维甲酸诱导的小鼠神经管畸形模型中神经系统相关基因的表达情况分析

 摘要: 目的: 研究在全反式维甲酸诱导小鼠神经管畸形模型中神经系统相关基因（ASH2L,HDAC4,NSPC1与DOK5）的表达变化。方法: 取8只E8.5的C57/BL6孕鼠随机分为两组：对照组（4只），模型组（4只）。对照组腹腔注射橄榄油，模型组腹腔注射全反式维甲酸；E13.5取胚胎。采用Real-time PCR检测两组小鼠脑和脊髓中ASH2L,HDAC4,NSPC1与DOK5的mRNA表达；采用Western Blotting技术检测两组小鼠脑和脊髓中ASH2L,HDAC4,NSPC1与DOK5的蛋白表达情况。结果：全反式维甲酸可诱导小鼠出现典型神经管畸形；与对照组相比，全反式维甲酸处理组的致畸胚胎脑和脊髓中,ASH2L HDAC4, NSPC1和DOK5的mRNA表达有所下降（P<0.05）；同时这些基因的蛋白水平也显著下降 (P<0.05)。结论：ASH2L,HDAC4,NSPC1和DOK5可能是抑制全反式维甲酸致神经管畸形的潜在基因。     

Dishevelled2 和Vangl2表达与过量维甲酸致昆明小鼠神经管畸形的相关性

目的 探讨Dishevelled2和Vangl 2蛋白与过量维甲酸致昆明小鼠神经管畸形发生的关系。 方法 50只昆明孕小鼠随机分为对照组和实验组。孕775d时,实验组一次性胃饲30mg/kg致畸量维甲酸（RA）,对照组胃饲等量溶剂,服药后4h、18h、42h、66h及90h分别取胚胎,常规石蜡切片,采用原位杂交和免疫组织化学技术,分别检测胚胎神经管组织中Dishevelled2蛋白和Vangl2 mRNA及蛋白的表达水平变化。 结果 两种蛋白均存在于对照组及实验组不同发育阶段的小鼠神经管上皮,且两者的表达变化趋势有所不同。与对照组相比,实验组Dishevelled2蛋白在RA处理18h、42h时表达水平明显降低(P≤0.05),66h时表达升高(P≤0.05),90h时两组表达水平无明显差异;Vangl2 mRNA在灌服RA 4h、18h时表达水平明显低于对照组(P≤0.05),42h时两组表达水平无明显差异,66h时表达显著高于对照组(P≤0.05)。Vangl2蛋白在RA处理18h、42h时表达显著降低(P≤0.05),66h时两组表达水平无明显差异,90h时表达显著高于对照组(P≤0.05)。 结论 过量RA可能通过调节Dishevelled2和Vangl2表达干扰正常胚胎神经管的闭合过程。     

灵芝孢子在降低维甲酸诱导胚胎小鼠发生神经管畸形过程中对Cdk4表达的影响

目的 探讨灵芝孢子在降低维甲酸诱导胚胎小鼠发生神经管畸形过程中对依赖细胞周期蛋白激酶4(CDk4)表达的影响.方法 给予实验对照组和灵芝孢子组妊娠E7.75d的小鼠一次性胃饲维甲酸,造成这2组孕鼠的胚胎出现神经管畸形.然后,给予灵芝孢子组孕鼠胃饲灵芝孢子溶液.在孕期E10.5d时取出2组孕鼠的胚胎,应用免疫荧光组织化学染色和Western blotting检测胚胎神经管神经上皮依赖细胞周期蛋白激酶4(Cdk4)的表达情况.结果 在灵芝孢子组可以观察到形态正常的胚胎中,神经管的神经上皮细胞有Cdk4的表达,其表达水平与空白对照组及正常对照组相比较没有明显差异.在灵芝孢子组形态异常的胚胎中,其神经管的神经上皮细胞也有cdk4的表达,但其表达水平与空白对照组及正常对照组相比较是低的.结论 灵芝孢子可能是通过促进神经管神经上皮细胞上调Cdk4的表达来减轻维甲酸诱导的胚胎小鼠神经管畸形.     

