依达拉奉治疗急性高血压脑出血30例疗效观察

目的 观察依达拉奉治疗高血压脑出血的疗效.方法 高血压脑出血患者60例,随机分为2组,依达拉奉治疗组(30例),在常规治疗基础上加用依达拉奉30 mg加入生理盐水100 ml静滴,2次/d,连用14 d;对照组(30例)常规治疗加生理盐水100 ml静滴,2次/d,连用14 d,2组均在治疗前及治疗后2周、4周进行神经功能缺损评分(ESS)和日常生活活动量表评分(ADL).结果 治疗组ESS及ADL评分均显著高于对照组(P<0.01).结论 依达拉奉治疗脑出血安全、有效.     

依达拉奉治疗急性脑梗死临床观察

目的 评价新型羟自由基清除剂--依达拉奉注射液治疗急性脑梗死(ACI)的有效性和安全性.方法 采用随机、双盲、平行、安慰剂对照试验,选择发病48h内的ACI患者66例,随机分为依达拉奉治疗组(32例)及安慰剂对照组(34例).治疗组给予依达拉奉注射液30mg静滴,2次/d,共14d,同时给予丹参注射液、阿司匹林作为基础治疗;对照组用等量安慰剂替代依达拉奉,余均同治疗组.治疗前后定期对患者进行欧洲卒中评分(ESS)、日常生活活动能力(ADL)评定和常规检查,以治疗第21天ESS增分率和第90天ADL增分率作为主要疗效判断标准.结果 21d后治疗组、对照组ESS增分率分别为(60.51±27.91)%、(35.41±23.31)%,2组相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.001);90d后治疗组、对照组ADL增分率分别为(71.61±29.62)%、(43.99±40.61)%,2组相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);治疗组无明显不良反应.结论 依达拉奉治疗ACI安全有效.     

依达拉奉治疗脑出血的临床疗效观察

目的评价依达拉奉治疗脑出血的临床有效性和安全性。方法将120例脑出血患者随机分成2组,依达拉奉组60例,接受依达拉奉30mg静滴,2次/d,共14d;对照组60例,给予生理盐水静滴,疗程同依达拉奉组。2组于治疗前及治疗后15d分别进行日常生活能力(ADL)和神经功能缺损评分(NIHSS)评定。结果治疗15d后依达拉奉组ADL有效率83.3%,明显高于对照组50.0%(P<0.01);依达拉奉组NIHSS评分为(7.23±2.51)分,明显低于对照组(14.21±2.78)分(P<0.01)。结论依达拉奉可明显促进脑出血患者的神经功能康复。     

依达拉奉治疗急性脑梗死临床观察

目的 观察依达拉奉治疗急性脑梗死的有效性和安全性.方法 采用随机、双盲、安慰剂对照试验,选择发病48h内急性脑梗死患者 102 例,随机为为依达拉奉治疗组 52例,对照组 50 例.治疗组给予依达拉奉 30mg静滴,2次/d,共14d,2组同时给予疏血通、阿司匹林.治疗前后定期对患者进行欧洲卒中评分(ESS),日常生活活动能力(ADL)评定和常规检查,以治疗第7、14、21天 ESS增分率与第 90天 ADL增分率作为主要疗效判断标准.结果 21d 治疗组与对照组增分率分别为(58.8±16.2)%、(25.1±11.7)%,2组对比差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),90d治疗组与对照组增分率分别为(72.5±19.8)%、(46.1±28.6)%,2组相比差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),治疗组无明显不良反应.结论 依达拉奉治疗脑梗死安全有效.     

依达拉奉联合丙泊酚治疗急性脑梗死的疗效观察

目的 观察依达拉奉联合丙泊酚治疗急性脑梗死的临床疗效。方法 118例急性脑梗死患者随机分为依达拉奉常规治疗组（对照组） 和依达拉奉联合丙泊酚治疗组（观察组）。治疗后第14天采用欧洲卒中量表（ESS）评分和日常生活活动能力（ADL）评分评估疗效。结果 两组患者治疗前ESS评分和ADL评分无统计学差异（P>0.05）;治疗后第14天两组患者ESS评分和ADL评分较治疗前均有改善（P<0.05）,观察组较对照组有显著性差异（P<0.05）。结论 依达拉奉联合丙泊酚治疗急性脑梗死能有效改善神经功能缺损,提高临床疗效。     

依达拉奉治疗急性脑梗死的疗效观察

目的 观察依达拉奉治疗急性脑梗死的疗效和安全性. 方法将60例住院的急性脑梗死患者,随机分为2组,治疗组30例,对照组30例,分别在治疗前、治疗后7、14、21d评估其神经功能缺损程度(ESS)和日常生活能力(ADL).结果 2组(ESS)和(ADL)评分治疗前、治疗后7d无显著性差异(P>0.05),治疗后14d具有显著性差异(P<0.05),治疗后21d有极显著性差异(P<0.01).结论 依达拉奉能有效改善急性脑梗死患者的神经功能缺损和日常生活能力,是一种有效安全的神经保护剂.     

