口岸应对新发传染病的能力及预备状态的研究

目的探讨口岸如何提高应对新发传染病的能力和建立健全的应对体系。方法对现行的口岸卫生检疫查验模式进行分析,结合卫生检疫工作实践,提出口岸提高应对新发传染病能力及建立预备状态的相关措施。结果自20世纪70年代以来。相继发现了40余种新的传染病,其中一些已对人类造成了严重的危害。新发传染病的控制已成为发展中国家和发达国家共同面对的又一个公共卫生问题,因此提高口岸应对新发传染病的能力及预备状态具有重要意义。结论为确保口岸卫生安全。口岸要快速识别传染病病人并及时上报传染病信息;建立健全的口岸应对新发传染病的预备状态,对疫情进行信息化管理和综合监测。加强人医和兽医的联防和新发传染病的研究。     

急性呼吸道传染病症状监测及预警技术的现状与展望

人类对于呼吸道传染病的认识仍有限, 尤其是新发、突发的急性呼吸道传染病。然而这类传染病一旦大流行, 可对健康、政治、经济和社会产生巨大的危害。人们希望通过监测及早发现传染病异动并及时发出预警。症状监测作为传统监测的有效补充, 已在公共卫生界得到越来越多的关注。本文概述了国外传染病监测系统的现状, 对我国的急性呼吸道传染病症状监测体系及应用进行了综述, 并对未来急性呼吸道传染病症状监测预警技术的发展进行了探讨。     

Risk society online: Zika virus,social media and distrust in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

While social construction of illness research has examined the redefinition of medically defined illness as non‐illness by laypersons, nothing has considered this process alongside emerging infectious diseases (EIDs). Using Gidden's notion of modern risk society and distrust in expert authority, this paper examines how social media posts construct Zika virus as nonhazardous while displaying a distrust in research and prevention. Using qualitative content analysis, we examine 801 posts on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) Facebook page to highlight the interplay between risk, the social construction of Zika and trust in experts. Three themes are discussed, including Zika: (i) as legitimate public health threat; (ii) as product of CDC corruption and (iii) used to question medical expertise. We find the latter two themes supportive of Gidden's focus on risk and distrust in expert authority and discuss the danger of constructing EIDs as products of corrupt expert authority on public health social media platforms.     

高度不确定新发传染病的应对策略和措施

新发传染病发生和发展具有高度不确定性。本文总结了新发传染病的复杂性和不确定性,提出面对未来万变的新发传染病,人类应不断提高防治能力,完善其各种准备为不变的策略,去应对万变的新发传染病。应做好传染病监测工作网络的布局,建立传染病实验室监测工作网络并保持常规运转,建立和完善医疗救治和处置的平战结合平战转换制度和机制,制定和...     

中国重点新发传染病的流行现状与应对策略

自20世纪70年代以来,全球已发现40多种新发传染病。这些疾病具有发生的不确定性、传播范围广、传播速度快和社会影响大等特点,已成为全球公共卫生的重点和热点问题。了解重点新发传染病的特点和流行趋势对于积极应对新发传染病有重要意义。     

对2019年新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情防控的思考

新型冠状病毒肺炎的暴发为人类敲响了一记警钟。新发传染病因其病原体的未知性、流行过程的复杂性、传播速度的快速性给公众健康、社会经济都带来了巨大损失,其防控更是传染病防控的重点。One Health策略是21世纪快速发展的应对全球公共卫生问题的新型措施,它注重人类、动物、环境间的关联性,强调跨学科、跨部门、跨领域的合作,在新发传染病防控方面具有重要意义。本文从One Health的角度对新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情的防控措施进行探讨,进一步阐明One Health策略在新发传染病防控中的重要作用。     

我国新发传染病应对形势和任务

从20世纪90年代起, 全球不断发现新发传染病暴发流行。2003年严重急性呼吸综合征(sever acute respiratory syndrome, SARS)后, 我国也先后发生和出现了多起本地和输入性新发传染病疫情, 新发传染病应对形势不容乐观。新发传染病的发生和出现受到生物学、自然和社会等多种因素的影响或驱动。世界卫生组织及国际社会着重建立有效的区域和国际监测与应对体系。2003年SARS疫情后, 我国新发传染病应对能力自得到了系统性提高, 但防治体系尚存短板, 面对当前新发传染病疫情形势, 我国新发传染病应对需要明确重点, 提升和强化相关监测预警与应对处置能力。     

