脊柱骨巨细胞瘤的手术治疗策略

目的:探讨脊柱骨巨细胞瘤合理的手术治疗策略.方法:回顾性分析1998年7月至2007年6月我科收治的41例良性脊柱骨巨细胞瘤患者的临床资料,男21例,女20例,平均年龄31岁,初次手术27例,外院治疗后复发14例.患者均有不同程度疼痛症状.病变累及颈椎3例,胸惟25例,腰椎13例 14例患者术前行动脉造影,同时栓塞肿瘤节段血管.18例肿瘤只累及椎体的患者采用经前路肿瘤切除椎管减压术,前路植自体骨或人工椎体重建切除的椎体,并应用钢板螺钉固定;16例病灶同时累及椎体及附件的患者采用前后联合入路,术中先行椎管后路减压,切除附件内肿物,并应用椎弓根钉行内固定术,后行前路椎体肿瘤切除手术;4例患者一般情况较好,肿瘤只破坏1～2个脊椎、没有明显的软组织肿块,行一期后路全脊椎切除术;3例椎体部分受累的患者行后路次全脊椎切除术,随访观察治疗效果结果:行节段动脉栓塞组14例.平均出血约3100ml;未栓塞组27例,平均出血量约4500ml.2例复发的患者最终未能彻底切除肿瘤,术后行放疗,分刖随访35及29个月,荷瘤生存.其余39例患者中,36例(92.3%)术后疼痛得到明显缓解;术后平均随访52.9个月,16例复发(41.0%).初治的27例患者9例复发(33.3%).其中单纯前路手术11例,复发6例;前后路联合手术12例,复发3例;全脊椎切除术4例,未见复发.12例外院复发病例7例再次复发(57.1%),其中2例因肿瘤发展,全身衰竭死亡.21例随访3年以上,其中13例末见复发,所有病例均未见内固定松动、移位或折断.结论:对于脊柱骨巨细胞瘤,首次冶疗选择较为彻底的手术方案是降低复发率的关键.     

脊柱骨巨细胞瘤的综合治疗

脊柱骨巨细胞瘤是一种原发于脊柱的良性肿瘤,血运丰富,侵袭性生长,易复发,并可发生肺转移,因此治疗难度大.文中综述了各种治疗方法及其效果,包括外科治疗、放射治疗、动脉栓塞治疗及其发生肺转移时的治疗方法.结果显示:目前,对于脊柱骨巨细胞瘤,最有效的治疗方法是广泛或边界的整块切除,如果不能达到边界切除,则应辅助放射治疗,消灭可能残留的肿瘤细胞,巨大的骶骨骨巨细胞瘤可采用连续动脉内栓塞治疗.对于发生肺转移的脊柱骨巨细胞瘤,可以通过肺叶切除和(或)采用化疗来控制.     

脊柱骨巨细胞瘤治疗进展

骨巨细胞瘤（giant cell tumor,OCT）是一种较常见的原发性骨肿瘤,好发于长骨干骺端,多见于20～40岁患者,女性较男性多发（1．5：1）。与欧美国家相比,我国GCT发病率稍高,约占全部原发性骨肿瘤的20％,但发生于脊柱的骨巨细胞瘤少见。由于肿瘤侵袭性生长并容易复发,部分肿瘤还会出现肉瘤变和肺转移,目前公认为半恶性或潜在恶性的原发性骨肿瘤。     

