大鼠脑胶质瘤伽玛刀治疗后穹隆下器一氧化氮合酶表达的变化

目的：探讨穹隆下器(subfornical organ,SFO)在脑肿瘤免疫过程中的作用及意义。方法：脑胶质瘤大鼠分伽玛刀治疗和对照组。通过NADPH-d和iNOS免疫组化染色,观察SFO阳性细胞面密度,并测定大鼠外周血NO的含量。结果：与对照组大鼠比较,治疗组大鼠SFO处阳性数量明显增多,以其腹内侧区为著。阳性细胞排列呈团状或片状,胞质深染,并可见大量浓染的阳性突起,细胞面密度较对照组非常明显增高。治疗组大鼠外周血NO的含量为(12．63±1．16)μmol/L,非常显著高于对照组的(8．33±0．21)μmol/L)。结论：大鼠脑胶质瘤伽玛刀治疗后NOS和iNOS在SFO的表达显著增多,提示SFO可能与放射治疗引起的神经免疫调节有关。     

实验性变态反应性脑脊髓炎大鼠穹窿下器室管膜细胞的形态学改变

目的：观察穹隆下器(SFO)室管膜细胞在实验性变态反应性脑脊髓炎(EAE)时的形态学变化，探讨其病变的意义。方法：建立Wistar大鼠EAE模型，应用光镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜方法，动态观察EAE发病的潜伏期、发病期、恢复期SFO室管膜细胞的形态学改变。结果：(1)SFO室管膜细胞病变早于EAE发病，且与EAE病情明显正相关。(2)恢复期室管膜下层出现密集排列的染色质浓染的新生细胞。结论：(1)SFO参与了EAE时脑内的免疫反应；而且是EAE发病的早期病变之一，可能是外周免疫介质优先入脑位点。(2)室管膜下神经干细胞可被激活，对室管膜进行修复。     

杂色曲霉素对小鼠穹窿下器室管膜细胞超微结构的影响

目的：观察杂色曲霉素（ST）对小鼠穹隆下器（SFO）室管膜细胞超微结构的影响。方法：BALB／c小鼠,单次ST（3000μg/kg）灌胃,分别于灌胃后1、2、4、8、16h处死动物,用扫描电镜观察SFO室管膜的结构变化。结果：ST灌胃后1h部分SFO室管膜表面微绒毛结构消失、细胞破损,ST灌胃后2h室管膜出现凹凸不平、损伤加重。ST灌胃后8h室管膜凹凸不平和破损最为明显,ST灌胃后16h逐渐恢复。结论：提示ST对小鼠SFO室管膜细胞有明显的损伤作用。     

升压联合化疗对大鼠脑胶质瘤形态学变化的影响

目的:通过体外细胞化疗和体内对大鼠胶质瘤升压联合化疗后, 观察体外细胞形态变化和体内肿瘤抑制作用, 观察变压联合化疗对胶质瘤的治疗效果。方法:采用胶质瘤体外培养、化疗。体内采用脑定位注射接种法, 复制大鼠脑胶质瘤动物模型。体内进行联合升压化疗。结果: 体外培养瘤细胞, 使用化疗药后, 可见细胞体积增大、胞质呈颗粒样变、胞内容物外溢等形态学变化;体内化疗后肿瘤体积变小, 瘤内可见坏死区等病理变化;升压化疗组肿瘤内血流增加、药物浓度增加;动物生存期延长。 结论:升压联合化疗对大鼠脑胶质瘤具有明显抑制作用, 可使动物生存期延长。     

大鼠第三脑室室管膜内谷氨酸免疫阳性结构的研究

为探讨一般室管膜在脑－脑脊液之间信息传递的作用，用ＰＡＰ免疫组织化学方法观察了成年大鼠下丘脑第三脑室室管膜内谷氨酸（Ｇｌｕ）免疫反应结构。首次在大鼠下丘脑第三脑室室管膜内观察到两种不同类型的Ｇｌｕ免疫反应结构：（１）Ｇｌｕ免疫反应性室管膜细胞，胞体呈椭圆形，常聚集成群；（２）Ｇｌｕ免疫反应神经细胞，胞体呈圆形或椭圆形，散在分布于室管膜细胞间，突起明显可见，多平行于室管膜表面行走。此外，在室管膜细胞间尚可见到Ｇｌｕ免疫反应神经纤维及膨体。其中部分纤维伸向室管膜表面。以上结果表明，部分室管膜细胞具有合成或摄取Ｇｌｕ的能力，而室管膜内的Ｇｌｕ能神经元可能是位于室管膜内的触液神经元。推测这些室管膜内的Ｇｌｕ免疫反应结构与脑－脑脊液之间的信息传递有关。     

