基于纽马克文本功能的《金匮要略》英译研究

中医典籍广博高深,内容涉及诸多学科知识,因此,以科学的理论为指导,采取有效的翻译策略,开展中医典籍翻译实践探索是传播中医经典著作、实现中医文化交流的关键因素。以纽马克文本功能理论为指导,从《金匮要略》文法特点出发,选取其3个英译本做为研究语料库,运用对比研究法,探讨中医典籍翻译策略,并提出中医典籍翻译的表达性原则、信息性原则、简繁结合原则,以期对相关领域研究有所裨益。     

文本类型视角下的中医典籍英译个案探析──以《金匮要略》为例

随着中医药文化对外传播进程不断加快,中医典籍英译越来越受到学者们的重视,与此同时,中医典籍英译方法的研究也逐渐深化。现从莱斯的文本类型学理论出发,分析罗希文版《金匮要略》的翻译策略与方法,证明运用文本类型理论进行中医典籍翻译的可行性,从而促进中医英译质量的提高以助力中医药文化的传播。     

中医药典籍《黄帝内经》书名英译探讨

中医药经典文献的翻译是当前我国对外宣传的重要组成部分,对于传播中国传统优秀文化至关重要。然而作为重要的中医药典籍《黄帝内经》书名的英译,目前有多个不同译文同时并存,这种状况对于经典本身的世界传播十分不利。中医药典籍作为中国文化国际传播和运行的重要文化资本,需要在传播中拥有正确恰当的冠名并遵循国际标准化原则;同时,翻译功能目的论要求译文应该达成翻译活动的特定目的。文章拟从文化资本和翻译目的论的视角对《黄帝内经》书名英译文本进行比较分析,以发现符合上述要求的佳译,并倡导尽快推行该译名在译界和国际文化交流中的标准化工作。     

中医药典籍《黄帝内经》书名英译探讨

中医药经典文献的翻译是当前我国对外宣传的重要组成部分,对于传播中国传统优秀文化至关重要。然而作为重要的中医药典籍《黄帝内经》书名的英译,目前有多个不同译文同时并存,这种状况对于经典本身的世界传播十分不利。中医药典籍作为中国文化国际传播和运行的重要文化资本,需要在传播中拥有正确恰当的冠名并遵循国际标准化原则;同时,翻译功能目的论要求译文应该达成翻译活动的特定目的。文章拟从文化资本和翻译目的论的视角对《黄帝内经》书名英译文本进行比较分析,以发现符合上述要求的佳译,并倡导尽快推行该译名在译界和国际文化交流中的标准化工作。     

《黄帝内经》“百”字英译探析

中医语言具有显著的模糊性特征。中医典籍中的语义模糊现象引起了不少研究者的兴趣,但目前研究尚不充分。文章根据代表性、权威性和译者的文化背景三个原则,将李照国英译本(以下称李本)和文树德英译本(以下称文本)《黄帝内经》进行对比分析,研究他们持不同译观对数词"百"字及其所在句子的英译策略。研究发现文本和李本在处理"百"字及其所在句子时存在巨大差异。就"百"字英译而言,文本常采用"字面含义+脚注模式"而李本直接将其解读并英译,这些不同的翻译策略与译者的翻译文化观密不可分。文树德注重从历史文化背景角度看待中医翻译,尊重源语的历史和文化,并尽力展现文本后的历史和文化解读,这是文树德对中医典籍翻译一贯秉持的态度和原则;文树德认为翻译中医典籍的目的是提供一个文化背景,因而,对于"百"字存在争议的地方,文树德常常采用脚注等深度翻译策略为读者展现可能的解读,由读者来选择和重构信息。然而,李照国教授认为,译者在翻译典籍的首要难题是难解古文之意;鉴于此,在翻译《黄帝内经》时,他会参考一些白话译本以确定某句话或某个概念的确切含义,因而"百"字的英译处理时,他直接采用了历代医家的结论,或实指、或泛指、或有意漏译,这从一定程度上反映了译者的主观能动性。由于中医典籍成书年代早,所以历代医家对某些章节的真正含义存在着不同的解释,译者在处理此类信息时,若直接揉入自己的理解,有时效果适得其反。"百"字虽小,却折射出中医典籍的英译的艰难,译者的理解在很大程度上决定译作的质量。     

从奈达翻译理论谈中医典籍名称的翻译

中医典籍是中华民族的文化瑰宝,随着中国软实力的进一步增强和全球化的要求,中医学越来越频繁地受到世界范围内的广泛关注,其典籍名称的翻译在中医文化外宣中的重要性更是不言而喻。对中医典籍的名称从内容含义和所含特殊标志两方面进行分类,基于奈达的翻译理论对典籍名称进行研究,希望从功能对等理论和读者反应理论等视角对中医典籍翻译的方法策略进行探索,以期为翻译中医典籍名称提供一些浅薄的思考。     

谈谈中医典籍翻译中字的形义辨析问题

中医典籍的翻译是中医对外翻译中很重要的一个方面,很早就引起了国内外翻译研究人员的注意.事实上中医对外翻译所涉及到的一些基本问题大都集中在中医典籍的翻译上.这是因为中医的基本概念和术语都源于中医的古典医籍,而做好这方面的翻译也正是搞好中医对外翻译工作的关键所在.     

中医典籍的语言特点及其翻译的文化传真

中医典籍记载着几千年的中国传统的诊疗及养生文化,中医典籍翻译是一种文化交流,译者既要忠于原作,灵活地运用以"直译"异化"为主的不同的翻译策略,再现中医文化,又要注意译文的"通顺",从而实现翻译的交际目的 .     

中医翻译史研究现状与思考

中医翻译史研究对中医翻译研究具有重要的指导意义。通过总结中医翻译史研究所取得的成绩,明晰中医西译的历史分野及各个阶段的特征,介绍西方译者及译著的引介与评介,可以对中医典籍西译作历史性研究,可以梳理中外译者翻译思想及嬗变,且可以尝试指出中医翻译史研究今后应该努力的方向。     

中医翻译理论与话语权构建

古代中医的对外传播是以汉语为媒介的。但近年来,中国在中医对外传播中话语权缺失,表现为中医英译标准选词中的话语权不足、现代医学阴影下中医文化的矮化等,这亟需重塑中医翻译话语权。在辨清翻译研究概念逻辑的基础上,笔者主张基于理论视角重塑中医翻译话语权,即秉持中医文化翻译思想,以异化翻译策略为主导,构建“翻译思想-翻译策略-翻译方法”多维度交叉融合的中医翻译理论,指导中医典籍翻译实践,在中医术语翻译标准选词中赢得主导权,避免中医翻译“去中国化”倾向,推动中医药文化对外传播。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.