脊柱骨巨细胞瘤术后复发的预后因素

 目的 探讨影响活动脊柱骨巨细胞瘤（giant cell tumor of bone, GCTB）术后复发的预后因素。方法 回顾性分析2000年1月至2010年11月治疗85例活动脊柱GCTB患者资料,男27例,女58例;年龄11.0～65.0岁,平均（33.0±11.7）岁（中位数 33.0岁）。其中60例为初次诊断为活动脊柱GCTB患者,25例为由外院转来的活动脊柱GCTB复发患者。术前患者神经功能Frankel分级：A～C级33例,D～E级52例;Jaffe分级：Ⅰ级70例,Ⅱ～Ⅲ级15例。本组患者依据Weinstein-Boriani-Biagini（WBB）分期和Enneking分期制定手术方案,其中EnnekingⅡ期27例,Enneking Ⅲ期58例。使用生存分析法确定影响活动脊柱GCTB的独立预后因素。患者术后无复发生存时间（recurrence free survival, RFS）通过Kaplan-Meier法比较,确定潜在预后因素。将P＜0.1的临床因素纳入多因素分析确定独立预后因素。结果 85例患者均获得随访,随访时间为2～163个月,平均54.7个月（中位数46.0个月）。28例患者术后首次出现复发,复发时间为2.0～82.0个月,平均19.8个月（中位数13.0个月）。单因素分析显示接受全椎节切除术的患者2年、3年和总体复发生存时间均显著提高;使用双磷酸盐治疗患者2年、3年及总体复发生存时间均显著优于未使用双磷酸盐治疗患者;年龄＞40岁的患者术后复发生存时间显著低于年龄≤ 40岁的患者。多因素分析显示手术切除方式、术后双磷酸盐治疗及年龄≤ 40岁是影响活动脊柱GCTB术后复发的独立预后因素。结论 通过采用en bloc和分块切除的方式进行全椎节切除,同时应用双磷酸盐长期治疗活动脊柱GCTB,可显著降低术后复发率;年龄≤ 40岁的患者预后较好。     

脊柱骨巨细胞瘤外科治疗复发相关因素的回顾性分析

目的回顾性分析我院经外科治疗的脊柱骨巨细胞瘤(GCT)患者的临床信息,找出其中与肿瘤复发相关的关键因素。方法回顾性分析1995年1月至2009年3月我院收治的具有完整临床病理及随访资料的156例脊柱GCT病例。单因素分析患者的年龄、性别、肿瘤节段、Campanacci影像学分级、Jaffe病理学分级、既往有无复发史、手术方式(囊内刮除、扩大刮除、全脊椎整块切除和分块切除)等7项临床指标与肿瘤复发的关系。影响复发的多变量相关分析采用逻辑回归方法。结果 156例患者中外院手术复发后来我院就诊25例,首次来我院就诊131例;男71例,女85例,年龄16～68岁,首次发病平均年龄为31岁;肿瘤部位在颈椎34例(21.8%),胸椎52例(33.4%),腰椎31例(19.8%),骶尾椎39例(25.0%),累及2个以上椎节者11例。采取病灶囊内刮除39例,扩大刮除64例,全脊椎切除53例。随访时间18～165个月,平均59个月,绝大多数患者术后近期疗效满意。术后复发45例,其中再手术34例,3次手术3例,4次手术2例;31例患者首次复发在术后2年之内。病灶囊内刮除、广泛刮除、全脊椎切除术后肿瘤复发率分别为46.15%、26.56%、18.87%。单因素分析显示手术方式与脊柱GCT复发具有相关性,多因素逻辑回归分析显示手术方式是影响脊柱GCT复发的重要因素。结论手术方式是影响脊柱GCT复发的重要因素。全脊椎切除能显著降低局部复发率。手术后2年内密切随访十分重要。     

20例脊柱骨巨细胞瘤临床治疗回顾

[目的]对脊柱骨巨细胞瘤患者的临床诊治进行回顾性分析,为其诊治提供参考.[方法]选取2005～2010年间来本院确诊为脊柱骨巨细胞瘤患者20例,其中骶骨和椎骨骨巨细胞瘤患者各10例,分析脊柱骨巨细胞瘤患者年龄、性别、患病节段等9项指标.[结果]骶骨骨巨细胞瘤患者男、女性各5例,平均年龄31岁;椎骨骨巨细胞瘤患者男性4,女性6例;平均年龄42岁;骶骨骨巨细胞瘤患者中有6例患者进行了术前栓塞术;椎骨骨巨细胞瘤主要以外科手术切除为主;两组均有2例复发,无死亡和肺转移病例.[结论]手术切除对于椎骨骨巨细胞瘤具有很好的作用;在术前栓塞后再做局部切除;术后放疗对于降低骶骨骨巨细胞瘤的复发率具有一定的意义;CT引导下针吸活组织检查对于骨巨细胞瘤的术前诊断具有很好的价值.     