依达拉奉治疗老年急性脑梗死56例临床分析

目的评价依达拉奉治疗急性脑梗死的有效性和安全性。方法在常规应用抗血小板凝集、改善微循环和对症等治疗的基础上,静滴依达拉奉治疗急性脑梗死30例和对照组静滴维生素C26例,2次/d,共用14d;治疗前后对患者进行临床神经功能缺损评分(欧洲卒中评分量表-ESS)、日常生活活动能力(ADL)评定并进行肝肾功能、凝血因子、血常规检查。结果14d后治疗组和对照组ESS有效率分别为56.7%、38.5%,差异有显著性(P<0.01);ADL有效率分别为53.3%、38.5%,差异有显著性(P<0.01);治疗组无明显不良反应。结论依达拉奉能有效改善急性脑梗死的神经功能缺损和日常生活能力,治疗急性脑梗死安全、有效。     

依达拉奉联合纤溶酶治疗急性脑梗死的临床研究

目的观察依达拉奉联合纤溶酶治疗急性脑梗死的疗效和安全性。方法对37例急性脑梗死患者给予依达拉奉(必存)联合纤溶酶治疗,并与应用纤溶酶和香丹治疗的38例患者进行治疗前后欧洲脑卒中量表(ESS)、血浆纤维蛋白原(FIB)含量变化和日常生活能力(ADL)比较。结果治疗后依达拉奉组和香丹组ESS评分均有改善(P＜0．05),但依达拉奉组改善更明显,且与香丹组有显著性差异(P＜0．05)；两组FIB水平较治疗前明显降低(P＜0．01)；两组ADL水平均较治疗前上升(P＜0．01),但依达拉奉组上升更明显,且与香丹组有显著性差异(P＜0．05)。结论依达拉奉联合纤溶酶治疗急性脑梗死能有效改善神经功能,安全性高。     

依达拉奉治疗80岁以上脑梗死患者临床疗效分析

目的 评价依达拉奉治疗高龄脑梗死患者的临床疗效、安全性.方法 将42例高龄急性脑梗死患者分为依达拉奉治疗组(治疗组)21例和常规治疗组(对照组)21例,在治疗前及治疗后7、14和90d进行欧洲卒中评分(ESS)和日常生活能力(ADL)判断治疗效果,检测β2微球蛋白以观察对肾功能影响.结果 共39例完成临床观察,治疗组20例,随访丢失1例;对照组19例,死亡1例,死于肺部感染,随访丢失1例.治疗组的ESS、ADL增分率明显高于对照组,两组的差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01);治疗组的β2微球蛋白治疗后显著低于治疗前,有统计学意义(P<0.01).结论 依达拉奉治疗高龄急性脑梗死患者安全、有效,对肾功能无损害作用.     

依达拉奉联合降纤酶治疗进展性脑梗死的疗效观察

目的观察依达拉奉联合降纤酶治疗进展性脑梗死(PCI)的疗效。方法对50例PCI患者用依达拉奉30mg加入生理盐水100ml静脉滴注,每天2次,连用14d;降纤酶首次10BU,以后5BU加入生理盐水250ml静脉滴注,隔日1次,共4次。在治疗前、后进行欧洲卒中量表(ESS)和Barthel指数(BI)评分、血浆纤维蛋白原(Fib)含量检测;并与单用降纤酶的对照组比较。结果联合治疗组治疗7d、14d、21d时的ESS评分显著高于对照组(均P<0.05);治疗后血浆Fib水平明显低于治疗前(P<0.01),与对照组差异无统计学意义。联合治疗组的显效率(72%)和有效率(90%)明显高于对照组(42%、66%)(均P<0.05)。两组各有3例尿常规出现少量红细胞,联合治疗组有4例丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)轻度升高。结论依达拉奉联合降纤酶治疗PCI有显著疗效,无明显不良反应。     

