋白原等明显下降，与正常组者比较差异无显著性（Ｐ值＞０．０５），而与高压组者比较差异有高度显著性（Ｐ值＜０．０１）；扫描电镜观察发现停药后不同时期骨内微循环及造血组织等病理改变明显好转，而未经治疗的高压组病理变化仍非常明显。川芎注射液对骨内高压具有显著的降压作用，其作用可能是改善了骨内高压下血液流变学和骨内微循环及造血组织的病理状态。     

家兔肝缺血性损伤时的血液粘度变化及蝮蛇抗栓酶的保护作用研究

用毛细管式粘度计检测３５只日本大耳白兔肝血流阻断前后的血液粘度、血浆粘度、红细胞压积及纤维蛋白原含量，同时进行肝组织学及肝功能检查。结果显示：与正常对照组（ｎ＝１０）比较，第一肝门血流阻断３０分钟后单纯缺血组（ｎ＝１３）家兔的血液粘度、血浆粘度及红细胞压积显著升高，肝组织学及肝功能出现明显损伤性改变，而蝮蛇抗栓酶组（ｎ＝１２）家兔的血液粘度无明显升高，肝组织学及肝功能损害轻，恢复快。提示肝急性缺血可引起家兔血液粘度、血浆粘度及红细胞压积显著升高，并伴有肝细胞结构和功能的进行性损害。蝮蛇抗栓酶具有降低血液粘度和改善微循环的作用，可以作为肝脏急性缺血情况下的肝脏保护剂。     

化瘀活骨汤治疗股骨头缺血坏死的实验研究

目的　研究由川芎、三棱、仙灵脾、骨碎补等药组成的化瘀活骨汤治疗股骨头缺血坏死的作用机理。方法　应用手术方法造成兔股骨头缺血坏死模型 ,观察化瘀活骨汤对其血液流变学的影响。结果　造模三周后 ,治疗组全血粘度、血浆粘度均明显下降 ,而红细胞聚集指数则上升 ,与正常组比较无显著性差异 (P <0 0 5 ) ,与股骨头缺血坏死模型组比较差异非常显著 (P <0 0 1) ;光镜观察发现治疗组6周后骨内微循环及骨坏死等病理改变有明显好转 ,而模型组骨细胞坏死及骨内微循环障碍仍非常明显。结论　化瘀活骨汤对股骨头缺血坏死的作用机理可能是改善了血流变学与股骨头缺血坏死骨内微循环的病理状态     

股骨头缺血坏死的血液流变学临床研究

目的　探讨创伤性与非创伤性股骨头缺血坏死 (ANFN)患者的血液流变学特性。方法　选取创伤性与非创伤性股骨头缺血坏死患者以及其它骨创伤患者共 3组 ,每组 2 8例 ,进行血液流变学指标检测分析。结果　创伤组和对照组比较 ,血小板、血脂含量、血液流变学指标均无明显差异 (P >0 0 5 )。非创伤组和对照组比较 ,全血低切粘度、血浆纤维蛋白原、甘油三脂明显增高 (P <0 0 1)。结论　血液高粘滞状态与创伤性ANFH无明显关系 ,但是可能参与非创伤性ANFH的发病。它的形成可能与高脂血症有关 ,同时还有其它未知病理因素参与。在临床上对有ANFH危险因素的患者进行血液流变学监测 ,可能起到预警作用     

蝮蛇抗栓酶对脊髓损伤影响的实验研究

就蝮蛇抗栓酶对大鼠脊髓损伤时脂质过氧化物、超氧化物歧化酶及组织形态学的影响作了研究。结果表明：蝮蛇抗栓酶治疗组脊髓组织和血浆中脂质过氧化物（ＬＰＯ）含量较对照组低，其脊髓组织和红细胞的超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）活性较对照组高，光镜和电镜检查均显示治疗组大鼠的脊髓损伤比对照组轻，脊髓神经功能恢复情况亦优于对照组。表明蝮蛇抗栓酶对大鼠脊髓损伤的影响与其抗氧自由基作用有关。     

