多层螺旋CT诊断儿童颅骨膜血窦

目的 探讨多层螺旋CT对儿童颅骨膜血窦的诊断及应用价值.方法 回顾性分析21例经手术病理证实的儿童颅骨膜血窦患儿的临床表现和CT表现.结果 儿童颅骨膜血窦的特征性临床表现为头部较柔软的包块,且大小可随颅内压变化而变化.16例颅骨膜血窦邻近头颅中线部位,肿块呈均匀或不均匀明显强化,18例有异常连接静脉,肿块相邻颅板均有骨质缺损,17例可见肿块经颅骨缺损处与颅内静脉或静脉窦相通;1例合并颅内动静脉瘘,2例合并永存镰状窦,2例合并颅缝早闭.结论 结合特征性的临床表现和典型的CT特点,术前可以明确诊断儿童颅骨膜血窦.     

Intracranial venous malformations: Incidence and characterization in a large pediatric cohort

BackgroundSignificant advances have been reported recently in the genetic and mechanistic characterization of extracranial venous malformations. However, intracranial purely venous malformations (icVM) analogous to those outside the CNS have not been systematically described.PurposeWe sought to ascertain whether such an entity as icVM could in fact be identified, distinct from previously described CNS venous anomalies and analogous to extracranial venous malformations.MethodsOur prospectively collected pediatric cerebrovascular database was reviewed to identify patients with icVM; 1458 consecutive angiograms and/or angiographic interventions performed on 706 children at our institution from October, 2006 through May, 2019 were evaluated, in addition to outside imaging studies on 192 additional patients sent to our Vascular Anomalies Center for cerebrovascular review during the same time period. Thus, the cohort consisted of 898 children.ResultsNineteen of 898 patients (2.1%) were found to harbor icVM, including 9 (47.3%) with sinus pericranii, 15 (78.9%) with associated large, complex extracranial venous malformations, and 3 (15.7%) with neurocognitive delay. There was no intracranial hemorrhage or venous hypertension seen in the cohort. Asymptomatic venous thrombosis in the superior sagittal sinus was seen in three patients.ConclusionVenous malformations, both extracranial and icVM, share many characteristics that are distinct from developmental venous anomalies. icVM were not associated with venous hypertension. The underlying genetic mutations involved in the development of icVM, germ-line or somatic, remain to be elucidated, but may very well involve shared mechanisms and pathways with extracranial venous malformations.     

彩色多普勒超声对锁骨下动脉窃血综合征颅内外动脉侧支循环的研究

目的探讨中度以上狭窄锁骨下动脉窃血综合征（SSS）颅内外动脉侧支循环方式及血流动力学的变化。方法选择中度以上狭窄SSS患者18例，应用彩色多普勒超声分别观察其颅内外动脉的彩色血流方向，并行频谱形态分析。结果13例患侧颅内外椎动脉双向血流（其中包括6例基底动脉双向血流），5例患侧颅内外椎动脉反向血流（其中包括1例患侧大脑后动脉的P1段和基底动脉反向血流、2例患侧大脑后动脉的P1段双向和基底动脉反向血流）。结论SSS患者具有三种颅内外动脉侧支循环途径，彩色多普勒超声能准确、实时评价SSS血流动力学改变。     

Sonographic Findings of Inguinal Endometriosis

Objective. The purpose of this series was to describe the sonographic findings of inguinal endometriosis. Methods. This was a retrospective analysis of 3 cases of inguinal endometriosis. The following gray scale and color Doppler sonographic features were analyzed: size, shape, echogenicity, and blood flow within inguinal endometriosis. Results. The size of inguinal endometriosis ranged from 3.1 to 4.2 cm (mean, 3.7 cm). All 3 cases were cystic lesions. Two of 3 cases were lesions with internal septa. On color Doppler sonography, 1 of the 3 cases showed a few flow signals within the lesion, whereas in 2 of the 3 lesions, no blood flow could be identified within the lesions. Conclusions. Although the sonographic features of inguinal endometriosis may be variable, endometriosis should be included in the differential diagnosis when unilocular and multilocular cystic masses are seen on sonography.     