灵芝孢子降低维甲酸诱导的孕鼠胚胎神经管畸形的发生

目的 探讨灵芝孢子能否促进受维甲酸诱导,而停滞在G0/G1期的胚胎神经管神经上皮细胞重新进入细胞周期循环,继续增殖和分化,减少神经管畸形的发生.方法 于实验对照组和灵芝孢子组小鼠孕期胚胎E17.75d时一次性胃饲全反式维甲酸,造成这两组孕鼠的胚胎出现神经管畸形.然后,给予灵芝孢子组孕鼠胃饲灵芝孢子溶液.在孕期E10.5d时取出两组孕鼠的胚胎,分别计数胚胎的神经管畸形发生率.应用免疫荧光组织化学染色和流式细胞仪检测胚胎神经管神经上皮的巢蛋白(nestin)表达情况.应用DNA定量荧光染色和RT-PCR技术检测胚胎神经管依赖细胞周期蛋白激酶2(Cdk2) mRNA和Cdk4 mRNA的转录.结果 灵芝孢子组孕鼠胚胎的神经管畸形发生率显著低于实验对照组.神经管神经上皮细胞表达nestin的百分率也明显大于实验对照组.实验对照组孕鼠胚胎的神经管细胞在G0/G1期的比例则显著高于灵芝孢子组,但是实验对照组神经管细胞S期的比例低,低于灵芝孢子组形态正常的胚胎神经管细胞.RT-PCR检测发现,灵芝孢子组孕鼠胚胎神经管细胞能够正常转录Cdk4 mRNA,而实验对照组则低转录Cdk4 mRNA.结论 灵芝孢子能够减少维甲酸诱导的妊娠小鼠孕期E10.5d胚胎神经管畸形的发生.     

灵芝孢子在预防维甲酸诱导胚胎小鼠发生神经管畸形过程中对Cdk4表达的影响

目的探讨预先服用灵芝孢子在降低维甲酸诱导胚胎小鼠发生神经管畸形过程中对依赖细胞周期蛋白激酶4(cyclindependentproteinkinase4,Cdk4)表达的影响。方法于孕期小鼠E0d时给予灵芝孢子组的孕鼠胃饲灵芝孢子溶液,8g·kg-1·d-1。实验对照组的孕鼠胃饲等量溶剂。于E7.75d时,两组孕鼠一次性胃饲维甲酸,剂量为50mg/kg体重。正常对照组孕鼠胃饲等量灵芝孢子溶剂,但是在E7.75d时,仅给予维甲酸溶剂。空白对照组孕鼠常规饲养不作任何处理。在孕期E10.5d时取出4组孕鼠的胚胎,应用免疫荧光组织化学染色和Westernblot检测胚胎神经管神经上皮Cdk4表达情况。结果实验对照组孕鼠胚胎神经管神经上皮细胞Cdk4的表达明显降低,而灵芝孢子组胚胎表达Cdk4的强度明显高于实验对照组。正常对照组与空白对照组相比Cdk4的表达无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论灵芝孢子可能是通过增强神经管神经上皮细胞表达Cdk4降低维甲酸诱导胚胎小鼠神经管畸形的发生。     

尼古丁影响鼠胚神经管Nestin和S-100β表达

目的 探讨生殖致畸期宫内暴露尼古丁是否影响鼠胚神经管nestin和S—100g表达。方法 建立妊娠期宫内暴露尼古丁的大鼠模型,免疫组织化学法观察孕13d神经管顶板基板及16d鼠胚中缝组织分化程度的改变。结果 尼古丁组孕13d大鼠胚胎菱脑顶板未完全闭合,部分区域无神经上皮覆盖,nestin阳性神经上皮细胞数量明显比正常对照组少（P〈0．05）,排列紊乱;孕16d鼠胚中缝处尼古丁组S-100β表达较对照组为弱（P〈0．05）;神经上皮细胞排列不规则,核仁不清晰,胞质内可见空泡,细胞间隙增宽。结论生殖致畸期内暴露尼古丁影响神经管菱脑区顶板、基板神经组织正常发育,延迟神经管闭合;延迟孕16d鼠胚中缝处神经组织的完全闭合。     