脊柱骨巨细胞瘤手术治疗2年内复发情况及危险因素分析

目的探讨脊柱骨巨细胞瘤(giant celltumor of bone,GCTB)行手术治疗后的2年内复发情况及其危险因素。方法纳入2013年3月～2016年3月手术治疗的86例脊柱GCTB患者,随访2年以上,根据2年内是否复发设为复发组与未复发组。调查两组患者患病节段、手术方式等病历资料,采用单因素与多因素分析调查脊柱GCTB手术治疗2年内复发的独立危险因素。结果 86例患者2年复发20例,复发率23.26%,平均复发时间(14.33±2.81)个月;两组患病节段、双膦酸盐使用情况、术后放疗、手术方式、胰岛素样生长因子ⅡmRNA结合蛋白3(IMP3)表达、胰岛素样生长因子2(iIGF2)表达、侵袭范围、累及节段数量、手术史、年龄等差异有统计学意义(P0.05),术前Frankel分级、肿瘤最大直径、性别、Enneking分期、手术入路等差异无统计学意义(P0.05);多因素logistic回归分析显示,腰椎患病(OR=2.676)、未使用双膦酸盐(OR=3.032)、次全椎节切除(OR=3.214)、IMP3阳性(OR=4.126)术后2年内复发的独立危险因素。结论脊柱GCTB手术治疗短期内具有较高的复发率,腰椎患病、未使用双膦酸盐、次全椎节切除、IMP3阳性均可能增加其复发风险。     

骨巨细胞瘤的治疗进展

骨巨细胞瘤是一种常见的原发性骨肿瘤,来源于中胚叶细胞,属半恶性肿瘤,其肿瘤组织主要由多核巨细胞和基质细胞组成。一般认为多核巨细胞不具备肿瘤细胞特点,而基质细胞是骨巨细胞瘤的主要肿瘤细胞成分。Jaffe等根据基质细胞的分化程度和多核巨细胞的多少、大小,将肿瘤分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级,通常认为Ⅰ级为良性,Ⅲ级为恶性,而Ⅱ级介于两者之间,然而临床结果并不完全如此。骨巨细胞瘤的诊断需要临床、X线及病理三结合,而其单克隆抗体的制备使得诊断更为精确。骨巨细胞瘤的治疗问题不少,主要是复发率较高。近年来,随着科学技术的发展,治疗的方式逐渐增多,复发率亦有所下降,现就骨巨细胞瘤的治疗进行综述如下。     

术前经动脉栓塞脊柱骨巨细胞瘤

目的评价经动脉栓塞治疗脊柱巨细胞瘤（GCT）的临床效果,分析栓塞技术并评价其安全性。方法回顾分析我院2002—2010年共23例（男8例,女15例）脊柱GCT患者,平均年龄29.4岁。栓塞治疗采用PVA颗粒（200～500μm）,2例加用明胶海绵,回顾手术报告评价术中出血。结果 21例患者达到完全栓塞,2例部分栓塞。根髓动脉（RMA）与肿瘤血管共蒂减少了完全栓塞的可能性。23例中9例患者肿瘤同时有RMA供血。完全去血管化患者术中平均出血1950ml,2例部分栓塞患者术中平均出血4800ml,栓塞过程中未出现永久并发症。结论血管造影识别并保护RMA可降低栓塞的风险。术前栓塞脊柱多血管GCT安全、有效,并有助于肿瘤切除。     

Giant Cell Tumor of the Mobile Spine Occurring in Pregnancy: A Case Report and Literature Review

Giant cell tumor (GCT) is a benign, locally aggressive tumor that rarely occurs in the spine. They usually occur in patients between 20 and 40 years of age; some patients with GCT present in hospital with pregnancy. The management of these patients can be challenging. The current study reports a case of GCT located in the sixth thoracic vertebra of a 31‐year‐old female at 34 weeks of gestation. An osteolytic lesion, 3.5 cm × 3.5 cm in diameter, was identified on CT. An MRI test of the lesion revealed a soft tissue mass involving the T _6–7 vertebrae, extending to the right pedicle of the T ₆ vertebra and causing significant spinal cord compression. The patient delivered a healthy boy by cesarean at 35 weeks of gestation. One week later, she underwent a T ₆–T ₇ laminectomy, posterior spinal decompression, and instrument fusion. Ultimately, the patient was discharged to inpatient rehabilitation with improved lower extremity strength and returned bowel and bladder function. At the 2‐year follow‐up, there is no evidence of local reoccurrence and the patient has no constitutional symptoms. The present study also reviews eight similar previously reported cases of GCT in the mobile spine, with a discussion of the demographic characteristics, treatment, and prognosis of pregnant patients. This report adds to the existing literature, making the reader aware that clinical symptoms of GCT in the mobile spine can be misinterpreted as a symptom of pregnancy. For spinal GCT in pregnant women, continued pregnancy and definitive surgery after the baby is born are recommended without any serious nerve damage.     

