颅咽管瘤术后水钠紊乱34例分析

目的：对颅咽管瘤术后水钠紊乱的情况进行分析探讨。方法选取34例颅咽管瘤手术患者,观察其术后发生水钠紊乱情况,对其进行总结分析。结果经过密切的临床观察,发现术后发生水钠紊乱情况率较高,分为尿崩症、血钠紊乱,通过及时正确的处理能够减轻患者的痛苦,更好的帮助患者进行恢复。结论颅咽管瘤术后发生水钠紊乱情况比较常见,需要有效的从补液、饮食等方面进行护理纠正,以便于更好的对患者进行治理,取得良好的治疗效果。     

颅咽管瘤术后并发症的观察与护理

目的 探讨颅咽管瘤切除术后常见并发症的护理要点。方法 分析56例颅咽管瘤切除术后患者出现并发症的情况，总结护理要点。结果颅咽管瘤术后常见并发症有：尿崩症、电解质紊乱、癫痫、发热、应激性溃疡等。术后经针对性地制定并发症护理计划表，及时掌握病情变化，给予精心护理，56例患者均好转出院。结论 颅咽管瘤术后临床护理在预防其并发症、改善预后等方面有着重要的作用。     

改良人颅咽管瘤原代细胞培养方法

目的　探索一种改良人颅咽管瘤细胞培养方法。 方法　根据文献报道和自己的经验,改良既往文献报道的颅咽管瘤细胞培养方法,对两种病理类型的人颅咽管瘤细胞进行原代培养,同时对其进行纯化与传代。通过观察细胞镜下形态、细胞免疫组织化学染色以及细胞增殖实验对原代细胞进行鉴定。 结果　改良后的培养方法培养出的颅咽管瘤细胞从组织块中爬出,排列紧密,透亮且折光性强。细胞免疫组化显示,两种病理类型的细胞均为颅咽管瘤细胞。增殖实验显示,细胞在体外仍具有较好的增殖和分裂的能力。 结论　本研究改良了人颅咽管瘤原代细胞的培养方法,具有简单、经济、成功率高等特点,为颅咽管瘤基础研究提供了良好的保证。     

颅咽管瘤术后并发症的观察及护理

颅咽管瘤是先天性良性肿瘤,因肿瘤生长在鞍部而常出现类似垂体瘤的局灶症状[1],临床表现为颅内压升高、视力视野障碍、垂体功能低下、下丘脑损害等.手术治疗是首选,但术后患者病情多变,可出现尿崩症、体温失调、下丘脑损害及垂体功能减退等一系列的并发症.因此术后病情观察是否严密,护理措施是否得当,可直接影响患者预后.我科2005年9月至2008年8月行颅咽管瘤手术48例并进行了精心的围手术期护理,取得了较好的效果,现报告如下.     

颅咽管瘤术后水钠代谢紊乱的护理观察

目的 探讨颅咽管瘤术后水钠代谢紊乱的护理观察方法。方法 对我科30例颅咽管瘤术后发生水电解质紊乱患者的，临床资料进行回顾性分析，并根据水钠紊乱类型进行相应处理。结果 发生尿崩症21例（70％）、抗利尿激素不适当分泌综合征（SIADH）1例（3．3％）、脑性耗盐综合征（CSW）3例（10％）、营养性低钠4例（13．3％）、高钠血症5例（167％，3例伴有尿崩症）。27例水电解质紊乱得以纠正，2例自动出院，1例死亡。结论 水钠代谢紊乱是颅咽管瘤术后常见并发症之一，早期采取监测措施，及时纠正，可提高原发疾病的疗效。     