维甲酸诱导脊柱裂胎鼠脊髓组织中Caspase-3表达情况

目的　本文旨在探讨维甲酸诱导脊柱裂胎鼠脊髓组织Caspase-3表达情况。 方法　选取孕10 d Wistar大鼠,实验组用溶有维甲酸（40mg/ml）的橄榄油,以135 mg/kg经胃管注入给药制作脊柱裂畸形大鼠模型;对照组选取孕10 d Wistar大鼠给等量橄榄油。将实验组及对照组按照孕12、15、17和20 d分为4组。应用免疫组织化学方法比较分析Caspase-3在对照组、畸形组胎鼠脊髓组织细胞中的分布和表达情况。 结果　脊柱裂大鼠脊髓神经组织中Caspase-3在15 d开始增多,一直持续到20 d胚胎大鼠。其增高情况明显高于同一时间点对照组大鼠。胚胎15、17和20 d显性脊柱裂畸形鼠脊髓组织Caspase-3阳性细胞数多于对照组,荧光强度高于对照组。 结论　维甲酸诱导的脊柱裂胎鼠Caspase-3表达明显高于正常发育胎鼠。     

nNOS和iNOS在神经管畸形胎鼠大脑皮质中的表达及意义

目的 研究乙烯硫脲（ETU）致神经管畸形胎鼠大脑皮质中nNOS和iNOS表达情况,进一步探讨nNOS和iNOS在脑发育中的作用。方法 应用免疫荧光、Western—blot及Real—time PCR方法检测nNOS和iNOS在正常胎鼠、ETU致畸的神经管畸形胎鼠的大脑皮质表达情况并进行定位、定量分析。结果 nNOS在给药无畸形组、脊柱裂畸形组胎鼠大脑皮质中的表达与正常对照组相比无明显差异（p〉0．05）,而在脑膜膨出组胎鼠大脑皮质中nNOS的表达与正常对照组明显减少（p〈0．01）;iNOS在各组均未检测到。结论 nNOS在脑膨出的胎鼠大脑皮质中表达明显减少,提示nNOS参与了脑异常发育过程。     

转录因子Hand2在妊娠期糖尿病胎鼠心脏发育过程中的表达

目的：了解妊娠糖尿病（ gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM）母鼠胎鼠心脏发育过程中碱性螺旋-环-螺旋蛋白（ basic helix-loop-helix,bHLH）转录因子Hand2表达的变化规律,探讨其在GDM胎鼠心脏发育异常中的作用机制。方法：114只成年雌性SD大鼠,空白对照组（ n＝24）、GDM组（ n＝30）、阴性对照组（ n＝30）及GDM＋胰岛素干预组（ n＝30）;空白对照组不予任何处理;GDM组腹腔注射2％链脲佐菌素（ streptozotocin,STZ;每只40 mg /kg）;阴性对照组腹腔注射等量的柠檬酸－柠檬酸钠缓冲液（ STZ溶剂）;GDM＋胰岛素干预组在GDM建模成功后皮下注射中效胰岛素控制空腹血糖在正常范围。给药72 h后每天测血糖及体质量,各组分别于孕12 d （ embryotic day 12, E12）、E15和E19剖取胎鼠心脏组织HE染色观察心脏组织病理变化,免疫组化检测Hand2蛋白的表达,实时荧光定量PCR检测Hand2 mRNA的表达,Western blotting检测Hand2蛋白表达的变化。结果：各组Hand2蛋白的表达呈动态变化：E12可见表达,E15时表达增加,E19时Hand2蛋白表达最高,E12和E15 GDM组Hand2 mRNA及蛋白在胎鼠心肌细胞中的表达呈现下降趋势,差异有统计学意义（ P＜0．05）。结论：妊娠糖尿病母鼠其胎鼠心脏发育异常的发生率明显升高;Hand2 mRNA及蛋白在妊娠糖尿病胎鼠E12和E15心脏表达水平明显下降,提示与GDM胎鼠心脏发育异常相关。     

PCP通路在神经管畸形发生中的作用和研究进展

神经管畸形（neural tube defects，NTDs）是由神经管闭合缺陷形成的一种严重的先天畸形，其病因包括环境因素和遗传因素。动物模型中的研究显示汇聚延伸（convergent extension，CE）在神经管形成过程中起到重要作用，而PCP途径（planar cell polarity pathway，PCP）对汇聚延伸这一形态学事件的发生起必要的作用。     

Testin interacts with vangl2 genetically to regulate inner ear sensory cell orientation and the normal development of the female reproductive tract in mice

