公共卫生服务提供的公私合作模式综述

通过系统整理和分析国内外关于公共卫生服务提供的公私合作模式的研究文献,阐述了公私合作模式的内涵、分类和国内外公共卫生服务公私合作的主要方式和实践应用,并阐明了公共卫生服务领域公私合作对减轻政府财政压力、推动卫生体制创新、促进政府职能转换、提高公共卫生服务效率、提高私立卫生机构综合竞争力及贫困人群服务公平性都有积极作用;指出了公私合作过程中存在合作双方缺乏信任、沟通不足、政府管理滞后、职能不强等影响服务效果的问题;建议建立公私部门信息共享机制、设计合理的风险分担机制、改进政府对公私合作的管理手段、强化政府主导作用等措施;启示我国在基本公共卫生服务公私合作供给过程中要强化政府职责、成立第三方组织对公私合作进行协调、沟通、监督和考核以及建立有效的公私合作机制。     

A private organization and public agency partnership in community health education.

The authors address a unique partnership among private and public organizations, that of the American Red Cross and the Centers for Disease Control of the Public Health Service. The partnership stimulates an integrated community response to preventing and controlling human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) at the local level. The partnership channels information and provides education to local communities through the efforts of volunteers and staff members. Information is made available as well through other partnerships established under the cooperative agreement between the American Red Cross and the Centers for Disease Control. These partnerships include other national organizations, such as the National Leadership Coalition on AIDS, the National Association of People with AIDS, the National Urban League, and the National Council of La Raza. Education and information messages are designed to complement and be consistent with information and messages from the Public Health Service through the National AIDS Information and Education Program and the "America Responds to AIDS" public information campaign. The objectives are to mobilize local community support for efforts for HIV infection and AIDS prevention and services, as well as to heighten public awareness of the issues.     

上海发展民营医疗机构的政策建议

"上海发展社会办医"课题研究认为:上海需要根据其特点明确民营医疗机构在卫生服务体系中的定位和功能,而后将其纳入医疗机构设置总体规划,并需加强和完善以质量为核心的适合民营机构特点的监管规范,提高市场准入标准,增强其与医保联系,并对提供短缺基本医疗服务的民营机构给予政策优惠。     

The public and private sectors in health: economic issues

Major changes in the public/private mix of health services are occurring in many countries. These changes may be analysed by examining the financing and provision of services and subsidization of the purchase of the factors of production. The public sector and not-for-profit and for-profit elements of the private sector must be viewed as separate entities in such analyses due to their differing objectives, motives and form of operation. The issues to be dealt with by countries in finding the public/private mix which is appropriate for their health system and achieves their objectives include efficiency, quality, regulation, equity and consumer choice and satisfaction. The recommendations for action for countries include: promoting collaboration between private and public sectors; testing different public/private mix models; identifying appropriate expansion paths for private sector services; improving information for policy and planning decisions; enhancing management capacity; and, reviewing programme and project support. International agencies also have a role in this process by supporting countries through the provision of technical assistance, financial aid, promoting policy reviews, and facilitating the sharing of information and experiences among countries concerning these public/private mix issues.     

关于发展上海市民营医院的政策思考

作者在深入调查研究的基础上，对上海市民营医院在发展中遇到的困难与问题进行了实事求是的分析和讨论，并从政府和行业协会两个方面就促进民营医院可持续发展的相关问题提出了政策建议。重点在于设立准入标准，合理布局，创建与公立医院公平的竞争机制，剥离公立医院的“特需服务”，完善依法监督、行业协会及自身管理。     

Comparing employee health benefits in the public and private sectors, 1997

Data from the 1997 Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Employer Health Insurance Survey provide new information comparing public- and private-sector employee health benefits. The federal government is ahead of other employers in adopting managed competition principles using financial incentives and consumer information to promote choosing efficient plans. Federal employees experience a $200 annual compensation gap relative to those in the private sector, but it is partly explained by advantage in purchasing power. In contrast, state and local governments make higher payments toward health insurance than private-sector employers do. Their premiums are equivalent, but they pay a greater share of the total cost.     

Occupational class inequalities in health across employment sectors: the contribution of working conditions

Objective  While health inequalities among employees are well documented, their variation and determinants among employee subpopulations are poorly understood. We examined variations in occupational class inequalities in health within four employment sectors and the contribution of working conditions to these inequalities. Methods  Cross-sectional data from the Helsinki Health Study in 2000–2002 were used. Each year, employees of the City of Helsinki, aged 40–60 years, received a mailed questionnaire (n = 8,960, 80% women, overall response rate for 3 years 67%). The outcome was physical health functioning measured by the overall physical component summary of SF-36. The socioeconomic indicator was occupational social class. Employment sectors studied were health care, education, social welfare and administration (n = 6,557). Physical and mental workload, and job demands and job control were explanatory factors. Inequality indices from logistic regression analysis were calculated. Results  Occupational class inequalities in physical health functioning were slightly larger in education (1.47) than in the other sectors (1.43–1.40). Physical workload explained 95% of inequalities in social welfare and 32–36% in the other sectors. Job control also partly explained health inequalities. However, adjusting for mental workload and job demands resulted in larger health inequalities. Conclusion  Inequalities in physical health functioning were found within each employment sector, with minor variation in their magnitude. Physical workload was the main explanation for these inequalities, but its contribution varied between the sectors. In contrast, considering psychosocial working conditions led to wider inequalities. Improving physical working conditions among the lower occupational classes would help reduce health inequalities within different employment sectors.     

A BRIDGE partnership model for health management education in the Slovak Republic.