Characteristics of the sympathetic innervation of the nictitating membrane and of the vasculature of the nose and tongue of the cat

Summary Vasomotor responses from the nasal mucosa and tongue, and contractions of the nictitating membrane, were recorded on stimulation of the cervical sympathetic or internal carotid nerves.Preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibres which elicited a membrane response possessed a lower threshold than those which evoked nasal vasoconstriction, while the latter displayed a lower threshold than fibres which evoked tongue vasoconstriction. The sympathetic vasodilator fibres to the tongue, whose activity was revealed after-receptor blockade, had a similar threshold to the vasoconstrictor fibres.Membrane contraction, nasal vasoconstriction and occasionally tongue vasoconstriction could be evoked by stimulating the internal carotid nerve. The postganglionic fibres innervating the nasal mucosa had a similar threshold to those of the nictitating membrane, which may indicate that there are small myelinated fibres innervating the mucosa.The preganglionic compound nerve action potential had four major components, S₁–S₄. S₁, S₂ and usually S₃ fibres were associated with membrane contraction; S₂, S₃ and sometimes S₁ fibres were associated with nasal vasoconstriction; and S₃, usually S₂ and occasionally S₁ fibres were associated with vasoconstriction in the tongue. It is concluded that each of these three groups of nerve fibres, but not S₄ fibres, may include fibres associated functionally with the three effectors.There was a considerable difference between the relative amplitude of the responses of the three effectors elicited by stimulation of the cervical sympathetic nerve at frequencies between 0.2 and 2 Hz. Vasoconstrictor responses were relatively larger than membrane contractions suggesting differences in the mechanisms of neurotransmission at the neuroeffector junctions.     

Development of the projection from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus to the superior colliculus in the ferret

Neurons in the deeper layers of the superior colliculus (SC) have spatially tuned receptive fields that are arranged to form a map of auditory space. The spatial tuning of these neurons emerges gradually in an experience-dependent manner after the onset of hearing, but the relative contributions of peripheral and central factors in this process of maturation are unknown. We have studied the postnatal development of the projection to the ferret SC from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus (nBIC), its main source of auditory input, to determine whether the emergence of auditory map topography can be attributed to anatomical rewiring of this projection. The pattern of retrograde labeling produced by injections of fluorescent microspheres in the SC on postnatal day (P) 0 and just after the age of hearing onset (P29), showed that the nBIC-SC projection is topographically organized in the rostrocaudal axis, along which sound azimuth is represented, from birth. Injections of biotinylated dextran amine-fluorescein into the nBIC at different ages (P30, 60, and 90) labeled axons with numerous terminals and en passant boutons throughout the deeper layers of the SC. This labeling covered the entire mediolateral extent of the SC, but, in keeping with the pattern of retrograde labeling following microsphere injections in the SC, was more restricted rostrocaudally. No systematic changes were observed with age. The stability of the nBIC-SC projection over this period suggests that developmental changes in auditory spatial tuning involve other processes, rather than a gross refinement of the projection from the nBIC.     

Mechanisms of the suppression of the nociceptive reflex of the opening of the mouth during stimulation of the structures of the limbic brain

The comparative effectiveness of the inhibitory influence of tetanic stimulation of hypothalamus, amygdala and limbic cortex on EMG-response of m. digastricus evoked by electrical stimulation of tooth pulp nociceptive afferents was studied in cats anesthetized with a mixture of chloralose and nembutal. It was found that inhibition of the EMG-component of the jaw-opening reflex is most pronounced in case of stimulation of medial and lateral region of the hypothalamus, the inhibitory effect of central and medial nuclei of the amygdala is less pronounced and the effect of the limbic cortex is the weakest. It was shown that the mechanism of the antinociceptive effect of tetanic stimulation of the hypothalamus is not related to the concomitant increase of the blood pressure. After stabilization of the blood pressure the suppressive effect of the hypothalamus remains without changes, that points out to a direct, primary, not baro-afferent mechanism of the inhibition of the activity of nociceptive neurons of the trigeminal sensory nuclei. Noradrenaline, injected intravenously, induced a large increase of the blood pressure accompanied by a pronounced inhibition of the pain reflex. Angiotensin causes the same degree of blood pressure elevation without changes in the amplitude of the EMG-response of the pain reflex. Hypothalamic and noradrenergic mechanisms for control of pain sensitivity are discussed.     