颅咽管瘤全切术病人的围手术期护理

目的探讨颅咽管瘤全切除患者围手术期的护理及并发症的观察和防治措施。方法24例颅咽管瘤患者,经术前积极准备,术后对其并发症的观察护理并及时防治。结果24例颅咽管瘤全切除术病人中,术后16例发生尿崩症,12例发生水电解质紊乱,6例发生体温失调,经细心护理严密监测生命指标,及时处理,使水电解质平衡紊乱和体温失调完全纠正,13例尿崩症痊愈,3例得到缓解。结论正确的手术方法,耐心的心理护理,术后细心观察与监测,及早发现并及时治疗并发症,是降低病死率的关键。     

颅咽管瘤术后水电解质平衡紊乱的护理

随着显微神经外科开展，颅咽管瘤全切或次全切已能达到满意的手术效果，但手术会刺激或损伤垂体柄及丘脑下部，术后易并发尿崩症和脑性盐耗综合症，进而引起水、电解质平衡紊乱。本文对2002年7月至2008年3月我院收治的术后发生电解质平衡紊乱的48例颅咽管瘤患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析，探讨颅咽管瘤术后早期水、电解质的变化特点以及相应的治疗和护理措施，现报告如下。     

颅咽管瘤恶变一例

患者男,17岁。因突发头痛、进行性视力下降2周,曾按眼科疾病在当地治疗效果不佳,于2004年5月17日来本院就诊。体检:视野双颞侧偏盲,四肢肌张力正常。放射学检查:侧位片见蝶鞍前后径及深径明显增大,蝶鞍背变直变薄。MRI显示鞍上及鞍内椭圆形软组织肿块,最大层面3．1 cm×2．3 cm×2．0 cm,上半部呈短T1长T2信号,信号均匀,下半部以长T1长T2为主的混杂信号,边界清晰,增强后呈不均匀分隔状强化,以下半部为主,病灶与鞍底分离,可见一裂隙,视交叉及视神经受压上抬,显示欠清。MRI提示鞍区占位性病变,考虑为颅咽管瘤合并出血(图1)。术中见,鞍底膨隆,骨质菲薄,肿瘤呈灰白色,质软合并胆固醇结晶,垂体位于肿瘤后上方。     

眶上锁孔入路切除颅咽管瘤8例

目的探讨眶上锁孔入路治疗颅咽管瘤的可行性和优越性。方法对我科眶上锁孔入路手术治疗的8例颅咽管瘤的肿瘤病人进行回顾性分析，并与手术入路治疗类似病变的效果进行比较。结果经眉弓眶上锁孔手术入路治疗颅咽管瘤的疗效与对照组无显著性差异，但该入路切口小、手术创伤小，手术暴露满意、病人术后恢复良好。结论眶上锁孔入路治疗颅咽管瘤方便可行、损伤小，有利于美观。     

右中颅凹颅咽管瘤2例

右中颅凹颅咽管瘤２例徐义昌例１患者男，３８岁。头痛３年伴左侧肢体麻木、乏力３个月。患者３年前曾因“右中耳炎”行右乳突根治术。病程中无发热、失语、四肢抽搐等症状。无多饮、多尿、怕热、多汗。近期觉恶心、呕吐。体检：神清，双瞳孔等大等圆，光敏，视野无缺损，...     

Crush intraoperatory analysis in craniopharyngioma

Intraoperative smear cytology provides a rapid and reliable intraoperative diagnosis and guidance to the neurosurgeon during surgical resection and lesion targeting. It also helps the surgeon to monitor and modify the approach at surgery. The aim of this article was a clinicopathological and cytomorphological intraoperative crush smear correlation in craniopharyngioma. Thirty craniopharyngiomas were included in this study. Twenty-seven cases were adaCP and only three cases were papCP. This series included 16 (53%) males and 14 (47%) females adult patients, aged from 15 to 86 years (median, 49 year). Two cases were frank errors, 12 cases showed partial correlation, 5 cases showed incomplete typing of the cell type, and 7 cases discrepancy in type of tumors. The percent error was 14%. Correlations with clinical details and radiological findings were helpful in improving the accuracy rate. Smear technique is a fairly accurate, relatively safe, rapid, simple, easily reproducible, and cost-effective tool to diagnose brain tumors. Smear cytology is of great value in intraoperative consultation of central nervous system pathology. The cytological aspects and smear patterns disclose important complementary diagnostic information for the histopathological examination.     