Results: We identified Testin as a Vangl2‐interacting protein through a 2‐hybrid screen with a cochlea cDNA library. Testin is enriched to cell–cell boundaries in the presence of Vangl2 in cultured cells. Genetic inactivation of Testin leads to abnormal hair cell orientation in the vestibule and cellular patterning defects in the cochlea. In addition, Testin genetically interacts with Vangl2 to regulate hair cell orientation in the cochlea and the opening of the vaginal tract. 相似文献   

Planar cell polarity protein Vangl2 and its interacting protein Ap2m1 regulate dendritic branching in cortical neurons

Van Gogh-like 2 (Vangl2) is a mammalian homolog of Drosophila core planar cell polarity (PCP) protein Vang/Strabismus, which organizes asymmetric cell axes for developmental proliferation, fate determination, and polarized movements in multiple tissues, including neurons. Although the PCP pathway has an essential role for dendrite and dendritic spine formation, the molecular mechanism remains to be clarified. To investigate the mechanism of Vangl2-related neuronal development, we screened for proteins that interact with the Vangl2 cytosolic N-terminus from postnatal day 9 mouse brains using a yeast two-hybrid system. From 61 genes, we identified adaptor-related protein complex 2, mu 1 subunit (Ap2m1) as the Vangl2 N-terminal binding protein. Intriguingly, however, the pull-down assay demonstrated that Vangl2 interacted with Ap2m1 not only at its N-terminus but also at the C-terminal Prickle binding domain. Furthermore, we verified that the downregulation of Ap2m1 in the developing cortical neurons reduced the dendritic branching similar to what occurs in a knockdown of Vangl2. From these results, we suggest that the membrane internalization regulated by the PCP pathway is required for the developmental morphological change in neurons.     

Mutations in the planar cell polarity gene, Fuzzy, are associated with neural tube defects in humans

Neural tube defects (NTDs) are a heterogeneous group of common severe congenital anomalies which affect 1-2 infants per 1000 births. Most genetic and/or environmental factors that contribute to the pathogenesis of human NTDs are unknown. Recently, however, pathogenic mutations of VANGL1 and VANGL2 genes have been associated with some cases of human NTDs. Vangl genes encode proteins of the planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway that regulates cell behavior during early stages of neural tube formation. Homozygous disruption of PCP genes in mice results in a spectrum of NTDs, including defects that affect the entire neural axis (craniorachischisis), cranial NTDs (exencephaly) and spina bifida. In this paper, we report the dynamic expression of another PCP gene, Fuzzy, during neural tube formation in mice. We also identify non-synonymous Fuzzy amino acid substitutions in some patients with NTDs and demonstrate that several of these Fuzzy mutations affect formation of primary cilia and ciliary length or affect directional cell movement. Since Fuzzy knockout mice exhibit both NTDs and defective primary cilia and Fuzzy is expressed in the emerging neural tube, we propose that mutations in Fuzzy may account for a subset of NTDs in humans.     

Contribution of VANGL2 mutations to isolated neural tube defects

Kibar Z, Salem S, Bosoi CM, Pauwels E, De Marco P, Merello E, Bassuk AG, Capra V, Gros P. Contribution of VANGL2 mutations to isolated neural tube defects. Vangl2 was identified as the gene defective in the Looptail (Lp) mouse model for neural tube defects (NTDs). This gene forms part of the planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway, also called the non‐canonical Frizzled/Dishevelled pathway, which mediates the morphogenetic process of convergent extension essential for proper gastrulation and neural tube formation in vertebrates. Genetic defects in PCP signaling have strongly been associated with NTDs in mouse models. To assess the role of VANGL2 in the complex etiology of NTDs in humans, we resequenced this gene in a large multi‐ethnic cohort of 673 familial and sporadic NTD patients, including 453 open spina bifida and 202 closed spinal NTD cases. Six novel rare missense mutations were identified in seven patients, five of which were affected with closed spinal NTDs. This suggests that VANGL2 mutations may predispose to NTDs in approximately 2.5% of closed spinal NTDs (5 in 202), at a frequency that is significantly different from that of 0.4% (2 in 453) detected in open spina bifida patients (p = 0.027). Our findings strongly implicate VANGL2 in the genetic causation of spinal NTDs in a subset of patients and provide additional evidence for a pathogenic role of PCP signaling in these malformations.     