骨折不同固定对血液流变学的影响

采用实验动物观察骨折用不同的固定方法对血液流变学的影响。其结果显示：骨折２周经手术内固定组与空白组对照血浆表现粘度有非常显著性差异；闭合复侠固定与空白组也有差异，其中钢板固定组粘度为最大。     

电刺激小脑对脑梗塞血液流变学的影响

目的 探讨电刺激小脑对治疗脑梗塞血液流变学的影响。方法 选择经关颅CT确诊为脑梗塞患者58例，其中29例采用电刺激小脑者为治疗组；另外29例用常规治疗为对照组。结果 治疗组与对照组在治疗后血液流变学各项指标比较P＞0．01，差异显著。结论 电刺激小脑治疗脑梗塞，能明显改变血液流变学指标，降低血液黏稠度，抑制血小板的聚集和血小板对血管内皮的黏附，提高脑血流量，从而改善梗塞病灶的缺血状态。     

化瘀活骨汤治疗肌骨头缺血坏死的实验研究

研究由川芎、三棱、仙灵脾、骨碎补等药组成的化瘀活骨汤治疗股骨头缺血坏死的作用机理。方法应用于方法造成兔股骨头缺血坏死模型，观察化瘀活化汤对其血液流变学的影响。结果造模三周后，治疗组全血粘度、血浆粘度均明显下降，而红细胞聚集指数则上升，与正常组比较无显著性差异，与股骨头缺血坏死模型组比较差异非常显著；光镜观察发现治疗组６周后骨内微循环及骨坏死等病理改变有明显好转，而模型组骨细胞坏死及骨内微循环障碍仍     

骨水泥对血液流变学影响的实验研究

目的通过动物实验研究探讨骨水泥对血液流变学变化的影响。方法将24只新西兰白兔随机分为两组试验组和对照组,每组12只,试验组股骨髓腔内填充骨水泥而对照组不填充骨水泥,术前、术后10min、1h、3h、24h采集颈内静脉血,测定血液流变学指标,用SPSS17．0统计学软件将结果进行统计学分析。结果手术前后血液流变学指标改变有统计学差异（P〈0．05）,而实验组与对照组则无统计学差异（P〉0．1）。结论骨水泥对术后24h内兔血液流变学变化无显著影响。     

股动脉外膜交感神经网剥脱切除对骨内高压超微结构的影响

目的 探讨股动外膜交感神经网剥脱切除对骨内高压超微结构的影响。方法 30只新西兰纯种大白兔制作成右胫骨上端骨内高压模型,随机分为对照组和实验组,实验组行右股动脉外膜交感神经网剥脱切除术,测量手术前、后两组骨内压值及观察骨髓内超微结构。结果 手术后实验组骨内压值下降明显(P<0.05),骨髓内血窦腔及内皮细胞间隙大小无明显改变,内皮细胞结构、成分及血液成分趋向正常,血窦内血浆无形成分减少。结论 股动脉外膜交感神经网剥脱切除后,血液瘀滞状态有改善,骨内压下降。     

止血带对兔血液流变学的影响

目的 探讨止血带对血液流变学的影响。方法 大白兔20只,止血带应用时间为3h。分别于止血带充气前和释放止血带后2min抽取静脉血测定血液流变学指标：血液粘度、血球压积、纤维蛋白原、红细胞聚积指数、变形指数及刚性指数、K值方程;以止血带充气前指标作为。于松止血带后5min取腓肠肌标本观察微血管超微结构。结果 与基础值相比,应用止血带后全血粘度及血浆粘度均升高（P＜0．05或0．01）,红细胞聚集指数和刚性指数上升,变形指数下降（P＜0．05）,K值方程,纤维蛋白原均增高（P＜0．05或0．01）,血球压积无显著性变化（P＞0．05）,透射电镜下见微血管内皮细胞轻度肿胀,血管内颗粒物浓聚,但无血栓形成。结论 长时间应用止血带后血液处于高粘带状态,有血栓形成倾向。     

Difference in intraosseous blood vessel volume and number in osteoporotic model mice induced by spinal cord injury and sciatic nerve resection

In the present study, we examined intraosseous blood vessel parameters of the tibial metaphysis in mice using microcomputed tomography (μCT) to investigate the relationship between post-nerve-injury osteoporosis and local intraosseous blood vessel volume and number. Mice were randomly divided into groups receiving spinal cord injury (SCI), sciatic nerve resection group (NX), or intact controls (30 mice/group). Four weeks after surgery, mice were perfused with silicone and the distribution of intraosseous blood vessels analyzed by μCT. The bone density, μCT microstructure, biomechanical properties, and the immunohistochemical and biochemical indicators of angiogenesis were also measured. The SCI group showed significantly reduced tibial metaphysis bone density, μCT bone microstructure, tibial biomechanical properties, indicators of angiogenesis, and intraosseous blood vessel parameters compared to the NX group. Furthermore, the spinal cord-injured mice exhibited significantly decreased intraosseous blood vessel volume and number during the development of osteoporosis. In conclusion, these data suggest that decreased intraosseous blood vessel volume and number may play an important role in the development of post-nerve-injury osteoporosis.     

Influence of storage on red blood cell rheological properties.

BACKGROUND: It is known that the age of transfused blood is a risk factor for the development of multiple organ failure in surgical patients. However, the character of hemorrheological changes in stored blood as well as the time when they appear remains disputable. We assumed that blood storage was accompanied by a progressive decrease of RBC deformability and rheological disorders. The degree of rheological disturbances should be directly proportional to the number of RBC with altered geometry. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nine packages of RBC kept in adenine saline solution were examined from the 5th to the 42nd day of storage. RBC deformability index (DI) was determined by micropore filtration technique. RBC shape was estimated by means of scanning electron microscopy. Blood clotting time was measured by Sonoclot coagulation analyzer. RESULTS: Significant alterations of RBC shape started at the second week of storage and progressed during the rest of the storage period. RBC shape changes were accompanied by progressive decrease in DI and increase in hemolysis and acidosis. The correlation index between the percentage of abnormally shaped RBC and DI was -0.81 (P = 0.0258). Blood clotting progressively decreased after 2 weeks of storage, probably due to the exhaustion of some procoagulant plasma factors. CONCLUSIONS: Serious hemorrheological disorders, including the decrease in RBC deformability secondary to shape abnormalities, acidosis, and the decrease of blood clotting, start already at the second week of storage and progress up to the end of the storage period. Transfusion of packed RBC older than 7 days may contribute to hemorrheological disorders in critically ill patients.     

Effects of variation in systemic blood pressure on intraosseous pressure, PO2, and PCO2

Several regulatory mechanisms have been shown to influence the intraosseous circulation. The influence of general hypovolemia on bone circulation and possible regulatory effects were investigated by recording the intraosseous pressure and PO2 and PCO2 continuously by mass spectrometry in rabbits. Hypovolemia was induced by repeated bleedings. The intraosseous and arterial pressures were found to be linearly related. The intraosseous PO2 already decreased after the first step of bleeding and decreased more than 50% of the initial value after an average blood loss of 40 ml. The intraosseous PCO2 showed an opposite pattern. The experimental PO2 vs. arterial pressure curves were similar to curves obtained by a computer simulation that assumes the blood flow to be proportional to the intraosseous pressure.     

伤科接骨片对防治鸡激素性股骨头缺血性坏死的实验研究

目的 :探讨伤科接骨片对激素诱导的鸡股骨头缺血性坏死的防治作用。方法 :45只健康成年三黄鸡随机分为三组 :对照组、模型组和伤科接骨片组 ,模型组和伤科接骨片组采用胸肌注射地塞米松磷酸钠建立激素性股骨头缺血性坏死模型。对照组同一时间经胸肌注射等量生理盐水。 12周后取材 ,测定血液流变学指标和股骨头内PO2值 ,并观测股骨头空骨陷窝率。结果 :造模组股骨头内PO2 值明显下降 ,全血粘度、血浆粘度、红细胞聚集指数明显升高 ,而红细胞变形指数明显下降 ,与对照组比较有显著性差异 (P <0 0 5或P <0 0 1) ,应用伤科接骨片后各项指标明显改善 ,与模型组比较有显著性差异 (P <0 0 5或P <0 0 1) ,空骨陷窝率较模型组显著降低 (P <0 0 1)。结论 :伤科接骨片能够改善股骨头血液流变特性 ,对激素诱导的股骨头缺血性坏死有防治作用。     

丹参治疗骨内高压实验研究

目的：寻找中药对ＬｅｇｇＰｅｒｔｈｅｓ病及各种骨性关节炎等伴有骨内高压症的治疗方法并研究其机理。方法：将骨内高压动物模型随机分为相等的治疗组和对照组,分别肌肉注射等量的丹参注射液和生理盐水,然后测双侧骨内压并取固定侧胫骨近端骨块制作扫描电镜标本观察。结果：发现治疗组双侧骨内压比较无差异０２０＞Ｐ＞０１０,固定侧骨髓超微结构近似正常;对照组固定侧骨内压明显高于正常侧Ｐ＜０００１,固定侧骨髓超微结构明显处于病理状态。结论：丹参具有治疗骨内高压的显著作用,其机理为改善了骨内高压下的骨髓微循环病理状态。     

Arteriovenous shunting is not associated with venous congestion in bone. Knee tamponade studied with 15-microns and 50-microns microspheres in immature dogs

Blood flow in the hind-limb bones of 8 immature labrador dogs with unilateral knee joint tamponade at 75 percent of the mean arterial pressure was measured with 15-microns and 50-microns microspheres to determine whether or not arteriovenous shunting occurs in bone with venous congestion caused by increased outflow resistance. The intraosseous pressure was 43 percent of the mean arterial pressure in the experimental distal femoral epiphysis versus 14 percent in the control knee (P less than 0.001). No pressure changes were found in the distal femoral metaphysis. Regional blood flow with 15-microns microspheres decreased centrally in the distal femoral epiphysis and increased centrally in the proximal tibial epiphysis. Metaphyseal blood flow was largely unchanged. A net shift in the preferred embolization site of 50-microns microspheres relative to that of 15-microns microspheres from central to peripheral regions occurred within both juxtaarticular epiphyses, indicating arteriolar vasodilation, but the relation between the uptake of the two microsphere sizes was unchanged when the epiphyses and other bony flow compartments were viewed in toto. The result speaks against the hypothesis of arteriovenous shunting in intraosseous hypertension.     

Hemodynamics changes in proximal femur of patients with femoral head necrosis]

Intraosseous pressure of the proximal femur was measured with type II physical pressure detector in 46 patients with femoral head necrosis (Legg-perthes' disease 25, idiopathic necrosis 21) and in 49 normal persons (25 children and 24 adults). Fourteen of those with head necrosis and 9 of the normals were further surveyed by stress test, a test to see the pressure change following intraosseous injection of 5 ml heparinized normal saline solution. Again, intramedullary venography was done in 16 of those with diseased head and 12 of the normals to investigate their status of venous flow. The intraosseous pressure of normal hips was 20.56 +/- 8.13 mmHg in children and 17 +/- 8.72 mmHg in adults while that of diseased hips was 37.28 +/- 15.51 mmHg in children and 35 +/- 12.07 mmHg in adults. The results indicated the coexistence of intraosseous hypertension and femoral head necrosis. Intramedullary venogram showed diaphyseal reflux in those with femoral head necrosis. This finding was also proved by stress necrosis. This finding was also proved by stress test. The hindrance of venous return, whatever the cause may be, induced venous stasis, intraosseous hypertension and decreased arterial inflow. The necrosis of the femoral head was found to be due to insufficient and depletion of the nutrition supply in the femoral head.