An innovative Health Management Education Partnership (HMEP) was initiated to develop management education initiatives through the exchange of information and ideas. Health education efforts, projects and activities exist between the University of Scranton and three strategic partners in the Slovak Republic: Trnava University, the Health Management School and the University of Matej Bel. The BRIDGE model (Building Relationships in Developing and Growing Economies) utilizes several innovative educational initiatives and strategic projects including a professional journal, faculty development, professional development, curriculum development, certification and accreditation, faculty-students exchange and development of educational materials and modules. The BRIDGE organizational structure is reviewed as well as specific workplan objectives to operationalize the HMEP encouraging mutual cooperation, collaboration and sustainability of efforts. The model stresses implementation, monitoring, and evaluation of all initiatives through a strong community effort, focus on research, deployment of educational resources, curriculum modification, development of interpartnership activities, conferences, workshops, fieldwork experiences and study tours. Applied management practices enhance market-oriented solutions to health care delivery problems emphasizing a focus on privatization and entrepreneurship through education.     

Efficiency and quality in the public and private sectors in Senegal

It is often argued that the private sector is more efficient than the public sector in the production of health services, and that government reliance on private provision would help improve the efficiency and equity of public spending in health. A review of the literature, however, shows that there is little evidence to support these statements. A study of government and non-governmental facilities was undertaken in Senegal, taking into account case mix, input prices, and quality of care, to examine relative efficiency in the delivery of health services. The study revealed that private providers are highly heterogeneous, although they tend to offer better quality services. A specific and important group of providers--Catholic health posts--were shown to be significantly more efficient than public and other private facilities in the provision of curative and preventive ambulatory services at high levels of output. Policies to expand the role of the private sector need to take into account variations in types of providers, as well as evidence of both high and low quality among them. In terms of public sector efficiency, findings from the study affirm others that indicate drug policy reform to be one of the most important policy interventions that can simultaneously improve efficiency, quality and effectiveness of care. Relationships that this study identified between quality and efficiency suggest that strategies to improve quality can increase efficiency, raise demand for services, and thereby expand access.     

Policies alone are not enough: Workplace health development in the public,private and voluntary sectors

A 2001 survey of public (n?=?28), private (n?=?113) and voluntary sector (n?=?64) workplaces in Sefton, Merseyside indicated that there were significantly different levels of health-related policy provision across the three sectors, with the public sector having the highest level of provision (7.18 policies on average), followed by the voluntary (5.09 policies on average) and the private sector (3.94 policies on average). Policies already in place were mostly based around health and safety (89%), smoking (80%), sickness absenteeism (68%) and manual handling (49%). Workplaces reported that in order to benefit their employees’ health they wanted to improve: the physical work environment (38%); communications (31%); job content/organization (30%) and wage levels (29%). In addition, they wanted to develop stress management (51%) and family-friendly (25%) policies. The major perceived barriers to implementing these policies were: lack of time/monetary resources (70%); not having the skills/expertise (37%); knowing which issues are priorities (25%); and knowing where to go to for help (17%). In order to achieve this, workplaces would like support in the form of: advice/information (63%); free health and safety checks (52%); training courses (49%) and monetary subsidies (49%). This study uniquely compares the public, private and voluntary sectors, highlighting that the sectors with the most health policies in place (public and voluntary) are also the sectors with the greatest number of reported difficulties, e.g. absenteeism, recruitment and retention. Recommendations from this study are that a ‘one-size-fits-all’ approach to health promotion would be inadequate to bring about changes in practice; that health promotion campaigns should focus on addressing the contextual difficulties, e.g. lack of resources, facing the voluntary and public sector, rather than on solely developing policy provision; and that information and advice for workplaces should be tailored to this end.     

How to promote joint participation of the public and private sectors in the organisation of animal health programmes

It is generally accepted that the first recorded outbreaks of foot and mouth disease (FMD) in South America occurred around 1870. The disease emerged almost simultaneously in the province of Buenos Aires (Argentina), in the central region of Chile, in Uruguay and in southern Brazil, due to the introduction of livestock from Europe. Argentina set up an agency for the control and eradication of FMD in 1961, Brazil began disease-control activities in Rio Grande do Sul in 1965, Paraguay and Uruguay initiated similar programmes in 1967, Chile in 1970 and Colombia in 1972. A common characteristic was observed in all early national FMD programmes, namely, they were developed, financed, operated and evaluated by the public sector, without major participation from the private sector, except when buying vaccines and abiding by the regulations. In 1987, the Hemispheric Foot and Mouth Disease Eradication Plan (PHEFA: Plan Hemisférico para la Erradicación de la Fiebre Aftosa) was launched and the private sector played a prominent role in achieving the eradication and control of FMD in several countries. However, this model of co-participation between the public and private sectors has suffered setbacks and a new approach is being developed to find ways in which local structures and activities can be self-sustaining.     

"The history of health in Dayton": a community-academic partnership

Academic institutions have always found it a challenge to persuade community members to participate in academic research projects. Starting an open dialogue is usually the critical first step. To begin this dialogue with community members in Dayton, Ohio, in 1999, staff from Wright State University decided to organize a community forum, "The History of Health in Dayton." The forum was intended as the first project of a new research organization, the Alliance for Research in Community Health (ARCH), established with federal funding from the Health Resources and Services Administration in 1998. ARCH was created as a bridge between the Department of Family Medicine of Wright State University School of Medicine and the Center for Healthy Communities, a health advocacy and service organization committed to health professions education. ARCH's mission is to improve the health of citizens of Dayton through research involving community participation. Through ARCH, community members help researchers define priorities, resolve ethical issues, refine procedures, and interpret results. Guidelines for participatory research, proposed by the National Primary Care Research Group in 1998 and adopted by the alliance, emphasize the importance of open dialogue among researchers, subjects, academics, and community members. The initial response to the forum was enthusiastic, with a majority of community residents expressing interest in attending future presentations.