小儿寰枢椎不稳的手术治疗

目的 探索一套手术治疗小儿寰枢帷不稳的方法。方法 对３１例１５岁以下的寰枢椎不稳的患儿进行手术治疗。先借助头环背心（ｈａｌｏ－ｖｅｓｔ）使寰椎复位并获得稳定。对１７例患儿施行颗粒状自体松质骨植骨的寰枢椎后路融合术,３例行寰椎后弓切除枕颈融合术,５例行枕骨大孔开大枕颈融合术,６例单纯行枕颈融合术。结果 全部病例均获植骨融合。头环背心平均固定时间：枕颈融合术者９４．３ｄ,寰枢椎融合术者６８．５ｄ。有脊     

寰枢椎钉板固定融合治疗寰枢椎不稳

目的:探讨经后路寰枢椎钉板固定融合治疗寰枢椎不稳的临床疗效。方法:2003年6月至2008年6月,采用后路寰枢椎侧块钉板固定颗粒状自体松质骨植骨融合治疗寰枢椎不稳15例,男10例,女5例,年龄19～72岁,平均41.7岁。其中齿状突陈旧性骨折6例,类风湿性关节炎3例,齿状突发育畸形6例。患者均有不同程度的高位颈脊髓病症状体征,影像学显示寰枢椎不稳,术前JOA评分6～11分,平均7.4分。结果:所有患者均获得随访,时间9～40个月,平均28个月。所有植骨达到骨性融合,复位无丢失,未发现内固定松动断裂。脊髓功能明显改善者10例,略有改善者4例,无变化者1例;术后JOA评分13～17分,平均15.6分。结论:寰枢椎钉板内固定颗粒状自体松质骨植骨,可保障寰枢椎稳定,促进寰枢关节融合,是治疗寰枢椎不稳的有效方法。     

头环背心在颈椎外科的应用

作者观察了用头环背心治疗多种原因所致颈椎不稳定的应用效果。用头环背心治疗了１０７例颈椎不稳定的病人，病种包括结核、损伤、肿瘤和畸形。病人分为非手术治疗组和融合术组。融合术包括寰枢椎后路融合术、枕颈融合术和下颈椎融合术。各种融合术都在头环背心的固定下施行，不用任何内固定。测量了２３例病人用头环背心固定前后的肺功能。１０７例病人中有８９例获得了随访，平均随访时间２５个月，非手术组的病人在头环背心固定下均恢复了颈椎的稳定性。在３１例行寰枢椎后路融合术的病人中有２９例融合成功（９４％），３６例行枕颈融合术的病人中有３２例达到了骨性愈合（８９％）。用头环背心固定的平均时间是１３３天，最长的４５０天。统计学结果显示：用头环背心固定后病人肺活量的均数与固定前相比差异有非常显著性（Ｐ＜０．０１），固定后肺活量减少约１３％。并发症包括颅钉松动（２４例）、钉孔感染（４例）、复位丢失（４例）、颅钉穿透颅骨内板（３例）、背心下皮肤压疮（１例）。作者认为头环背心对颈椎失稳的病人是一种安全、有效的外固定器材。借助这种装置，部分需行颈椎融合术的病人可以免去内固定，使手术更安全、简便。头环背心可使病人的肺活量减少。     

寰枢椎脱位后路植骨材料的选择与融合效果评价

目的评价寰枢椎脱位后路钉棒固定手术不同植骨材料的植骨融合效果。方法 2002年11月至2012年7月广州军区广州总医院在气管插管全麻下对468例可复性寰枢椎脱位患者施行寰枢椎后路钉棒固定技术,寰椎采用椎弓根螺钉、部分经椎弓根螺钉或侧块螺钉固定,枢椎行椎弓根螺钉、椎板螺钉、峡部螺钉或侧块螺钉固定,采用自体髂骨松质骨、异体松质骨或异体松质骨混合自体骨髓植骨,术后定期复查X线片、CT以了解植骨融合情况。结果所有患者顺利完成寰枢椎后路钉棒固定,术中未发生椎动脉、脊髓损伤,术后切口浅表感染2例,经清创换药后治愈,影像学检查示所有患者寰枢椎脱位复位满意。术后447例(自体骨405例、单纯异体骨27例、异体骨加自体骨髓15例)患者获得随访,随访时间3~72个月,平均随访时间39个月。临床症状均得到不同程度的改善,无螺钉、固定棒断裂。5例患者植骨未获融合(自体骨植骨2例、异体骨植骨3例),且伴有螺钉松动,其中1例患者未出现寰枢椎失稳,佩戴颈围继续随访;余4例行后路翻修大量自体髂骨松质骨植骨,最终获得融合。结论寰枢椎脱位首次手术和翻修手术应尽量采用自体骨植骨,不得已使用异体骨时最好加入自体骨髓以提高融合率。     