建立大鼠C6/SD脑胶质瘤放射剂量效应模型的实验研究

目的 本研究通过对大鼠C6/SD脑胶质瘤模型分不同剂量单次全脑放疗后,观察大鼠生存状态及生存期改变,为胶质瘤模型施行综合治疗提供动物实验基础.方法 雌性SD大鼠,随机分为假照射荷瘤鼠组和5、10、15、20 Gy4个荷瘤鼠照射组,采用立体定向法在大鼠右侧尾状核接种C6细胞建立大鼠C6胶质瘤模型,于建模后第17天行相应剂...     

血管性痴呆小鼠第四脑室外侧隐窝与外侧孔之间室管膜扫描电镜特征

目的：观察血管性痴呆(VD)小鼠第四脑室外侧隐窝与外侧孔之间室管膜游离面扫描电镜特征。方法：采用双侧颈总动脉结扎、再灌注法，制作小鼠VD模型；用扫描电镜进行观察。结果：VD模型组小鼠病变较轻的部位纤毛和微绒毛明显减少，纤毛扭曲僵折、排列紊乱、倒伏在室管膜细胞表面；重者纤毛枯缩、粘连成团，微绒毛消失。室管膜细胞分泌颗粒明显增多，成堆分布。室管膜上神经元样细胞数目减少，胞体扁平、皱缩不饱满，树突减少。巨噬细胞样细胞胞体变小，表面突起减少。结论：VD小鼠上述区域室管膜细胞和室管膜上结构存在着超微结构的损伤，提示以上形态学的改变是VD发生的重要病理学基础之一。     

糖尿病大鼠穹窿下器室管膜细胞的形态学变化

目的:观察糖尿病大鼠不同时期穹窿下器的室管膜细胞的形态学变化.方法:雄性Wistar大鼠,每只大鼠给予链脲佐菌素60 mg/kg,腹腔一次性注射,建立Ⅰ型糖尿病大鼠模型.造模成功后分别于2、4及8周,扫描电镜和透射电镜观察穹窿下器不同时期室管膜细胞的形态学变化.结果:扫描电镜观察,对照组细胞膨隆,表面光滑,有清晰的微绒毛.2周组细胞扁平、塌陷,细胞表面可见到圆形小破孔.4周组室管膜细胞表面凹凸不平,出现皱褶,细胞膜可见大小不一的多个小破孔,并可见细胞膜缺失、细胞器裸露的细胞.8周组室管膜细胞表面皱褶明显,可见大量的球形分泌颗粒.透射电镜观察显示,对照组穹窿下器室管膜细胞脑室面完整,有少量的微绒毛和乳头状微突起,模型组室管膜面可见大量分泌颗粒.结论:糖尿病可导致大鼠穹窿下器室管膜细胞破损及分泌大量的分泌颗粒.     

大鼠脑胶质瘤相关癫痫放电模型组织的病理和皮层脑电特点研究

目的:利用大鼠胶质瘤细胞系建立胶质瘤相关癫痫放电大鼠模型,研究大鼠成瘤后的脑组织病理变化和脑电变化。方法:选取SD大鼠36只,随机分为脑胶质瘤模型组(24只)和假手术组(12只)。向大鼠皮层立体定向注射C6细胞悬液,构建SD大鼠皮层脑胶质瘤模型。C6细胞于皮层成瘤后,采用神经功能缺损评分(NSS)评定大鼠行为学损伤程度;在体皮层脑电记录皮层电生理变化; HE染色观察胶质瘤对瘤周皮层侵袭情况;免疫组化染色观察神经元、神经纤维受损和星型胶质细胞浸润情况。结果:定向注射C6细胞后第7、10、14 d模型组NSS评分高于假手术组,差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05); C6细胞皮层移植后21 d内,在体皮层脑电记录显示瘤周有痫样放电的自发放;大体标本和HE染色可见皮层胶质瘤浸润;免疫组化染色显示瘤周神经元极性紊乱,瘤周神经纤维骨架断裂,大量反应性星形胶质细胞浸润聚集。结论:C6细胞成瘤于SD大鼠皮层后,可导致瘤周脑组织发生一系列病理改变,并影响大鼠皮层神经电生理功能,产生痫样放电或者癫痫发作行为。该模型可用于胶质瘤相关痫样放电或者胶质瘤癫痫的发病机制研究。     