Genetically engineered mouse models of craniopharyngioma: an opportunity for therapy development and understanding of tumor biology

Adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma (ACP) is the commonest tumor of the sellar region in childhood. Two genetically engineered mouse models have been developed and are giving valuable insights into ACP biology. These models have identified novel pathways activated in tumors, revealed an important function of paracrine signalling and extended conventional theories about the role of organ‐specific stem cells in tumorigenesis. In this review, we summarize these mouse models, what has been learnt, their limitations and open questions for future research. We then discussed how these mouse models may be used to test novel therapeutics against potentially targetable pathways recently identified in human ACP.     

Proteomics in pediatric cystic craniopharyngioma

Adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma (ACP) is still often burdened by a poor prognosis in children as far as the risk of recurrence and the quality of life are concerned. Therefore, many efforts are now dedicated to investigate the molecular characteristics of this tumor aiming at finding new therapeutic options. ACP is prevalently a cystic lesion so that an increasing number of researches are focused on the analysis of its cystic content. In the present article, the main results of the current proteomic analysis (PA) on the ACP fluid are summarized. Both “bottom‐up” and “top‐down” approaches have been utilized. In the bottom‐up approach, proteins and peptides are enzymatically or chemically digested prior to liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry analyses. The bottom‐up approach pointed out several proteins of the inflammation (namely, α2‐HS‐glycoprotein, α1‐antichymotrypsin and apolipoproteins) as possibly involved in the genesis and growth of the cystic component of ACP. The top‐down strategy analyzes proteins and peptides in the intact state, making it particularly suitable for the identification of peptides and low molecular weight proteins and for the characterization of their possible isoforms and post‐translational modifications. The top‐down approach disclosed the presence of the thymosin β family. Thymosin β4, in particular, which is involved in the cytoskeleton organization and migration of several tumors, could play a role in the progression of ACP. Finally, PA was utilized to investigate alterations in cyst fluid character after treatment with interferon‐α. The analyzed samples showed a progressive reduction of the levels of α‐defensins (proteins involved in the inflammatory‐mediated response) after the intracystic injection of interferon‐α, thus reinforcing the hypothesis that inflammation contributes to ACP cyst pathogenesis. Additional studies on the solid component of ACP are still necessary to further validate the previous results and to identify possible markers for targeted therapy.     

Possible linkage between specific histological structures and aberrant reactivation of the Wnt pathway in adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma

This study concerns the significance of nuclear/cytoplasmic expression of beta-catenin and mutation of the beta-catenin gene in craniopharyngiomas. Fourteen adamantinomatous type and one squamous papillary type craniopharyngiomas were studied. Histologically, 13 of 14 adamantinomatous type craniopharyngiomas showed typical features, ie mixtures of 'palisading cells', 'stellate cells', and 'ghost cells'. In addition, 'whorl-like arrays' of epithelial cells were frequently observed in the areas of stellate cells. On immunohistochemistry, all typical adamantinomatous type craniopharyngiomas showed nuclear/cytoplasmic expression of beta-catenin predominantly in cohesive cells within the whorl-like arrays and in cells transitional towards ghost cells, where immunoreactivity for Ki-67 was almost absent. The cohesive cells in the whorl-like arrays also demonstrated loss of cytokeratin isoform expression. Using direct sequencing of amplified nucleic acids, nine of the 13 typical adamantinomatous type craniopharyngiomas with nuclear beta-catenin accumulation showed heterozygous one-base substitution mutation of the beta-catenin gene. The other unusual adamantinomatous type and squamous papillary type craniopharyngiomas showed no obvious nuclear/cytoplasmic beta-catenin immunoreactivity and no mutation of the beta-catenin gene, suggesting molecular heterogeneity. These findings suggest that the pathogenesis of typical adamantinomatous type craniopharyngioma is associated with abnormalities of Wnt signalling that act as a morphogenetic signal towards whorl-like arrays and ghost cells rather than as simple proliferation stimuli.     