少儿寰枢不稳的后路手术治疗

目的 评价少儿寰枢椎不稳后路手术治疗的疗效.方法 对63例15岁以下少儿寰枢椎不稳施行钛缆内固定装置或钢丝内固定系统并颗粒状自体松质骨植骨的寰枢椎后路融合术,其中钢丝固定31例,钛缆固定32例.结果 2组在平均手术时间、手术出血量的差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).63例均获得随访,平均随访时间6.1个月.31例钢丝固定中钢丝断裂4例,钢丝松脱2例,25例获骨性融合;32例钛缆固定中钛缆松脱1例,31例获骨性融合,未发生钛缆断裂、脊髓损伤等其他并发症.在术后平均骨性融合时间,2组之间的差异没有统计学意义(P＞0.05);在术后骨性融合病例数,2组之间的差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 少儿寰枢椎不稳的后路手术治疗具有良好的固定效果.钛缆内固定系统与钢丝内固定相比较具有手术操作安全、简单、植入方便、内固定坚强牢靠的优点.     

后路经侧块关节螺钉内固定技术治疗寰枢椎不稳

目的：评价Magerl法内固定治疗寰枢椎不稳或脱位的临床疗效。方法：寰枢椎不稳14例,男10例,女4例;年龄17～62岁,平均38.6岁。均实施后路复位,Magerl法经关节螺钉内固定和自体髂骨植骨。结果：14例患者共植入经关节螺钉28枚。所有患者获随访,时间9～35个月,平均16个月,术后JOA评分13.8～15.8分,平均（14.50±0.66）分。改善率平均（76.12±4.94）%。术后无椎动脉和脊髓损伤发生,植骨全部融合。结论：Magerl法固定是治疗寰枢椎不稳的良好方法之一,无须加用结构性植骨和辅助内固定,自体颗粒状松质骨植骨即可实现有效的骨性融合。     

重建钛板枢椎椎弓根螺钉及颗粒状植骨枕颈融合术

目的 探讨重建钛板螺钉及颗粒状自体松质骨植骨在枕颈融合中的应用。方法 2002年4月～2005年1月，选择枕颈区不稳定患者19例，年龄31～67岁；病程3个月～2年。其中枕寰枢椎复合畸形8例，陈旧性寰枢椎骨折脱位8例，类风湿性关节炎所致寰椎前脱位2例，枢椎齿状突肿瘤1例。JOA脊髓功能评分平均9．8分。使用重建钛板和枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定枕颈部，同时枕骨与枢椎后弓间颗粒状自体松质骨植骨。结果 术中、术后无并发症发生，切口Ⅰ期愈合。19例均获随访6个月～2年8个月，平均16个月，均获得了骨性融合。无神经血管损伤，无断钉、断板及内固定松脱。JOA脊髓功能评分平均达14．4分。结论 重建钛板枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定可靠，置入方便，自体颗粒状松质骨具有较高的融合率，在枕颈融合中效果满意。     

寰枢椎后方经关节螺钉内固定治疗寰枢椎不稳定

目的 探讨寰枢椎不稳定病人行寰枢椎后方经关节螺钉内固定融合手术方法与疗效。方法 5例寰枢椎不稳定病人采用后方经关节螺钉内固定及自体颗粒松质骨植骨治疗。结果 随访5—24个月，5例病人寰枢椎稳定性均获得恢复与骨融合。结论 寰枢椎后方经关节螺钉内固定，可提供牢固的固定，恢复寰枢椎稳定。     

后路经关节螺钉固定颗粒状植骨融合治疗寰枢关节不稳定

目的:探讨后路经C1、C2侧块关节螺钉固定、颗粒状松质骨植骨行寰枢关节融合治疗寰枢关节不稳的效果。方法:自1999年12月~2003年4月对58例因齿状突不连、寰椎横韧带断裂或松弛导致寰枢关节不稳定的病例施行了后路经C1、C2侧块关节的螺钉固定术,然后在C1、C2后弓间植入颗粒状松质骨。术中不用钛缆固定寰椎后弓与枢椎棘突。术后不需任何外固定。结果:无手术中损伤脊髓和椎动脉的病例。49例获得随访,时间6个月～3年10个月,平均20个月,全部获得了骨性融合。结论:当寰枢关节不稳定时用两枚螺钉由后路经C1、C2侧块关节固定即可起到足够的稳定作用;在C1、C2后弓间植入颗粒状松质骨可获得很高的融合率。     