X线照射致胚胎大鼠皮质内结构异常

目的探讨胚胎期X线照射引起大鼠皮质内异常结构的形成机理。方法选取妊娠14日(E14)大鼠接受X线(剂量为1.0Gy)照射。采用HE染色、Fluoro Jade B染色及增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)抗体免疫组化染色观察胚脑的皮质构筑。结果HE染色观察到E14大鼠接受X线照射后大量细胞脱落入侧脑室并在2日后完全清除,Fluoro Jade B染色显示此脱落细胞为阳性。E16及E18的皮质内出现玫瑰环样结构及脑室区的凹陷,且PCNA阳性细胞表达于玫瑰环样结构及脑室区凹陷的细胞株。结论E14大鼠受X线照射可引起广泛的大脑皮质细胞构筑异常和细胞增殖。     

外周给予内毒素后穹窿下器细胞凋亡的时程变化

目的:研究穹窿下器细胞在外周给予内毒素后的凋亡变化。材料和方法:实验动物用SD大鼠,应用扫描电镜和TUNEL检测方法,分别观察腹腔注射大肠杆菌内毒素2、6、8和16小时后穹窿下器的形态学改变。结果:穹窿下器处发现有TUNEL阳性细胞,扫描电镜观察室管膜细胞及膜上结构随着时间的变化而形态各异。结论:外周给予内毒素引起穹窿下器细胞调亡,而且作为感受性室周器官较其他脑区更早地发生了凋亡,提示穹窿下器很可能是优先感受血携免疫信息的窗口之一。     

纳米银联合放疗对大鼠胶质瘤内iNOS表达和NO水平的影响

目的:研究局部使用纳米银联合放疗对大鼠胶质瘤内诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)表达和一氧化氮(NO)含量的影响。方法:将C6细胞接种于大鼠右侧尾状核,建模后第8 d,将荷瘤鼠随机分成放疗对照组和纳米银联合放疗组,分别立体定向注入等体积的去离子水及20μg的纳米银,并行单次电离辐射。观察放疗后瘤组织形态学变化,免疫组织化学法检测iNOS蛋白表达,硝酸还原酶法测定NO含量。结果:瘤组织放疗后细胞排列紊乱、密度减少。放疗后6 h胶质瘤内iNOS即有表达,随着时间的延长,iNOS表达进一步增强。放疗后6 h和24h,纳米银联合放疗组iNOS活性均较放疗对照组增高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01或P<0.001);NO含量的变化与iNOS变化规律基本一致。结论:纳米银联合放疗能够增强iNOS表达,促进NO生成,瘤组织iNOS表达和NO含量改变可能在纳米银联合放疗杀伤胶质瘤细胞的过程中发挥一定的作用。     

Radial secretory glia conserved in the postnatal vertebrate brain: a study in the rat

Secretory glial cells in the roof of the last diencephalic prosomer, ependymocytes and hypendymocytes, form the subcommissural organ. The cells of this complex were labelled immunocytochemically, using an antiserum against their specific secretory products. The study aims at the characterization of this cell type in the rat as an anatomical model situation. Radially oriented secretory glial cells remain after birth behind the posterior commissure in the mesencephalic aqueduct. At about postnatal day 10, the cell bodies descend into the conventional ependyma and at postnatal day 25 they assume a compact, rounded appearance. The secretory product they release is involved in the formation of Reissner's fiber. This differentiation in phenotype is not accompanied by a change of the intermediate filament expression. In the adult rat these cells had been labelled immunopositive for cytokeratins 8 and 18 as well as vimentin but not for glial fibrillary acidic protein. DiI-marking from the third ventricle and from the dorsal surface of the brain shows that the basal processes of ependymocytes and hypendymocytes project to the external and internal glial limiting membrane, respectively, through the commissural fiber bundles. Also the subependymal located hypendymocytes have apical processes with contacts to the cerebrospinal fluid. When this secretory cell population is studied with respect to cyto-architectonical changes during ontogeny the results lead to a new understanding of the subcommissural cells. They are not specialized ependymal cells in a regionally restricted and secondary differentiated ependymal area, but rather descendants of an ontogenetically ancient, specific type of radial glia. Characteristic features for all subcommissural cells are that they: (1) appear very early during ontogeny, (2) are derived from a radial oriented glial cell type, (3) carry at least one kinocilium, (4) possess an original intermediate filament pattern, (5) release a secretory product.Dedicated to Professor Ragnar Olsson on the occasion of his 70th birthday. We should also like to thank him for an essential contribution to this paper     