Origins of the sympathetic innervation of the cervical end of the uterus in the rat

A retrograde neuronal tracer (Fast Blue) was injected in the cervical end of the uterine horn of virgin rats. The majority of the retrogradely labeled post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons were found in the sympathetic chain (74%). The superior mesenteric ganglia, inferior mesenteric ganglia and suprarenal ganglia accounted for 22, 3 and <1%, respectively. The distribution of neurons in the sympathetic chain labeled from the uterus resembles that described for other pelvic organs.     

Sexual pheromones and the evolution of the reward system of the brain: the chemosensory function of the amygdala

The amygdala of all tetrapod vertebrates receives direct projections from the main and accessory olfactory bulbs, and the strong similarities in the organization of these projections suggest that they have undergone a very conservative evolution. However, current ideas about the function of the amygdala do not pay sufficient attention to its chemosensory role, but only view it as the core of the emotional brain. In this study, we propose that both roles of the amygdala are intimately linked since the amygdala is actually involved in mediating emotional responses to chemical signals. The amygdala is the only structure in the brain receiving pheromonal information directly from the accessory olfactory bulbs and we have shown in mice that males emit sexual pheromones that are innately attractive for females. In fact, sexual pheromones can be used as unconditioned stimuli to induce a conditioned attraction to previously neutral odorants as well as a conditioned place preference. Therefore, sexual pheromones should be regarded as natural reinforcers. Behavioural and pharmacological studies (reviewed here) have shown that the females' innate preference for sexual pheromones is not affected by lesions of the dopaminergic cells of the ventral tegmental area, and that the systemic administration of dopamine antagonists do not alter neither the attraction nor the reinforcing effects of these pheromones. Anatomical studies have shown that the vomeronasal amygdala gives rise to important projections to the olfactory tubercle and the islands of Calleja, suggesting that these amygdalo-striatal pathways might be involved in the reinforcing value of sexual pheromones.     

药物治疗与合并认知行为治疗对强迫症疗效的比较

目的探讨认知行为心理治疗(CBT)在强迫症(OCD)患者各亚型治疗中的有效性和规律性。方法本研究为临床对照研究。符合入组标准的强迫症患者按患者自愿原则分为两组,治疗观察3、6、12个月。疗效评定分别运用Yale-Brown强迫量表,自拟的自评好转程度量表和临床疗效评定。结果认知行为心理治疗合并药物治疗组31例,临床有效率70.9%,其中治愈率1.8%。单纯药物治疗组24例,临床有效率33.3%。Yale-Brown强迫量表和自评量表得分在6个月和12个月两组有显著差异(P<0.05)。其中强迫症亚型(怕脏型、反复检查型和反复担心型)的疗效比较,怕脏型在治疗3个月末两组间自评量表评分有显著性差异(P<0.05);反复担心型在治疗6个月末两组间Yale-Brown强迫量表总分有显著性差异(P<0.05);反复检查型两组间无统计学差异。结论认知行为心理治疗合并药物治疗强迫症的疗效明显优于单纯药物治疗。强迫症的亚型在治疗中的有效性次序为:反复担心型>怕脏型>反复检查型。     

Topographical organization of the motoneuron pools that innervate the muscles of the pinna of the cat

The topographical organization of the 22 motoneuron pools that innervate the pinna muscles of the cat was examined by injecting the B-subunit of cholera toxin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase into individual muscles. All 22 pools are found in the facial nucleus, organized as rostro-caudally oriented columns, and arranged according to the action of the muscles they innervate. Pools innervating muscles that pull the pinna dorsally are located in the dorsal two thirds of the medio-dorsal subdivision, and those innervating muscles that pull the pinna ventrally are located in the ventral one half of the nucleus. Motoneurons innervating muscles that pull the pinna cranially are located laterally, those that pull the pinna caudally are located medio-ventrally, and those that change the shape of the pinna are located along the entire dorso-ventral extent in the center of the medio-dorsal subdivision. This topographical layout is consistent with the somatotopic organization of the entire facial nucleus as demonstrated in a variety of species. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Histochemical methods for the further characterisation of the tumourettes of the posterior lobe of the pituitary

Summary The granular cell tumourettes of the posterior lobe of the pituitary possess neuraminic acid containing carbohydrate. After removal of neuraminic acid with neuraminidase and exposure to FITC (Fluorescein isothiocyanate) labelled peanut agglutinin (Arachis hypogaea) (PNA), intracellular receptor structures could be demonstrated. The significance of the findings is discussed.