甲庆栓微生物限度检查的方法学验证

目的：确认甲庆栓的检验条件和方法,保证微生物限度检查方法的科学性和检验结果准确性。方法：采用中国药典2005年版二部附录微生物限度检查法项下方法的验证。结果：确定了甲庆栓微生物限度检查的操作方法。结论：为甲庆栓的微生物限度检查提供了依据,对药品的生产及检验部门有实用的价值。     

赛霉安阴道栓微生物限度检查方法探索

目的 对赛霉安阴道栓的微生物限度检查方法 的验证进行研究.方法 用常规法和5min沉淀法,每次做5种菌对比的验证实验,根据平板计数结果 及回收率确定其微生物限度检查方法 .结果 常规法无法将细菌和药渣辨认,而用5min沉淀法后可清楚将细菌、菌落分离出来.结论 应选用5min沉淀法进行此药物的微生物限度检查方法 进行检验.     

聚维酮碘栓微生物限度检查法验证试验

建立聚维酮碘栓微生物限度检查方法,并对该法的有效性进行评价。通过试验确定了聚维酮碘栓的微生物限度检查方法。     

硝酸咪康唑栓微生物限度检查方法的验证

目的建立硝酸咪康唑栓微生物限度检查的方法。方法按《中国药典》2010版的微生物限度检查法进行试验和验证。结果采用薄膜过滤法,五种菌株的回收率均高于70%。结论薄膜过滤法作为硝酸咪康唑栓微生物限度检查结果准确,方法简单可行。     

微生物限度培养器在药品、水质微生物限度检查中的应用与研究

目的探讨HTY-100型微生物限度检验仪及其微生物限度培养器（耗材）用于药品、水质等样品的微生物限度检查的可行性。方法采用微生物限度培养器对5种已知微生物进行回收率检验,对药品样本和饮用水样本进行微生物限度检验。结果经统计与传统方法比较检验结果差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论本法具有结果准确、操作简便的特点,可广泛用于药品、水质的微生物限度检查。     

冰硼散微生物限度检查方法学验证

目的:确定冰硼散微生物限度的检查条件和方法,确保其检查方法的科学性和检验结果的准确性。方法:采用2005年版《中国药典》(一部)附录“微生物限度检查法”项下相关内容进行方法学验证。结果:确定中和法作为冰硼散微生物限度的检查方法。结论:本试验为冰硼散微生物限度检查提供了方法学依据,对药品的生产及检验有较大的实用价值。     

清开灵片微生物限度检查方法学验证

目的：确定清开灵片微生物限度的检查条件和方法,确保其检查方法的科学性和检验结果的准确性。方法：采用2005年版《中国药典》（一部）附录＂微生物限度检查法＂项下相关内容进行方法学验证。结果：确定薄膜过滤法作为清开灵片微生物限度的检查方法。结论：本试验为清开灵片微生物限度检查提供了方法学依据,对药品的生产及检验有较大的实用价值。     

硝酸咪康唑乳膏微生物限度检查方法学验证

目的确认硝酸咪康唑乳膏微生物限度的检验条件和方法,确保其检查方法的科学性和检验结果的准确性。方法采用2005年版《中国药典》（二部）附录＂微生物限度检查法＂项下相关内容进行方法学验证。结果确定常规法和培养基稀释法作为硝酸咪康唑乳膏微生物限度的检查方法。结论本试验为硝酸咪康唑乳膏微生物限度检查提供了方法学依据,对药品的生产及检验有较大的实用价值。     

微生物限度培养器在药品、水质微生物限度检查中的应用与研究

目的 探讨HTY-100型微生物限度检验仪及其微生物限度培养器(耗材)用于药品、水质等样品的微生物限度检查的可行性。方法 采用微生物限度培养器对5种已知微生物进行回收率检验,对药品样本和饮用水样本进行微生物限度检验。结果 经统计与传统方法比较检验结果差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。结论 本法具有结果准确、操作简便的特点,可广泛用于药品、水质的微生物限度检查。     

硝酸布康唑栓微生物限度检查方法适用性试验研究

目的：建立硝酸布康唑栓微生物限度检查方法。方法：按照《中国药典》2015年版四部通则进行硝酸布康唑栓微生物限度检查方法适用性试验,对中和剂的种类、薄膜过滤冲洗液体积、菌液加入时间等进行考察,通过试验菌株的回收试验,确立需氧菌总数、霉菌和酵母菌总数计数方法,并确立金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌和白色念珠菌的检查方法。结果：试验样品硝酸布康唑栓对细菌和真菌均具有较强的抑菌性。采用薄膜过滤法和中和法联用的方法可有效去除其抑菌性。结论：建立的硝酸布康唑栓微生物限度检查方法符合《中国药典》2015年版要求,可用于常规的药品质量控制检验工作。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.