老年腰椎椎管狭窄症患者术中硬膜囊撕裂位置及术中术后处理对策

目的探讨老年腰椎椎管狭窄症患者手术发生硬膜囊撕裂的解剖学机制,比较撕裂位置及术中、术后处理对策。方法回顾性分析2012年01月~2014年01月本院行腰椎后路手术的216例〉70岁老年患者,记录患者一般资料、病程时间、术前诊断、手术方式和节段、术中硬膜囊撕裂的位置、术后脑脊液漏情况和处理方法以及并发症等。结果共计151例患者入选,其中男89例,女62例,年龄70~93岁,平均78.12岁。术中发生硬膜囊撕裂共计34例,术后出现脑脊液漏23例,硬膜囊撕裂位置发生率硬膜囊后外侧〉根袖〉硬膜囊外侧〉硬膜囊腹侧。术中采取硬膜囊缝合修补、明胶海绵压迫、生物蛋白胶粘合等处理,术后常规给予预防感染、神经根脱水、补液等治疗,均于术后3~10 d拔管,3~4周切口愈合,全部患者未出现严重并发症。结论 〉70岁老年腰椎椎管狭窄症患者术中硬膜囊撕裂及术后脑脊液漏的发生率高于整体人群,且多位于硬膜囊后外侧及根袖,术中及时发现并仔细缝合或修补破损的硬膜、术后间断夹闭引流管、延长拔管时间能获得良好的效果。     

颈椎手术并发脑脊液漏的处理

目的 探讨颈椎手术并发脑脊液漏（CSFL）的处理方法及其疗效。方法 对11例颈椎手术并发CSFL的患者,后路手术采用自体筋膜修补2例,前路手术采用自体筋膜明胶海绵堵塞9例,手术后仍存在CSFL患者采取去枕头高足低位、延长脱水剂应用时间、行腰穿蛛网膜下腔引流。结果 2例后路手术CSFL患者修补成功。9例前路行硬膜堵塞患者4例仍有CSFL,行腰穿蛛网膜下腔引流,切口引流或漏出0—3d停止．切口在引流后7d拆线均愈合。结论 CSFL术中采用修补或堵塞硬膜破口术后采用头高足低位、延长脱水剂应用时间可减少手术后CSFL的发生;术后持续腰穿蛛网膜下腔引流,能有效终止切口内CSFL,有利于切口愈合,避免感染发生。     

Transdural cauda equina incarceration after microsurgical lumbar discectomy: case report

OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE: Complications usually occur when they are least expected. We present an unusual case of nerve entrapment after microsurgical discectomy. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: A patient undergoing uneventful first lumbar microsurgical discectomy developed severe back and leg pain and a progressive neurological deficit during the first postoperative night. Herniation of cauda equina nerve roots had occurred through an unnoticed minimal defect in the dura, which had not caused cerebrospinal fluid leakage. The roots were incarcerated and swollen, and they filled the space of the resected nucleus pulposus. It was presumed that elevation of intra-abdominal pressure and consequent increased intraspinal pressure during extubation led to the herniation of arachnoid and cauda equina roots. The nerve roots were then trapped and incarcerated in the manner of bowel loops in an abdominal wall hernia. INTERVENTION: During reoperation, the nerve roots were repositioned into the dural sac. The patient recovered without further complications and without long-term sequelae. CONCLUSION: All dural tears that occur during intraspinal surgery, even if they are small and the arachnoid is intact, should be closed with stitches or at a minimum with a patch of muscle or gelatin sponge with fibrin glue. Care should be taken to avoid increased intra-abdominal pressure during extubation. Excessive pain and progressive neurological dysfunction occurring shortly after microsurgical lumbar discectomy or any intraspinal procedure is indicative of possible hemorrhage with subsequent compression of nerve roots. The case reported here provides anecdotal evidence that this situation can also be caused by a herniation of cauda equina nerve roots through a small dural defect that was not evident during the initial operation.     

腰椎间盘手术致脑脊液漏的防治

分析腰椎间盘手术中硬脊膜损伤的原因,探讨了后脑脊液漏的防治。方法回顾１９９０年至１９９８年间４３例腰椎间盘手术致硬脊膜损伤的临床资料。结果经切口放置引流管的１２例病人,有８例于拔术后生了切口脑脊液漏,经切口旁皮肤,椎旁肌置管的３１例病人,拔管后无一例发生切口脑脊液漏。     