Disruption of PCP signaling causes limb morphogenesis and skeletal defects and may underlie Robinow syndrome and brachydactyly type B

Brachydactyly type B (BDB1) and Robinow syndrome (RRS) are two skeletal disorders caused by mutations in ROR2, a co-receptor of Wnt5a. Wnt5a/Ror2 can activate multiple branches of non-canonical Wnt signaling, but it is unclear which branch(es) mediates Wnt5a/Ror2 function in limb skeletal development. Here, we provide evidence implicating the planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway as the downstream component of Wnt5a in the limb. We show that a mutation in the mouse PCP gene Vangl2 causes digit defects resembling the clinical phenotypes in BDB1, including loss of phalanges. Halving the dosage of Wnt5a in Vangl2 mutants enhances the severity and penetrance of the digit defects and causes long bone defects reminiscent of RRS, suggesting that Wnt5a and Vangl2 function in the same pathway and disruption of PCP signaling may underlie both BDB1 and RRS. Consistent with a role for PCP signaling in tissue morphogenesis, mutation of Vangl2 alters the shape and dimensions of early limb buds: the width and thickness are increased, whereas the length is decreased. The digit pre-chondrogenic condensates also become wider, thicker and shorter. Interestingly, altered limb bud dimensions in Vangl2 mutants also affect limb growth by perturbing the signaling network that regulates the balance between Fgf and Bmp signaling. Halving the dosage of Bmp4 partially suppresses the loss of phalanges in Vangl2 mutants, supporting the hypothesis that an aberrant increase in Bmp signaling is the cause of the brachydactyly defect. These findings provide novel insight into the signaling mechanisms of Wnt5a/Ror2 and the pathogenesis in BDB1 and RRS.     

高迁移率族蛋白B1基因的克隆及其与神经管发育的相关关系

目的:构建神经管cDNA文库,寻找神经管发育相关基因。方法:提取E8.5 d金黄地鼠神经管总RNA;SMART技术构建神经管cDNA噬菌体表达文库;重组噬菌体PCR鉴定。将出现频率很高的重组噬菌斑,经质粒转化、酶切鉴定和DNA序列分析,证实为高迁移率族蛋白B1基因(HMGB1)。将HMGB1 cDNA片段回收、纯化,制备探针;Northern杂交检测不同发育阶段神经管中HMGB1 mRNA的表达变化。结果:构建的HMGB1cDNA片段含有完整的cDNA序列。Northern杂交显示:随胚胎发育,神经管HMGB1 mRNA表达量逐渐增加,E10 d增加最为明显,E12 d仍处于较高水平;而8.5 d高温致畸胚神经管,HMGB1 mRNA表达量较对照组明显减少。结论:HMGB1基因的表达与神经管发育及高温致神经管畸形的发生密切相关。     

Epithelial cell polarity genes are required for neural tube closure

Human neural tube defects (NTD) are a heterogeneous group that exhibit complex inheritance, making it difficult to identify the underlying cause. Due to the uniform genetic background, inbred mouse strains are a more amenable target for genetic studies. We investigated the loop-tail (Lp) mouse as a model for the severe NTD, craniorachischisis. A homozygous point mutation was identified in the transmembrane protein Vangl2, which in Drosophila has been shown to function in the planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway. Morphological analysis of the Lp mice shows that the defect results from an abnormally broad floor plate, most likely through a failure in convergent extension. The elevated neural folds remain too far apart to contact, inhibiting neural tube closure. Recently, two other mouse mutants (crash and circletail) were described with a similar phenotype to Lp and were investigated as potentially new alleles. Mapping studies, however, showed that both mutants segregated to distinct loci. In the crash (Crsh) mouse, a mutation was identified in Celsr1, a seven pass transmembrane receptor that encodes a protein orthologous to Drosophila Flamingo. Like Vangl2, this gene also functions in the PCP pathway. While in circletail, a point mutation was identified introducing a premature stop codon into the apical-basal cell polarity gene scribble (Scrb1). We subsequently demonstrated a genetic interaction between all three genes, where double heterozygotes exhibit the same homozygous NTD phenotype. This strongly suggests both a candidate gene pathway and that interaction between independent recessive alleles may be a possible explanation for the complex inheritance in severe human NTD.