Torsed appendix testis: gray scale and color Doppler sonographic findings compared with normal appendix testis.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare the size, shape, echogenicity, and blood flow of the appendix testis on sonography in control subjects and in patients with a torsed appendix testis and to evaluate the usefulness as well as the limitations of these criteria. METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of 11 lesions with torsed appendix testes and 15 normal appendix testes in 12 children. The following gray scale and color Doppler sonographic features were analyzed: size, shape, echogenicity, and blood flow of the appendix testis. RESULTS: The size of the appendix testis was larger in patients with a torsed appendix testis than in the control subjects (P < .05). A spherical shape of the appendix testis was more common in patients with a torsed appendix testis (P < .05). There was no blood flow within both the torsed and normal appendix testes. However, the frequency of increased periappendiceal blood flow was higher in patients with a torsed appendix testis (P < .05). There was no significant difference in the echogenicity between the torsed and normal appendix testes. CONCLUSIONS: Gray scale and color Doppler sonography may be helpful in the diagnosis of torsion of the appendix testis. A size of 5 mm or larger, spherical shape, and increased periappendiceal blood flow are indicative of a torsed appendix testis.     

Preoperative sonographic and clinical characteristics as predictors of ovarian torsion.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the most closely associated sonographic and clinical characteristics of ovarian torsion. METHODS: The medical records and sonographic studies of 39 patients with pathologically proven ovarian torsion diagnosed at our institution from July 1, 2000, through December 31, 2005, were retrospectively reviewed. The volumes of the affected ovaries and ovary/mass complexes were compared with an age-appropriate standard. Statistical significance of the data was assessed by a likelihood ratio chi(2) analysis. RESULTS: All patients (100%) had a chief symptom of abdominal pain. Thirty-three (85%) reported vomiting; 22 (56%) had leukocytosis; and 7 (18%) had a documented elevated temperature. All affected ovaries and ovary/mass complexes were enlarged. Twenty-one (54%) had arterial flow on Doppler interrogation, and 18 (46%) had no arterial flow. Thirteen (33%) had venous flow, and 26 (67%) had no venous flow. Differences in the arterial and venous flow patterns between the premenarchal and reproductive age groups were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Abdominal pain, vomiting, ovarian enlargement, and absence of ovarian venous Doppler flow are the most frequently shown clinical and sonographic indicators of ovarian torsion. However, ovarian enlargement, even in the presence of arterial and venous Doppler flow, is the most commonly associated sonographic finding. Suspicion of ovarian torsion should be high in the setting of clinical symptoms and ovarian enlargement regardless of the presence or absence of an ovarian Doppler signal.     

彩色多普勒超声对锁骨下动脉窃血综合征颅内外动脉侧支循环和血供的研究

目的探讨中度以上狭窄锁骨下动脉窃血综合征（SSS）颅内外动脉血流动力学的变化。 方法选择正常成人及中度以上狭窄的SSS患者各15例，应用彩色多普勒超声分别观察其颅内动脉[椎动脉（VA）、基底动脉（BA）、大脑后动脉（PCA）]和颅外动脉[椎动脉（VA）、肢体桡动脉（RA）]的彩色血流方向，并测量血流动力学参数。 结果（1）10例患侧颅内外VA双向血流（其中包括6例BA双向血流），5例患侧颅内外VA反向血流（其中包括2例PCA的P1段和BA反向血流），15例患者患侧RA均为单相血流（正常舒张早期为负向）；（2）健侧颅内外段VA、RA较患侧平均流速增快且有明显差异（P〈O．05），而与正常人比较流速稍快但无明显差异（P〉O．05）；患侧BA较正常人流速降低且有明显差异（P〈0．05）。 结论彩色多普勒超声能准确、实时评价SSS颅内外动脉的侧支循环方式及血供状况。     

缺血性脑血管病患者脑动脉狭窄特点及相关危险因素分析

目的:分析脑动脉狭窄的分布特点,探讨相关危险因素对脑动脉狭窄的影响.方法:对98例缺血性脑血管病患者行主动脉弓及全脑血管造影,回顾性分析脑动脉狭窄特点及相关危险因素的影响.结果:98例患者中,70例存在脑动脉狭窄或闭塞,颅外段者20例(28.5%),颅内段者32例(45.7%),颅内、颅外均受累者18例(25.7%),...     