腰椎手术合并硬脊膜损伤及脑脊液漏的处理

目的 探讨腰椎手术合并脊膜损伤及脑脊液漏的处理方法。方法 对68例硬脊膜损伤者术中应用不同的方法进行修复;对于已发生脑脊液漏者,根据术中硬脊膜损伤类型进行相应处理。结果 68例硬脊膜损伤,15例发生脑脊液漏,无1例出现远期并发症。结论 术中损伤硬脊膜的修复是预防脑脊液漏的最有效方法。硬膜外引流治疗脑脊液漏有较好疗效。     

硬脑膜补丁修补法与普通硬脑膜缝合在关于后颅窝手术术后并发症的比较

目的探讨硬脑膜补丁修补法与普通硬脑膜缝合在预防后颅窝手术术后皮下积液、脑脊液漏中的优势。方法对2016年10月至2019年4月采用硬脑膜补丁修补法修补缺损硬脑膜40例,同期常规修补方式修补缺损硬脑膜60例患者资料进行分析。结果硬脑膜补丁修补的40例中,术后2例(5%)出现皮下积液,1(2.5%)例出现脑脊液漏,1例(2.5%)出现颅内感染。普通硬脑膜缝合的60例中,15例(25%)出现皮下积液,7例(11.6%)出现脑脊液漏,4例(6.6%)出现颅内感染。结论硬脑膜补丁法修补法在预防后颅窝手术术后皮下积液明显优于常规修补法。     

Patch technique for repair of a dural tear in microendoscopic spinal surgery

A dural tear is a common but troublesome complication of endoscopic spinal surgery. The limitations of space make repair difficult, and it is often necessary to proceed to an open operation to suture the dura in order to prevent leakage of cerebrospinal fluid. We describe a new patch technique in which a small piece of polyglactin 910 is fixed to the injured dura with fibrin glue. Three pieces are generally required to obtain a watertight closure after lavage with saline. We have applied this technique in seven cases. All recovered well with no adverse effects. MRI showed no sign of leakage of cerebrospinal fluid.     

Anterior dural laceration caused by thoracolumbar and lumbar burst fractures

A retrospective review of the records of 60 patients with thoracolumbar and lumbar burst fractures was undertaken to document the incidence and evaluate the sequelae of dural injuries found during anterior procedures. In the entire series, six (10%) patients each had a preexisting vertically oriented dural tear. All patients with anterior dural lacerations were male and had associated neurologic deficits. In all six patients, preoperative computed tomography showed an asymmetrically retropulsed bone fragment. Dural tears were repaired primarily. A postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leak developed into the chest cavity of one patient, who was treated successfully with subarachnoid drainage. In patients with anterior dural laceration, primary repair is warranted and can be performed more easily after intraoperative correction of kyphosis. Subarachnoid drainage may be effective in cases of continued postoperative anterior cerebrospinal fluid leakage before repeated operation is considered.     

Anterior lumbar interbody fusion: changes in area of the dural tube, disc height, and prevalence of cauda equina adhesion in magnetic resonance images

OBJECTIVE: Many investigators have reported satisfactory outcome in anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF) performed for lumbar disc herniation or "multiply operated back" (MOB), but without comparing preoperative and postoperative dural tube area and cauda equina adhesion in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We conducted this study to determine these data in ALIF performed for lumbar disc herniation and MOB. METHODS: Thirty-two patients who underwent ALIF, involving 38 discs, were studied. In MRI obtained before and after surgery (interval 9-48 months, mean 19.2 months), cross-sectional areas of the lumbar dural tube were measured from axial T2-weighted images using a computer-linked digitizer. At 30 disc levels operated on, the cauda was identified in images; cauda equina adhesions were classified according to Matsui et al (grade I-III). Clinical improvement was scored. RESULTS: Bony union was observed in radiographs of all patients. Preoperative and postoperative cross-sectional areas of the lumbar dural tube were 1.32 +/- 0.4 and 1.87 +/- 0.5 cm, respectively, and expansion ratio was 1.43 +/- 0.4. Recovery did not correlate with expansion ratio. Positive correlation was noted between expansion ratio and disc height ratio. At 30 disc levels where cauda equina was identified, 22 represented grade I and 8 represented grade II. At three of the latter, prior surgery had been performed via a posterior approach. CONCLUSIONS: No significant difference was noted in occurrence of grade II adhesions between primary ALIF and ALIF performed for MOB. Dural tube expansion was accomplished even without exposure of the tube, and cauda equina adhesion was uncommon in primary ALIF.     