Recurrence of Giant Cell Tumor of the Spine after Resection: A Report of 10 Cases

Objective

To review the clinical details and further treatments for recurrent spinal giant cell tumors (SGCT), and to analyze the risk factors of recurrence and shed new light on the treatment options and prognosis of recurrent SGCT.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of recurrent SGCT between April 2003 and January 2014 was performed. A total of 10 patients comprising 3 men and 7 women with a mean age of 28.9 years (range, 21–40 years) were included in the study. All complete clinical data, radiographs, CT, MRI, scans and pathological data were reviewed. The tumor locations and the regions involved were evaluated by CT and MRI. The blood supply of the tumors was evaluated by enhanced CT and MRI. The mean follow‐up was 81.3 months (range, 35.7–172.1 months).

Results

All patients had Enneking stage 3 tumors; 9 (90%) of them had different extents of spinal canal involvement in the primary time period. All patients underwent intralesional resection during their first surgery. Only 1 patient received local adjuvant treatments; no patient underwent selective arterial embolization or used denosumab at that time. Only 1 patient underwent adjuvant radiotherapy postoperatively, and another patient used bisphosphonates. After recurrence, 1 patient was cured using denosumab, and 2 patients' disease was controlled through use of other medical treatments or adjuvant treatments. There were 3 repeated recurrences and 7 repeated surgical procedures were performed in 5 patients. There were 6 intralesional excisions and 1 decompression surgery. The mean relapse‐free time after the first surgery was 32.3 months (range, 10.5–62.6 months). The overall mean relapse‐free time was 40.2 months (range, 10.5–157 months). No distant metastasis was found in our series. At the final follow‐up, 4 patients were disease free, 3 patients' disease was under control, 2 has progressive disease aggravation, while 1 patient died as a result of progression of disease 133.9 months after first surgery.

Conclusion

Intralesional excision for recurrent spinal giant cell tumors is an effective option that may have satisfactory prognosis. However, the excision and the inactivation of the lesion should be carried out carefully and thoroughly without missing any corners. Early diagnosis of recurrence may be associated with better prognosis. Adjuvant treatments perioperatively and systemic medical treatments can decrease recurrence rates and can have therapeutic effects in the recurrent SGCT.     

骨巨细胞瘤的局部复发与治疗

目的：防止骨巨细胞瘤的局部复发。方法：观察本院１９８１￣１９９８年４０例骨巨细胞瘤患者的术后疗效。结果：２８例骨巨细胞瘤病灶刮除骨水沁填充后,只有１例复发、６例肿瘤病灶刮除自体骨移植后,４例复发。结论：肿瘤病灶刮除后骨水泥填充能减少局部肿瘤复发;对于Ｘ线ＣａｍｐａｎａｃｃｉⅢ级,或者Ｅｎｎｅｃｋｉｎｇ外科分期Ⅰｂ或Ⅱｂ,或者Ｊａｆｆｅ病理分期Ⅲ级患者,应扩大切除肿瘤病灶,近关节处肿瘤可扩大切除术后     

Modern Interpretation of Giant Cell Tumor of Bone: Predominantly Osteoclastogenic Stromal Tumor

Owing to striking features of numerous multinucleated cells and bone destruction, giant cell tumor (GCT) of bone, often called as osteoclastoma, has drawn major attractions from orthopaedic surgeons, pathologists, and radiologists. The name GCT or osteoclastoma gives a false impression of a tumor comprising of proliferating osteoclasts or osteoclast precursors. The underlying mechanisms for excessive osteoclastogenesis are intriguing and GCT has served as an exciting disease model representing a paradigm of osteoclastogenesis for bone biologists. The modern interpretation of GCT is predominantly osteoclastogenic stromal cell tumors of mesenchymal origin. A diverse array of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines disrupts osteoblastic differentiation and promotes the formation of excessive multi-nucleated osteoclastic cells. Pro-osteoclastogenic cytokines such as receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL), interleukin (IL)-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) as well as monocyte-recruiting chemokines such as stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 participate in unfavorable osteoclastogenesis and bone destruction. This model represents a self-sufficient osteoclastogenic paracrine loop in a localized area. Consistent with this paradigm, a recombinant RANK-Fc protein and bisphosphonates are currently being tried for GCT treatment in addition to surgical excision and conventional topical adjuvant therapies.     