Trans-fontanellar Doppler sonography of the intracranial veins in infants--part I--Normal values

Doppler sonographic flow measurements in the intracranial veins of infants are not often applied. For the understanding of intracranial pathology such as vascular malformations, intracranial hemorrhagic infarction and venous thrombosis, a thorough understanding of the anatomical position and of the normal flow profiles and flow velocities in intracranial veins is essential. We describe the normal anatomic course of the cerebral veins and their flow profiles and flow velocities in infants. In sagittal sections, the following veins can be shown by colour coded Doppler sonography and measured by pulsed Doppler sonography: The superior and inferior sagittal sinus, and the straight sinus as well as the internal cerebral vein, the vein of Galen and the thalamostriatic veins. In coronal sections, the medullary and subependymal veins, the terminal veins, the internal cerebral veins, the great vein of Galen, the superior sagittal, straight and transverse sinus can be demonstrated and measured.     

椎动脉颅内段血流速度及频谱波形异常的分析与诊断

目的探讨椎动脉颅内段血流异常的类型、病变部位及产生原因。方法对299例经磁共振血管成像和/或数字减影血管造影证实的颅内外动脉严重狭窄或闭塞患者,采用经颅多普勒超声(TCD)和颈动脉连续波多普勒超声(CWD)评估椎动脉颅内段血流异常。结果299例患者共检测598支椎动脉颅内段,其中508支血流异常:狭窄血流(32支)、无血流(17支)、低流速低阻力(58支)、低流速高阻力(42支)、代偿血流(287支)和窃血频谱(72支)。狭窄血流或无血流均在病变部位直接检出,其他4种类型血流异常则是病变部位近端或远端动脉的间接血流改变。结论采用TCD和CWD评估椎动脉颅内段血流异常可为临床寻找后循环缺血的原因和更深入研究缺血性脑血管病的发病机制提供重要的客观依据。     

颈动脉连续波多普勒超声评估颅内侧支循环

目的探讨颈动脉连续波多普勒超声评估颅内侧支循环。方法对80例无脑供血动脉狭窄性病变患者,在行颈总动脉压迫试验时采用4 MHz连续波探头检测对侧颈内动脉起始段和同侧椎动脉寰枢段血流速度变化。并对连续波多普勒超声与经颅多普勒超声检测的侧支循环方式结果进行比较。结果颈动脉连续波多普勒超声检出前交通动脉侧支开放76例(95%),经颅多普勒超声检出前交通动脉侧支开放76例(95%)。在受检的160个后交通动脉侧支中,颈动脉连续波多普勒超声检出后交通动脉侧支开放140个(88%),经颅多普勒超声检出132个(83%)。结论颅外动脉连续波多普勒超声结合颈总动脉压迫试验检测颅内侧支循环既安全又方便,其准确率与经颅多普勒超声一致。     

CT和MR诊断颅内嗅神经母细胞瘤

目的 探讨CT和MR诊断颅内嗅神经母细胞瘤的价值。方法 收集经病理证实的15例嗅神经母细胞瘤,分别行CT和MR扫描,分析其形态、骨质改变、密度、信号及强化特点。结果 本组病灶形态表现多样,3例呈圆形,4例呈椭圆形,4例呈蘑菇形,4例呈不规则形。4例病灶累及双侧筛窦、上颌窦及蝶窦,5例累及眼眶,6例累及颅底骨;10例病灶明显侵犯颅内脑实质。病灶CT均呈软组织密度影,5例病灶密度均匀,6例可见囊变区,4例可见钙化。病灶MRI表现为T2WI呈等、稍高信号,T1WI呈等、低信号,信号不均匀;当病灶侵犯脑实质可见脑内广泛水肿。增强后呈均匀或不均匀中等—明显强化。结论 嗅神经母细胞瘤多数呈跨越颅内外生长,CT检查能很好地显示嗅神经母细胞瘤骨质破坏的程度,MR检查能很好地显示颅内外侵犯的范围。     

Visualization of bilateral carotid cavernous sinus fistulas with duplex sonography