大鼠下丘脑室旁核至终板血管器和穹窿下器的投射

用PHA-L免疫组化顺行追踪技术研究了下丘脑室旁核(Pa)至终板血管器(0VLT)和穹窿下器(SF0)的投射。在0VLT内见有PHA-L阳性的纤维网络,并附有许多膨体,在SF0内见有许多小珠状的标记,呈不规则的链状排列。杂有标记纤维片段。这些发现提示:下丘脑特别是Pa参与0VLT和SF0话动的调节,而0VLT和SF0亦可能参与下丘脑-垂体系统神经内分泌调节的作用。     

Pathogenicity of Mycoplasma pulmonis in ependymal organ culture.

Ependymal organ culture was used as a model to study the effect of Mycoplasma pulmonis on the ciliated ependyma of the rat. Reduced ciliary activity or ciliostasis occurred 48 to 72 h after infection. Scanning electron microscopy showed that numerous organisms were associated with the cytoplasmic membrane of host cells beginning at 24 h, and transmission electron microscopy indicated that M. pulmonis cytadsorbs to the cell surface. Lesions observed in the organ cultures were limited to changes at the cell surface. These changes included reduction in microvilli density, matting of cilia into bundles, collapse of the cilia onto the cell surface, deciliation of the ependymal cells, and flattening of the cell surface. The results indicated that the response of the ependymal cell to M. pulmonis is similar to that which occurrs in Mycoplasma-infected tracheal and oviduct organ culture systems.     

人胚胎海马发育的形态学研究 Ⅴ.室管膜的发生

运用HE和Nissl染色、免疫组织化学法、透射电镜及扫描电镜，对60例6周至足月的人胚胎海马室管膜上皮变化进行了观察。发现胚胎发育过程中室管膜发生了剧烈变化。最早室管层神经上皮细胞为假复层柱状，随着未分化细胞向外迁徙，海马室管膜层神经上皮细胞迅速增殖，形成复层上皮。当室管膜层细胞停止迁徙时，室管膜开始向假复层柱状及单层柱状上皮转变。电镜观察，胚胎早期神经上皮细胞由未分化细胞构成；其特点是，细胞质内各种特化细胞器匮乏，但糖原丰富。15周左右未分化细胞开始向长突细胞及室管膜细胞分化。长突细胞电子密度高，底部有细长突起，表面有微绒毛，胞质内微丝丰富；而室管膜细胞电子密度低，底部无突起，但表面有丰富的纤毛。对长突细胞及免疫组化染色的GFAP阳性细胞进行形态和发育特征的比较，提示两者属同一类细胞。扫描电镜下，15周前室管膜表面微绒毛较多，以后纤毛逐步发育，大量密集纤毛布满于室管膜表面。此外，还能见到一类接触脑脊液神经元，这类神经元可为多极或双极，并有突起伸入室管膜上皮内。     

The fine structure of the ventricular surface of the area postrema of the cat,with particular reference to supraependymal structures

The ependymal surface of the feline area postrema (AP) has been examined with the scanning and transmission electron microscopes. Particular attention was paid to the distribution and structure of supraependymal (SE) cells which have not been described before on this organ. A population of SE cells was found consistently on the cat AP; they were grouped most frequently toward the caudal aspect of the organ. Their structure bears a great resemblance to that of macrophages, containing: (1) many small apical vacuoles, (2) numerous lysosomes, and (3) phagosome-like bodies. Arrays of microvillous tufts and also singly-occurring microvilli are features of the unciliated ependymal surface of the organ. Tufts are often found in very close proximity to superficial blood vessels which are characteristically surrounded by large perivascular spaces.