上海市新发和输入性传染病防控工作的实践和思考

新发传染病日益增多,对人类健康、动物健康和环境健康等构成严重威胁。针对新发和输入性传染病,本市通过加强疾病预防三级网络建设,构建拓展传染病监测体系和搭建多部门联防联控合作机制,建立起敏感、高效、有力的新发和输入性传染病防控体系。2003年以来,通过有效防控传染性非典型肺炎、甲型H1N1流感、人感染H7N9禽流感等新发传染病和有效应对埃博拉出血热、中东呼吸综合征以及寨卡病毒病和黄热病等新发和输入性传染病疫情,本市新发和输入性传染病监测与应对能力明显提升,防控体系通过实战检验日渐完善。面对本市面临的特大型国际城市传染病防控压力日益增大,全球化背景下新发和输入性传染病防控形势日益严峻,新发和输入性传染病防控技能有待提高,以及传染病防控人员构成与社会需求不匹配等挑战,本市应加强传染病监测预警技术建设,提高传染病监测敏感性与预警能力,建立新发传染病症候群监测系统,加强人员培训,开展国内外合作交流,切实保障城市公共卫生安全和市民健康。     

传染病护理人员孤独感与社会支持相关性研究

目的 调查传染病护理人员孤独感与社会支持的状况,了解两者相关性。方法 采用第三版UCLA孤独感量表、社会支持量表对385名传染病护理人员进行问卷调查,Pearson相关分析及简单线性回归分析探讨两者相关性。结果 回收有效问卷332份,孤独感得分(41.06±9.149)分,社会支持总分为(44.00±8.194)分;Pearson分析显示,传染病护理人员的孤独感与社会支持呈负相关(r=-0.512,P＜0.001)。结论 传染病护理人员的孤独感较高,社会支持处于中等水平,孤独感与社会支持具有显著负相关,提高传染病护理人员的社会支持,可降低其孤独感。     

政府社会性管制与和谐社会构建

  目的   探索建立新发（重大）传染病的社会管制理论框架。  方法  通过PubMed、CNKI、万方等学术数据库检索与“社会管制”、“社会控制”概念相关的中英文文献,英文检索词包括：“social regulation/control”、“formal and informal control”,共获得1900 — 2020年期间中英文文献全文45篇,运用文献内容分析法和专家论证对社会管制的相关要素进行解析和挖掘,采用重测信度检验各要素的解析信度。  结果  通过对全部45篇文献进行解析,最终运用逻辑分析法阐述11类要素,重测信度分布在0.800～1.000,信度良好,说明解析结果具有可靠性和稳定性,要素包括目的、原则、管制范围、管制主体、管制手段、管制过程、管制对象、价值取向以及结果,并在此基础上结合专家论证加入管制时间和管制强度2类要素。本研究借鉴全球治理的逻辑框架以及“结构-过程-结果”模型阐述了社会管制各要素的相互关系,并通过对传染病传播途径、传染性和严重程度3个维度综合风险的研判,构建新发（重大）传染病社会管制三维决策理论框架。  结论  理论框架作为科学判定不同管制类型区域、强度、时间的重要依据,对有效及时控制传染病疫情将发挥指导作用。     

广东省梅州市2002～2007年突发公共卫生事件分析与防控对策

目的了解广东省梅州市突发公共卫生事件的流行病学特征,为突发公共卫生事件预防控制提供科学依据。方法采用描述流行病学方法对梅州市2002～2007年突发公共卫生事件的流行病学调查资料进行统计分析。结果2002～2007年共发生44起突发公共卫生事件,共有2267人发病,10例死亡。20起为传染性疾病引起的突发公共卫生事件,24起为食物中毒引起的突发公共卫生事件。突发公共卫生事件较集中发生在每年的3～6月份,且大多发生在学校,占47.73%。结论梅州市突发公共卫生事件形势不容乐观,应加强重点人群如学生、农民的传染病及食物中毒的预防及控制。     