Duplex sonography used as a primary diagnostic tool in the case of a 17-year-old boy with a traumatic head injury revealed bilateral carotid cavernous sinus fistulas, with bilateral dilated venous convolutions next to the carotid siphon and dilated superior ophthalmic veins. A bilateral craniectomy allowed visualization of the entire circle of Willis together with the dilated cavernous sinuses. Doppler spectral analysis of blood flow in the arterialized superior ophthalmic veins revealed an arterialized venous pattern with retrograde and increased blood flow. The same blood flow profile was found in the venous cavernous sinuses. These findings were confirmed by digital subtraction angiography. We planned to perform embolization of the patient's fistulas, but intracranial and subarachnoid hemorrhaging developed, and the patient died the day before the procedure was to have been performed. The entire pathologic state of carotid cavernous sinus fistulas, from their origin beside the carotid siphon to the superior ophthalmic veins, can be visualized with duplex sonography, particularly when patients have undergone craniectomy. We believe that patients with frontal or basilar skull fracture should undergo duplex sonographic examination to detect carotid cavernous sinus fistulas.     

脑静脉窦血栓形成的影像学特征分析

目的探讨脑静脉窦血栓(CVST)形成的电子计算机断层扫描(CT)及磁共振成像(MRI)表现特征。 方法回顾性分析2014年11月至2018年3月,江苏省丰县人民医院神经内科收治的14例CVST患者的临床及影像学资料。所有患者均行CT及MRI平扫,3例行MRI增强扫描,5例行磁共振静脉血管成像(MRV),2例行磁共振动脉血管成像(MRA)。观察CVST累及区域范围及周围情况、平扫密度或信号特征及颅内伴发病变等。 结果全部患者均累及2个以上静脉窦,7例患者CT平扫见受累静脉窦明显高密度,MR平扫10例患者可见受累静脉窦T1WI明显高信号或混杂信号,T2WI及FLAIR均可见受累静脉窦高信号。3例行MRI增强扫描患者中,受累及静脉窦呈完全强化2例,部分性强化1例。CT及MRI提示左颞叶出血性梗死1例,矢状窦旁占位2例,丘脑出血性梗死1例,皮层蛛网膜下腔出血2例。MRV均可见受累静脉窦显影不规则、狭窄或完全不显影及侧支代偿血管形成。 结论MRI平扫可显示CVST的特征,CT平扫部分患者显示CVST的特征,CT及MRI平扫均可显示CVST的颅内伴发病变。识别CVST的静脉窦CT及MRI平扫特征及可能的颅内继发病变影像学表现,并结合MRV检查有助于准确诊断。     

颅内静脉窦2D-TOF MR和3D-CE MRA扫描方法对比研究

目的比较2D-TOF MRA和3D-CE MRA在颅内静脉窦显示的方法研究,比较两种扫描方法的优缺点。材料与方法对我院2013年10月至2014年3月随机抽取了共100例行颅内静脉血管成像(同时采用2D-TOF MRA与3D-CE MRA)的患者进行研究分析。综合评价2D-TOF MRA技术与3D-CE MRA技术对颅内静脉窦的显示能力,以便正确的选出一种对颅内静脉窦达到较好的显示效果的方法。选择条件:(1)能较好的显示颅内静脉窦的形态,窦汇区的连接方式。(2)能较好的显示颅内静脉窦病变,体现在颅内病变中的应用价值。(3)考虑病人自身条件和经济条件基础上,选择恰当的扫描方法。结果 2D-TOF MRA能够清楚显示颅内静脉窦50例,显示不清或没有显示为50例;3D-CE MRA能够清楚显示8 4例,显示不清或没有显示为1 6例,两者比较有统计学差异(χ2=2 6.1 4 2,P=0.001)。2D-TOF MRA诊断颅内静脉窦病变准确率88%(88/100),灵敏度66.7%(16/24),特异度94.7%(72/76),阳性预测值及阴性预测值分别为80%(16/20)、90%(72/80);3D-CE MRA诊断颅内静脉窦病变准确率92%(92/100),灵敏度75%(18/24),特异度97.4%(74/76),阳性预测值及阴性预测值分别为81.8%(18/22)、92.5%(74/80)。结论 3D-CE MRA在横窦以及乙状窦的显示中优于2D-TOF MRA,同时能明确显示及诊断颅内静脉窦,但是3D-CE MRA使用对比剂,其危险性和费用也同时增加。     