腰椎术后迟发脑脊液漏的预防和治疗

目的探讨腰椎术后迟发脑脊液漏的预防和治疗。方法通过回顾性的方法对1999年1月至2012年7月所发生的26例腰椎术后迟发脑脊液漏患者的临床资料进行分析总结,其中男19例,女7例;年龄25~70岁,平均32.8岁。结果经过卧床休息、延长拔管时间和伤口加压包扎等综合治疗1~3周后,所有患者的脑脊液漏症状治愈。经过平均3.3年的随访,术后未发现脑脊液漏,无硬脊膜假性囊肿形成和腰痛、头痛等症状。结论通过术前充分的准备,术中仔细操作并及时对硬膜损伤进行有效修补,术后采取正规的保守治疗,可以降低腰椎术后迟发脑脊液漏的发生。     

腰椎内镜髓核摘除术硬脊膜损伤或脑脊液漏的原因分析及防治

目的探讨显微内镜下髓核除手术(microendoscopic discectomy，MED)并发硬脊膜损伤或脑脊液漏的原因及防治。方法回顾分析1999年12月～2003年12月我院452例MED手术15例发生硬脊膜损伤或脑脊液漏的临床资料。结果术中发现硬脊膜损伤13例，9例术后出现脑脊液漏；2例术中未发现硬脊膜损伤术后发生脑脊液漏。11例脑脊液漏经正规保守治疗后3～7d治愈，无1例发生脑脊髓膜炎，无继发深部感染。结论MED因其自身的特点，易发生硬脊膜损伤；术前仔细分析病例，术中具备一定的手术技巧，可以减少硬脊膜损伤的发生；术中对损伤硬脊膜及时堵塞或修补，术后采取正规保守治疗措施，脑脊液漏均可治愈。     

腰椎间盘突出症伴马尾神经综合征

目的：探讨腰椎间盘突出症伴马尾神经综合征的发病机制，治疗及预后。方法：对15例患者的临床资料及随访结果进行分析。结果：平均随访3年6个月，全部病例都有不同程度的恢复。其中Kostuik A型2例完全恢复，4例不全恢复；B型7例完全恢复，2例不全恢复。结论：该综合征是由压迫本身及压迫致马尾神经瘀血，水肿，影响脑脊液循环及血供障碍引起，一经确诊应尽早手术减压。急性完全性损伤预后较差，慢性不全损伤预后好。     

Posterior epidural migration of an extruded free fragment from a lumbar disc herniation

The majority of symptomatic lumbar disc herniations are located in a posterolateral position with resultant nerve root compression. Although caudal, rostral and lateral migrations of disc fragments are common, posterior epidural migration of an extruded free fragment from a lumbar disc herniation is a rare occurrence and sometimes may cause a dural sac compression with cauda equina syndrome. This retrospective case report describes a 63-year-old man with intractable lower back pain and cauda equina syndrome. Emergency magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a posterior epidural soft tissue compressing the dural sac. The lesion was hypointense on T1-weighted images, hyperintense on T2-weighted images and showed rim enhancement after intravenous injection of gadolinium. A laminectomy at L3 was performed and the extruded disc fragment was removed with dural sac decompression. Postoperatively the patient's radicular symptoms completely resolved. At the 2-year follow-up visit, the patient had recovered full motor, sensory and urinary functions. MRI is the modality of choice in the evaluation of an extruded free disc fragment and a cauda equina compression. In such cases a wide decompressive laminectomy is recommended. Received: 13 November 2000; Accepted: 4 December 2000     

腰椎MED手术发生脑脊液漏的原因分析及对策

目的分析显微椎间盘镜下髓核除手术(Micro Endoscopic Discectomy，MED)并发硬脊膜损伤或脑脊液漏的原因特点，探讨其预防办法。方法通过回顾性的方法对1999年12月至2003年12月期间452例MED手术发生硬脊膜损伤或脑脊液漏的15例患临床资料进行分析总结。结果术中发现硬脊膜损伤的13例患，有9例术后出现脑脊液漏；2例术中未发现硬脊膜损伤的患术后也出现了脑脊液漏；11例脑脊液漏患经术后正规的保守治疗于3～7d内治愈，无1例脑脊髓膜炎，无继发的深部感染。结论MED手术因其自身的特点，易发生硬脊膜损伤；但通过术前对病例仔细分析，术中具备一定的手术技巧，可以减少硬脊膜损伤的发生；术中对损伤硬脊膜及时堵塞或修补，术后采取正规的保守治疗措施，脑脊液漏均可治愈。     

Treatment of cerebrospinal fluid leak after spine surgery

Owing to the complexity of spinal surgery, there is a great prevalence of dural tear causing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage. Many studies focused on suture repair for dural tear to stop CSF leak. Now some new treatment strategies have shown a promising effect that is listed as follows: 1) creating watertight dural closure to stop CSF leak with the help of dural substitute material; and 2) retarding CSF leak by changing pressure difference, including reducing the subarachnoid fluid pressure, increasing the epidural space pressure and both. In fact several methods mentioned above are usually combined to treat CSF leak. However, no update review summarized the relevant studies implemented in recent years. In this review, the authors would compare the effects of different dural closure techniques, and introduce the latest treatment methods and mechanisms.     