基于新发重大传染病的医院运营优化策略及政策建议

简要梳理了新发重大传染病对医院运营的影响,并从布局及流程管理、应急资源管理、人力资源管理、绩效分配管理、经济管理及信息化建设6个方面提出优化策略,同时从加强传染病基础设施建设、规划传染病救治中心、鼓励一院多区模式、建设应急物资储备库、完善应急资源保障体系、给予医院适当财政支持方面提出政策建议,以期为新发重大传染病背景下医院的运营优化提供参考借鉴。     

Social Media and Internet‐Based Data in Global Systems for Public Health Surveillance: A Systematic Review

Context: The exchange of health information on the Internet has been heralded as an opportunity to improve public health surveillance. In a field that has traditionally relied on an established system of mandatory and voluntary reporting of known infectious diseases by doctors and laboratories to governmental agencies, innovations in social media and so-called user-generated information could lead to faster recognition of cases of infectious disease. More direct access to such data could enable surveillance epidemiologists to detect potential public health threats such as rare, new diseases or early-level warnings for epidemics. But how useful are data from social media and the Internet, and what is the potential to enhance surveillance? The challenges of using these emerging surveillance systems for infectious disease epidemiology, including the specific resources needed, technical requirements, and acceptability to public health practitioners and policymakers, have wide-reaching implications for public health surveillance in the 21st century.Methods: This article divides public health surveillance into indicator-based surveillance and event-based surveillance and provides an overview of each. We did an exhaustive review of published articles indexed in the databases PubMed, Scopus, and Scirus between 1990 and 2011 covering contemporary event-based systems for infectious disease surveillance.Findings: Our literature review uncovered no event-based surveillance systems currently used in national surveillance programs. While much has been done to develop event-based surveillance, the existing systems have limitations. Accordingly, there is a need for further development of automated technologies that monitor health-related information on the Internet, especially to handle large amounts of data and to prevent information overload. The dissemination to health authorities of new information about health events is not always efficient and could be improved. No comprehensive evaluations show whether event-based surveillance systems have been integrated into actual epidemiological work during real-time health events.Conclusions: The acceptability of data from the Internet and social media as a regular part of public health surveillance programs varies and is related to a circular challenge: the willingness to integrate is rooted in a lack of effectiveness studies, yet such effectiveness can be proved only through a structured evaluation of integrated systems. Issues related to changing technical and social paradigms in both individual perceptions of and interactions with personal health data, as well as social media and other data from the Internet, must be further addressed before such information can be integrated into official surveillance systems.     

Identifying the Gaps Between Biodefense Researchers, Public Health, and Clinical Practice in a Rural Community

ABSTRACT:  Objective: It is essential for health care professionals to be prepared for a bioterrorist attack or other public health emergency. We sought to determine how well biodefense and emerging infectious disease research information was being disseminated to rural health care providers, first responders, and public health officials. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted at a federally funded research institution and a rural community in Washington state with 10 subjects, including researchers, community physicians and other health care providers, first responders, and public health officials. Results: The interviews suggest there is inadequate information dissemination regarding biodefense and emerging infectious disease research and an overall lack of preparedness for a bioterrorist event among rural clinicians and first responders. Additionally, a significant communication gap exists between public health and clinical practice regarding policies for bioterrorism and emerging infectious disease. There was, however, support and understanding for the research enterprise in bioterrorism. Conclusions: Biodefense preparedness and availability of information about emerging infectious diseases continues to be a problem. Methods for information dissemination and the relationships between public health officials and clinicians in rural communities need to be improved.     