锁骨下动脉盗血综合征患者颅内外椎动脉血流频谱的分析

目的比较锁骨下动脉盗血椎动脉颅内、外段频谱形态和血流动力学参数的差异,探讨其与临床症状的相关性。 方法连续纳入2014年8月至2015年5月在首都医科大学宣武医院经血管超声检查并经CT血管成像（CTA）或数字减影血管造影（DSA）确诊为锁骨下动脉中度（50%~69%）及以上狭窄或闭塞性病变患者213例,经彩色多普勒血流成像（CDFI）和经颅多普勒（TCD）或经颅彩色多普勒（TCCD）检测并记录椎动脉颅外段（V2段）和颅内段（V4段）的血流频谱形态,按照锁骨下动脉盗血程度经典3期分型（Ⅰ期隐匿型、Ⅱ期部分型和Ⅲ期完全型）对颅内外椎动脉血流频谱进行比较,并对相同盗血程度的颅内、外段椎动脉（VA）的收缩期峰值流速（PSV）和舒张末期流速（EDV）测值进行比较。 结果213例锁骨下动脉中度以上狭窄或闭塞病变患者中颅内、外段椎动脉盗血程度相同者190例（89.2%,190/213）,其中Ⅰ期盗血者52例（27.4%,52/190）,Ⅱ期盗血者82例（43.2%,82/190）,Ⅲ期盗血者56例（29.5%,56/190）。（2）进一步分析盗血程度相同的190例患者椎动脉颅内外段血流速度的差异性发现,无论Ⅱ期盗血者或Ⅲ期盗血者颅内段PSV和EDV测值均大于颅外段（P均<0.05）,Ⅱ期盗血颅内段PSV和EDV测值均明显大于颅外段[PSV：（-44.0±23.1） cm/s vs （-32.9±21.1） cm/s,P=0.000;EDV：（20.1±10.9） cm/s vs （15.4±10.3） cm/s,P=0.005];Ⅲ期盗血颅内段PSV和EDV大于颅外段[PSV：（-81.7±30.0） cm/s vs （-68.2±47.6） cm/s,P=0.035;EDV：（-13.9±11.1）cm/s vs （-9.4±7.0） cm/s,P=0.05],而Ⅰ期盗血者颅内段和颅外段的流速测值并无明显差异[ PSV：（51.7±14.7） cm/s vs （49.9±14.3） cm/s,P=0.445;EDV：（22.4±7.2 ）cm/s vs （19.8±6.1） cm/s,P=0.660 ]。（3）无论颅内段或颅外段,Ⅱ型盗血患者临床症状的发生率（颅内段30.2%,29/96,颅外段30.8,28/91）均高于Ⅰ型和Ⅲ型盗血患者,但差异无统计学意义（颅内段χ²=1.106,P=0.575;颅外段χ²=1.106,P=0.602）。颅内外盗血程度不一致患者临床症状的发生率高于颅内外盗血程度一致的患者[39.1%,9/23>25.8%,49/190）。 结论锁骨下动脉狭窄或闭塞时,椎动脉血流频谱反映的颅内外段盗血程度基本一致,但在Ⅱ期和Ⅲ期盗血时颅内盗血程度明显高于颅外。Ⅱ期盗血患者临床症状的发生率相对高于Ⅰ期和Ⅲ期盗血患者。     

彩色多普勒超声在成人烟雾病诊断中的应用价值

目的探讨成人烟雾病的颅内外彩色多普勒血流影像表现及血流动力学变化特征,评价彩色多普勒超声在其诊断中的应用价值。方法采用彩色多普勒血流显像（CDFI）和脉冲波频谱多普勒（PWD）技术对86例烟雾病患者的颅内外相关血管进行检测。结果除2例因双侧颞窗透声差无法获得颅内血流信息外,余84例经超声诊断提示为烟雾病并被DSA或MRA、CTA所证实。其彩色多普勒表现因血管狭窄、闭塞及代偿程度不同而有多种表现形式。结论彩色多普勒超声可无创观察到烟雾病病人颈内动脉及其分支动脉狭窄的程度、闭塞部位以及侧支循环开放途径,较为全面地反映颅内外血流动力学变化,可作为烟雾病筛选诊断、定期随访首选的一种影像学检查方法。     