不同程度椎管狭窄对马尾神经脑脊液营养来源影响的实验研究

目的：探讨不同程度腰椎椎管狭窄对马尾神经脑脊液营养来源的影响。方法：将^3H-甲基葡萄糖注入不同程度腰椎椎狭窄模型动物的脑脊液中，5min后分别测定脑脊液（Rcsf)和不同节段马尾神经组织（R）中放射性同位素的放射强度，并换算成R／Rcsf。结果：25％、50％狭窄组狭窄段及以远段马尾神经的R／Rcsf较正常组和对照组均有非常显著（P＜0．001）或显著性（P＜0．05）降低，50％狭窄组较25％狭窄组降低更加显著（P＜0．05）。结论：腰椎椎管狭窄在狭窄段及狭窄以远段造成了马尾神经脑脊液来源的营养障碍，并随狭窄程度的增加而愈加明显。马尾神经脑脊液来源的营养障碍可能是马尾神经受损表现的重要病理生理基础。     

Evaluation and treatment of dural tears in lumbar spine surgery: a review

Incidental durotomy is a frequent complication of lumbar spinal surgery. The number and complexity of spinal procedures is increasing, leading to a greater prevalence of dural tears; therefore, it is imperative that spine surgeons be familiar with safe and effective closure techniques. Occasionally, a tear may not be recognized during the procedure, so that one must recognize the signs and symptoms of a cerebrospinal fluid leak postoperatively. Several newer treatment concepts show promise. The current study represents an extensive review of the recent literature on the prevalence, mechanism, diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes of dural tears. The authors provide an overview of the problem, an update on current treatment strategies, and describe the senior author's technique of repair, which is easy to do and is effective in stopping additional leakage of cerebrospinal fluid.     

Cauda equina syndrome secondary to posterior epidural migration of a lumbar disc fragment: a rare phenomenon

Most symptomatic lumbar disc herniations occur in a postero-lateral direction. Disc fragments also commonly migrate both caudally and rostrally. The extrusion of lumbar discs is usually limited by the posterior longitudinal ligament and its attachments. Migration of disc tissue around the dural sac to the posterior epidural space is a rare occurrence. There have been even fewer reports, in the published literature, of cauda equina syndrome resulting from posterior epidural migration of lumbar disc fragments. We present a case of cauda equina syndrome due to compression of the neural elements by a large fragment of sequestered lumbar disc tissue, which had migrated to the posterior epidural space.     

伴有马尾神经松弛影像学改变的腰椎椎管狭窄症患者手术疗效

目的探讨伴马尾神经松弛影像学改变的腰椎椎管狭窄症患者的临床特征及手术效果。方法收集2016年9月—2017年9月接受手术治疗的16例影像学上存在马尾神经松弛改变的腰椎椎管狭窄症患者的临床及影像学资料。16例患者腰椎MRI均可见狭窄节段上方马尾神经迂曲成团,均行常规腰椎后路椎板减压椎间植骨融合内固定术治疗,其中3例患者因术中硬膜撕裂行硬膜内探查。记录所有患者术前与术后3个月的日本骨科学会(JOA)评分评估手术疗效。结果所有患者术后腰痛及下肢放射痛等症状均缓解,无并发症发生。3例患者硬膜内探查可见马尾神经迂曲成团,无粘连及占位。16例患者术后3个月JOA评分为9～14(12.56±0.75)分,较术前4～9(7.44±0.73)分明显改善,差异有统计学意义(P 0.05)。其中6例患者术后3个月复查腰椎MRI,显示马尾神经迂曲成团现象消失。结论马尾神经松弛是腰椎椎管狭窄症发展进程的一部分,椎管内马尾神经迂曲成团是导致其影像学改变的原因。治疗腰椎原发病可以获得较好的治疗效果,不需要松解马尾神经,也不必担心马尾神经松弛现象。     

Intradural cyst with compression of the cauda equina in ankylosing spondylitis

A cauda equina syndrome complicating long-standing ankylosing spondylitis was found to be due to a large multiloculated cyst. This differed from posterior dural diverticula identified in similar cases in that the cyst filled the lumbar canal with erosion of the upper lumbar vertebral bodies and chronic inflammatory changes were evident in the cyst wall. Cauda equina compromise in ankylosing spondylitis has several possible mechanisms including fibrosis following arachnoiditis, root damage by dural diverticula, and direct compression by arachnoid cyst.