寰椎椎板挂钩及寰枢椎关节间隙螺钉固定术治疗创伤性横韧带断裂

目的探索创伤性横韧带断裂伴寰枢椎不稳的手术治疗方法。方法总结8例创伤性横韧带断裂伴寰枢椎不稳采用一种新的寰枢椎后路内固定术--双侧寰椎椎板挂钩及寰枢椎关节间隙螺钉固定术及自体髂骨植骨融合的临床资料,男7例,女1例,年龄10～62岁,平均30岁。病因有单纯横韧带断裂,寰椎爆裂骨折并横韧带断裂。结果 8例患者经平均6个月,3个月～5年随访,均获得骨性愈合,取得满意疗效。结论寰椎椎板挂钩及寰枢椎关节间隙螺钉固定植骨融合术具有安全,术后即刻稳定,植骨融合率高特点,为创伤性横韧带断裂伴寰枢椎不稳后路理想术式。     

Posterior upper cervical fusion in rheumatoid arthritis.

The purpose of this study was to determine fusion rates in patients who underwent posterior cervical fusion for instability of the upper cervical spine secondary to rheumatoid arthritis. A retrospective review of clinical and radiographic data was conducted. Nineteen patients underwent posterior cervical fusions limited to the upper cervical spine. There were 11 C1-C2 fusions and 8 occiput-C2 fusions. Instability with pain or neurologic deficits were the main indications. A uniform technique was used in all cases. Preoperative reduction in halo vest or cast was followed by a Gallie type fusion using autogenous iliac bone graft and wire, and postoperative halo vest or cast immobilization for 3 months. A fusion rate of 94% was achieved. The average follow-up was 5 years. Complete or partial relief of pain was obtained in all patients; 30% of those with preoperative deficits improved after surgery. A high fusion rate may be achieved with C1-C2 and occiput-C2 fusions in rheumatoid arthritis, with relief of pain and prevention of neurologic deterioration.     

Osteoperiosteal Decortication and Autogenous Cancellous Bone Graft Combined with Bridge Plating for Non-hypertrophic Diaphyseal Nonunion

BackgroudThe aim of this study was to evaluate results of osteoperiosteal decortication and autogenous cancellous bone graft combined with a bridge plating technique in atrophic and oligotrophic femoral and tibial diaphyseal nonunion.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed 31 patients with atrophic or oligotrophic femoral and tibial diaphyseal nonunion treated with osteoperiosteal decortication and autogenous cancellous bone graft between January 2008 and December 2018. Patients with hypertrophic nonunion, infected nonunion, and nonunion treated with autogenous cancellous bone graft alone were excluded. The nonunion site was exposed by using the Judet technique of osteoperiosteal decortication. Nonunion with a lack of stability was stabilized with a new plate using a bridge plating technique or augmented by supplemental fixation with a plate. Nonunion with malalignment was stabilized with a new plate after deformity correction. Autogenous cancellous bone graft was harvested from the posterior iliac crest and placed within the area of decortication. A basic demographic survey was conducted, and the type of existing implants, mechanical stability of the implants, the type of implants used for stabilization, the operation time, the time to bone union, and postoperative complications were investigated.ResultsThe average follow-up period was 33.3 months (range, 8–108 months). The operation time was 207 minutes (range, 100–351 minutes). All but 1 nonunion (96.7%) were healed at an average of 4.2 months (range, 3–8 months). In 1 patient, bone union failed due to implant loosening with absorbed bone graft, and solid union was achieved by an additional surgery for stable fixation with a new plate, osteoperiosteal decortication, and autogenous cancellous bone graft. There were no other major complications such as neurovascular injuries, infection, loss of fixation, and malunion.ConclusionsOsteoperiosteal decortication and autogenous cancellous bone graft combined with stable fixation by bridge plating showed reliable outcomes in atrophic and oligotrophic diaphyseal nonunion. This treatment modality can be effective for treating atrophic and oligotrophic diaphyseal nonunion because it is very helpful stimulating bone union.     

后路钛缆与钢丝内固定治疗少儿寰枢椎不稳的临床对照试验

目的:探讨后路钛缆与钢丝治疗少儿寰枢椎不稳的疗效。方法:63例15岁以下寰枢椎不稳患者,男38例,女25例。分别行后路钛缆固定(32例),钢丝内固定(31例),均采用颗粒状自体松质骨植骨的寰枢椎后路融合术治疗。术后对两组手术时间、出血量、骨性融合时间、术后骨性融合病例数疗效进行比较。结果:手术时间:钢丝固定组(110±35.6)min,钛缆固定组(70±25.4)min,两组差异有统计学意义(t=6.205 4,P<0.05)。手术出血量:钢丝固定组(160±55.8)ml,钛缆固定组(120±35.3)ml,两组差异有统计学意义(t=6.235 7,P<0.05)。63例患者均获随访,随访时间3.2~12.9个月,平均6.1个月。术后骨性融合时间:钢丝固定组(3.8±0.3)个月,钛缆固定组(3.1±0.2)个月,两组差异无统计学意义(t=2.314 4,P>0.05)。钢丝固定患者中钢丝断裂4例,钢丝松脱2例,25例获骨性融合;钛缆固定患者中钛缆松脱1例,31例获骨性融合,未发生钛缆断裂、脊髓损伤等其他并发症。术后骨性融合病例数两组差异有统计学意义(2χ=4.199 4,P<0.05)。按疗效评定标准,钛缆固定组,优21例,良10例,可1例,差0例;钢丝固定组,优14例,良11例,可4例,差2例,两组差异有统计学意义(u=5.134 2,P<0.05)。结论:钛缆内固定具有手术时间短、术中出血少、并发症少等优点,是后路治疗少儿寰枢椎不稳的一种更为理想的方法。     

寰枢椎后路经关节螺钉内固定治疗寰枢椎不稳定的生物力学及临床研究

目的评价寰枢椎后路经关节螺钉内固定术两种不同钉道的生物力学稳定性及疗效。方法在8例新鲜尸体标本依次轮流测试正常、Ⅱ型齿状突骨折行AO进钉点与改良进钉点两种后路钉道螺钉固定术模型三维运动范围，并在16例寰枢椎不稳定患者，采用枢椎下关节突下缘正中点为进钉点的方法行经关节螺钉固定及自体颗粒样松质骨植骨术。结果两种入钉方法均能明显减少寰枢关节的各向运动角度（P〈0．01），但两者间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。经5～48个月随访，16例患者寰枢关节稳定性均获得恢复与骨融合，无并发症。结论新入钉点解剖标志明确。钉道长，能提供牢固地固定，并发症发生率低。     

Spinal bone mineral density changes following halo vest immobilization for cervical trauma

Summary In this prospective study we followed the bone mineral density (BMD) changes of the injured cervical spine immobilized with the halo vest. In order to define the natural history of cancellous vertebral bone loss and restoration, dual-energy densitometry was used on each of ten selected cervical spines in the lateral view (1) immediately after the application of the device, (2) at the end of the treatment and (3) 3 months after the removal of the halo vest. The halo vest produces local osteoporosis in the immobilized cervical spine with an overall reduction of BMD averaging 2.83% (P < 0.05). The response of the cervical spine to immobilization was only slightly different from patient to patient and between different vertebral bodies in each particular spine. The type and the level of injury of the cervical spine were not related to the changes of BMD, age or gender of the patient, whereas the local osteoporosis was mostly reversible in the follow-up evaluation of 5–6 months.     

Factors associated with nonunion in conservatively-treated type-II fractures of the odontoid process

In type-II fractures of the odontoid process, the treatment is either conservative in a halo vest or primary surgical stabilisation. Since nonunion, requiring prolonged immobilisation or late surgery, is common in patients treated in a halo vest, the identification of those in whom this treatment is likely to fail is important. We reviewed the data of 69 patients with acute type-II fractures of the odontoid process treated in a halo vest. The mean follow-up was 12 months. Conservative treatment was successful, resulting in bony union in 32 (46%) patients. Anterior dislocation, gender and age were unrelated to nonunion. However, nonunion did correlate with a fracture gap (> 1 mm), posterior displacement (> 5 mm), delayed start of treatment (> 4 days) and posterior redisplacement (> 2 mm). We conclude that patients presenting with these risk factors are unlikely to achieve bony union by treatment in a halo vest. They deserve careful attention during the follow-up period and should also be considered as candidates for primary surgical stabilisation.     

Treatment of nonunions following anterior cervical discectomy and fusion with interspinous wiring and bone grafting

Between 1979 and 2000, 25 posterior arthrodeses were performed for repair of symptomatic nonunions following anterior discectomy and fusion. The surgical technique in all cases was an interspinous wiring with an autogenous bone graft in 20 and morselized allograft bone in five. The average follow-up was 5 years (range, 1-14 years). In all patients, the anterior pseudarthrosis progressed to a solid union as judged by an independent musculoskeletal radiologist. In 17 patients, their preoperative pain was relieved; however, of these, six developed recurrent pain caused by degeneration at an adjacent level on an average of 5 years (range, 1-14 years) after their posterior surgery. The authors propose that posterior interspinous wiring with a bone graft is a safe and efficacious method of repair of an anterior pseudarthrosis. However, patients must be cautioned that even though the pseudarthrosis can be predictably repaired by a posterior procedure, preoperative pain may not be relieved.