人工膝关节置换治疗近膝部骨巨细胞瘤

目的：探讨人工膝关节置换治疗近膝部骨巨细胞瘤的效果。方法：对10例人工全膝关节置换术进行临床分析和总结。结果：人工全膝关节置换术治疗骨巨细胞10例，随访1-3年，平均1年4个月，无1例复发，无感染、松动和断裂现象。应用HSS膝关节评分进行分析，优8例，良2例，优良率为100％。结论：近膝关节部骨巨细胞瘤采用瘤段截除，人工全膝关节置换术的手术方法，效果满意。     

膝关节融合治疗股骨远端侵袭性骨巨细胞瘤

目的：探讨应用自体腓骨移植联合膝关节融合治疗股骨远端侵袭性骨巨细胞瘤的应用及临床效果。方法：自2007-2009年对5例股骨远端侵袭性骨巨细胞瘤（Campanacci Ⅲ级）行整块切除术后骨缺损,采用游离腓骨移植联合钢板内固定行膝关节融合术重建下肢功能。结果：所有患者随访20～80个月,疼痛症状消失,MSTS评分21～27分,骨愈合时间6—18个月,无移植骨吸收和骨折,恢复正常工作劳动。所有患者均未出现病变复发及肺转移。结论：肿瘤整块切除联合腓骨移植膝关节融合术是治疗股骨远端侵袭性骨巨细胞瘤的一种良好选择。     

Bisphosphonates Induce Apoptosis of Stromal Tumor Cells in Giant Cell Tumor of Bone

Giant cell tumour of bone (GCT) is an aggressive primary neoplasm that results in the production of osteolytic lesions. Stromal cells, which form the main neoplastic component of this tumor, regulate the formation of osleoclast-like giant cells that are ultimately responsible for bone destruction. Bisphosphonates prevent bone resorption by inhibiting osteoclast activity and promoting osteoclast apoptosis, and they have been known to induce apoptosis of primary neoplastic cells such as those in breast and prostate cancers. We hypothesized that in bisphosphonates may induce apoptosis not only in osteoclast-like giant cells but also in neoplastic stromal cells of GCT both in vitro and in vivo. Twelve patients with GCT were treated with weekly injections of pamidronate for a period of 6 weeks prior to surgery. GCT specimens were collected at the time of biopsy and during definitive surgery. TUNEL assay was used to evaluate apoptotic DNA fragmentation in cells. In addition, twelve GCT primary cultures from these patients were treated with zoledronate, pamidronate, or alendronate for 48 hours at different doses (3, 30, or 150 M) and subjected to apoptosis assay by flow cytometry following fluorescent Annexin-V labeling. The results showed that pamidronate significantly induced apoptosis in both osteoclast-like giant cells and stromal tumor cells, in vivo. All three bisphosphonates caused substantial apoptosis of stromal tumor cells in cultures. Zoledronate was the most potent reagent, resulting in an average cell death of 27.41% at 150 M, followed by pamidronate (22.23%) and alendronate (15.3%). Our observations suggest that these drugs may be considered as potential adjuvants in the treatment of GCT.Both authors (Y.Y. Cheng and L. Huang) contributed equally to this work.     

骨巨细胞瘤P21蛋白的表达及意义

目的 探讨骨巨细胞瘤组织中Ras癌基因的蛋白产物P21的表达及生物学意义。方法 采用ABC免疫组织化学方法对69例骨巨细胞瘤组织中P21蛋白表达进行研究。结果 骨巨细胞瘤组织中P21蛋白阳性表达率为48％,其中病理分级Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级P21蛋白阳性表达率分别为43％、44％、86％,Ⅲ级阳性表达率明显高于Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级(P< 0.05);Enneking外科分期1、2、3期阳性表达率分别为33％、36％和73％,3期阳性表达率极显著高于1期和2期(P<0.01)。结论 Ras癌基因产物P21蛋白表达活性在良恶性骨巨细胞瘤中的表达有明显差异,可作为恶性骨巨细胞瘤的标志物;Enneking外科分期3期P21蛋白阳性表达率明显高于1期和2期,说明P21蛋白阳性表达与骨巨细胞瘤的侵袭性有密切关系。