基于脑电信号样本熵的急性脑梗死患者溶栓效果评价

目的:通过研究急性脑梗死患者溶栓治疗前后的脑电信号特征,探讨样本熵算法在急性脑梗死溶栓治疗监测中的应用。方法:采用频谱和样本熵分析76例急性脑梗死患者在溶栓前和溶栓治疗后24 h的EEG数据。分析溶栓治疗前后的变化规律。结果:溶栓治疗有效的患者,Delta与Alpha频段的能量在溶栓治疗前后差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）;同时,溶栓前后,溶栓有效患者的Delta频段的样本熵在溶栓治疗前后的差异有统计学意义（P<0.001）。结论:Delta频段和Alpha频段的能量,以及样本熵可用于急性脑梗死溶栓治疗效果的监测评估。 【关键词】急性脑梗死;血栓溶解疗法;脑电图;频谱;样本熵     

颅咽管瘤中D2-40的表达及临床意义

目的：探讨D2-40在颅咽管瘤中的表达及与临床病理学特征的关系及意义。方法采用免疫组化法检测D2-40在126例颅咽管瘤中的表达,并复习相关文献。结果 D2-40在颅咽管瘤中的总阳性率为87.30%（110/126）,其中（+）、（）、（）阳性率分别为44.44%（56/126）、37.30%（47/126）和5.56%（7/126）。造釉细胞型主要表达在中间层细胞,乳头瘤样型主要表达在基底层细胞,两型表达模式不同。随着肿瘤伴发炎症程度的加重,D2-40表达程度上调。在肿瘤浸润灶及侵袭前沿, D2-40常常高表达,表现为基底层细胞及中间层细胞同时弥漫表达,侵袭性颅咽管瘤中D2-40的表达程度高于非侵袭性颅咽管瘤。复发性颅咽管瘤中D2-40的表达程度高于非复发性颅咽管瘤。D2-40表达与患者性别、肿瘤组织学分型无明显相关性。结论 D2-40表达上调与颅咽管瘤的发生、发展相关,可能导致肿瘤细胞的侵袭能力增强,并可能与炎症相关机制有关。D2-40高表达可能是颅咽管瘤患者易复发的因素之一。     

Models of human adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma tissue: Steps toward an effective adjuvant treatment

Even though ACP is a benign tumor, treatment is challenging because of the tumor's eloquent location. Today, with the exception of surgical intervention and irradiation, further treatment options are limited. However, ongoing molecular research in this field provides insights into the pathways involved in ACP pathogenesis and reveal a plethora of druggable targets. In the next step, appropriate models are essential to identify the most suitable and effective substances for clinical practice. Primary cell cultures in low passages provide a proper and rapid tool for initial drug potency testing. The patient‐derived xenograft (PDX) model accommodates ACP complexity in that it shows respect to the preserved architecture and similar histological appearance to human tumors and therefore provides the most appropriate means for analyzing pharmacological efficacy. Nevertheless, further research is needed to understand in more detail the biological background of ACP pathogenesis, which provides the identification of the best targets in the hierarchy of signaling cascades. ACP models are also important for the continuous testing of new targeting drugs, to establish precision medicine.     

The Detection of Hidden Periodicities in EEG

A novel method for detecting the hidden periodicities in EEG is proposed. By using a width-varying window in the time domain, the structure function of EEG time series is defined. It is found that the minima of the structure function, within a finite window width, can be found regularly, which indicate that there are some certain periodicities associated with EEG time series. Based on the structure function, a further quadratic structure function of EEG time series is defined. By quadratic structure function, it can be seen that the periodicities of EEG become more obvious, moreover, the period of EEG can be determined accurately. These results will be meaningful for studying the neuron activity inside the human brain.