舆情监测在重大传染病预防控制工作中的应用

目的建立网络舆情监测机制和基于预防控制（简称防控）工作的舆情监测模型,并在重大传染病防控中应用与实践。方法以近期人感染H7N9禽流感防控为主要监测对象,通过对网络舆情的监测与分析、评估,建立适合公共卫生工作的舆情监测体系,规范信息的获取、处理、挖掘分析、利用等方法。结果建立了包括疫情追踪、防控进展、公众关注等9大模块的舆情监测分析体系,全面及时地向各级领导、专业人员提供信息支持与分析。结论新的舆情监测模式,在重大传染病防控中,起到了重要的决策信息支持与分析的作用,并可以在突发公共卫生事件、公众关注的重要公共卫生问题处理时,发挥重要的作用。研究结果能为各级行政部门在重大传染病疫情发生的情况下,快速建立舆情防控提供进一步理论支撑。     

感染性疾病流行现状、防控挑战与应对

近几十年来,尽管全球感染性疾病负担大幅度下降,但传统感染性疾病相关的发病和死亡仍不容忽视。另外,受全球气候变化、快速城市化和人口快速流动等多种因素影响,新发感染性疾病成为全球重要的公共卫生威胁。无论是全球还是我国,均面临传统和新发感染性疾病的双重威胁。新形势下的感染性疾病防控需加强全球合作,强调全社会跨学科、跨部门共同参与。     

异常低温阴雨天气对传染病突发公共卫生事件发生的影响

目的 通过分析罕见低温阴雨天气对南宁市传染病突发公共卫生事件发生的影响,为预防控制因极端天气事件导致传染病突发公共卫生事件的发生提供依据.方法 对南宁市2008年初和2012年初的极端低温阴雨天气期间及后延1个月的传染病突发公共卫生事件的发生情况进行分析.结果 极端低温阴雨天气使传染病突发公共卫生事件发生概率升高,且因传染病事件所致的罹患率也明显上升.2012年初传染病事件发生数最多,2008年初因传染病事件所致罹患率最高.2008年初传染病事件所致罹患率分别是2012年同期的1.528倍(x2=40.439,p＜0.001)和2005年来其它各年同期的1.685倍(x2=72.131,p＜0.001).2012年初因传染病事件所致罹患率分别是2005年来其它各年同期的1.103倍(x2=6.187,p＜0.05)和2009-2011年同期的1.384倍(x2=86.419,p＜0.001).结论 极端低温阴雨天气对传染病突发公共卫生事件的发生产生影响,但此期间发生的传染病突发公共卫生事件的病原以有有效疫苗预防的呼吸道传染病事件为主,因此,在经历极端气候条件时,应注重疫苗接种的宣传工作,扩大免疫接种范围,以减少传染病的发生和传播.     

传染病暴发或流行的探测、监测和预警

传染病继续成为全球发病死亡主要原因之一,影响公众健康生命、社会经济发展甚至国家安全。早期探测重点是及时、敏感地发现传染病暴发流行异常信息,并进行现场调查和核实,也是有效监测、预警系统的前期;有效监测、预警系统能够全面准确地认识特定传染病暴发流行可能发生的事实条件、驱动因素和传播链,并提出科学有效预防控制策略措施;因衡量...     

鼠类与新现传染病

从近些年发生的SARS、高致病性禽流感等新现传染病的流行病学调查结果来看，动物与新现传染病密切相关。许多因素可以导致重要人兽共患病或新现人兽共患病的发生，如环境改变、人类和动物的密切接触、病原因子的变异、农业行为方式改变等。鼠类是多种病原体的储库，这些病原体会导致各种鼠传新现传染病的发生。与鼠类密切相关的新现传染病危害大，种类多，主要包括鼠疫、肾综合征出血热、钩端螺旋体病和莱姆病等。加强国内外合作，建立动物疾病监测网络，改变人类行为方式，维护生态平衡，是控制新现传染病的重要途径。     

Globalization, Socioeconomic Restructuring, and Community Health

New trends in global public health have social, economic, and political underpinnings that can be found in three 20th century revolutions: globalization, a new epidemiological transition, and an historical shift in patterns of production and consumption throughout the world. Globalization is more than the internationalization of commerce and manufacture; it represents a new development paradigm that creates new links among corporations, international organizations, governments, communities, and families. Social and economic restructuring is reflected in the emerging health profile in underdeveloped countries, including those in Latin America. This emerging profile defies simple categorization, however; while the prevalence of cardiovascular disease and cancer has increased, the traditional diseases (infectious and respiratory disease) are still the leading cause of death. At the same time, industrialized countries are experiencing the re-emergence of those same traditional diseases. These apparent anomalies can be understood by examining class structures within and among countries and by linking health outcomes at the local level to new patterns of production and consumption in the global system.