SECONDARY HEADACHES

Background: The high pressures documented in the intracranial venous sinuses in idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) could be the result of focal stenotic lesions in the lateral sinuses obstructing cranial venous outflow.
Objective: To explore the relation between venous sinus disease and IIH.
Methods: 12 patients with refractory IIH had dilatation and stenting of the venous sinuses after venography and manometry had shown intracranial venous hypertension proximal to stenoses in the lateral sinuses. Intrasinus pressures were recorded before and after the procedure and correlated with clinical outcome.
Results: Intrasinus pressures were variably reduced by stenting. Five patients were rendered asymptomatic, two were improved, and five were unchanged.
Conclusions: The importance of venous sinus disease in the aetiology of IIH is probably underestimated. Lateral sinus stenting shows promise as an alternative treatment to neurosurgical intervention in intractable cases.
Comment: This is one of the hot topics, that is, whether idiopathic increased intracranial pressure is usually due to a cortical sinus thrombosis, stenosis, or other anomaly. When more advanced techniques in magnetic resonance venography become more widely available and utilized, answers on the frequency of secondary idiopathic intracranial hypertension should become available. SJT     

颈动脉内膜剥脱术前、术中、术后颅内外血流动力学变化的研究

目的研究颈动脉内膜剥脱术(CEA)前、术中、术后颈动脉及颅内动脉的血流动力学变化.方法用彩色多普勒血流成像(CDFI)和经颅多普勒超声(TCD)对27例CEA患者术前术后病变局部管径、流速及同侧大脑中动脉(MCA)术前、术中、术后流速、搏动指数(PI)和交通支开放情况进行分析.结果CEA术后,颈动脉管径、血流速度恢复正常.患侧的MCA流速及PI升高(P＜0.001).侧支循环关闭.术中患侧MCA流速下降幅度＜40%与前交通开放相关(P=0.01 5).结论CEA后颅外和颅内动脉的血流动力学恢复正常.CDFI与TCD结合,可评价CEA患者术前、术中、术后颅内外动脉的血流动力学变化,为CEA手术提供可靠的客观依据,并可作为评价手术效果的有效方式.     

Vascular and biliary abnormalities mimicking cholangiocarcinoma in patients with cavernous transformation of the portal vein: role of color Doppler sonography.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to describe and evaluate the sonographic and color Doppler features of tumorlike biliary and venous changes in patients with cavernous transformation of the portal vein (CTPV). METHODS: The sonographic studies of 24 patients with CTPV were reviewed. Sonographic evaluation of the biliary system included measurement of intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary duct caliber changes and common bile duct (CBD) wall thickening and character. Color Doppler features of the portoportal collateral circulation at various locations (intrahepatic, periportal, gallbladder, pancreatic, and gastric regions) were carefully evaluated. RESULTS: Biliary abnormalities were detected in 13 (54%) of 24 patients with CTPV. All 13 patients (100%) had intrahepatic biliary dilatation; 11 patients (85%) had CBD abnormalities: diffuse CBD wall thickening causing diffuse narrowing of the true lumen in 7 (54%) and CBD dilatation proximal to the focal area of narrowing due to pericholedochal compressing venous collaterals in 4 (30%). A tumorlike solid mass appeared on the gray scale images of 2 patients (8%): 1 at the porta hepatis and the other at the pancreatic head level. Color Doppler imaging evaluation showed venous-type flow, suggesting a bulk of varicosities. CONCLUSIONS: Portoportal collaterals in patients with CTPV may alter the biliary and venous systems, causing biliary wall thickening, stenosis, intrahepatic and extrahepatic dilatation, and pseudotumors. Detailed sonographic and color Doppler imaging assessment can show and facilitate the correct diagnosis of those changes, thus avoiding the need for a more invasive modality such as endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography or a more expensive investigation such as magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography.