骨肉瘤病的影像学诊断

目的分析骨肉瘤病的影像学表现，评价影像学的诊断价值。方法总结分析15例骨肉瘤病的影像学特点。15例均行平片检查，其中13例行CT检查，11例行发射型计算机体层摄影(ECT)检查，5例行MR检查。4例行DSA造影检查。结果15例中骨肉瘤病主病灶位于股骨远端者8例，胫骨近端5例，肱骨近端1例，锁骨1例。主病灶之外的多发病灶发生在股骨远端者6例，其中双侧病变2例。位于胫骨近端者8例，骨盆2例，脊柱椎体6例，颅骨1例，髂骨及骶髂关节4例，双侧股骨近端3例，胫骨远端2例。15例主要病变X线表现为典型骨肉瘤样，而发生在其他部位的病灶表现不同，多呈圆形成骨样改变。13例CT观察到病变范围分布及软组织肿块的情况；其中发生在骨髓病变区内的病变多为边缘清楚的高密度瘤骨，5例病变在MRI呈圆形信号改变。特别是髓腔内低信号的骨化区域显示得很清楚。11例ECT检查者可见呈全身分布的广泛浓聚区域。4例于DSA可观察到肿瘤血管边界及肿瘤血管的走行。结论骨肉瘤病为全身的多发病灶，影像学检查可观察全身发病的部位、表现，对疾病的诊断和治疗将提供可靠的依据。     

Primary musculoskeletal neoplasms: effectiveness of core-needle biopsy.

PURPOSE: To analyze the effectiveness of core-needle biopsy for evaluation of possible primary musculoskeletal neoplasms, which often are evaluated with open biopsy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Core-needle biopsy was performed at a tertiary care institution in 141 patients suspected of having a mesenchymal neoplasm. In 85 patients, the lesion was in soft tissue; in 56 patients, the lesion was in bone. Eighty-nine patients had a malignant lesion, and 52 had a benign lesion. Twenty-eight patients had undergone previous surgery. RESULTS: In 105 (74%) patients, core-needle biopsy results were concordant with results from specimens subsequently obtained at surgery with respect to tumor histologic features and grade, or they provided sufficient diagnostic information to obviate surgery. In 36 (26%) patients, inaccurate core-needle biopsy results were obtained: In nine, results were imprecise about exact histologic features; in three, results were correct about histologic features but incorrect about tumor grade. In 25 (18%) patients, open biopsy was performed after core-needle biopsy. The accuracy and rate of performance of open biopsy for soft-tissue lesions were not significantly different from those for bone lesions. CONCLUSION: Percutaneous core-needle biopsy can be an effective alternative to open biopsy in the evaluation of possible mesenchymal neoplasms of either bone or soft tissue. Needle biopsy of such lesions, however, is best performed as part of a multidisciplinary team approach to tumor management.     

Hydatid cyst of soft tissues: MR imaging findings (Report of three cases)

Three cases of hydatid disease of the soft tissues are reported. All presented as soft tissue lesions in the neck and lower extremities. All three cases were studied with ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging techniques. Two patients presented with multivesicular lesions, which were considered diagnostic for hydatid disease. The third showed a lesion with hypoechoic solid and lobulated pattern mimicking lymph node. MR outlined the cystic pattern with intense peripheral enhancement and was suggestive of an infected cystic lesion. Surgery was performed in all three cases. Hydatid disease presenting in the soft tissues can be diagnosed with confidence, when US and/or MR shows multivesicular lesions. MR appears to be the most useful imaging technique when a complex or solid pattern is present. Enhancement of the peri-cystic soft tissues can be considered as a suggestive MR feature of soft tissue hydatid disease.     

Value of MRI in the diagnosis of non-clival,non-sacral chordoma

OBJECTIVE: To determine the MR features of non-sacral, non-clival chordoma and to describe a MR prototype of the lesion. DESIGN AND PATIENTS: We reviewed the MR findings of 10 patients with a histologically proven chordoma (6 cervical spine, 1 thoracic spine, 3 lumbar spine). There were three female and seven male patients. Age ranged from 12 to 66 years with a mean age of 44.6 years. The MR images were reviewed for signal intensity (SI) and morphology. RESULTS: All lesions showed a soft tissue extension spanning several vertebral segments. Most of the lesions exhibited a so-called collar button appearance (sagittal images). Two cases of cervical chordoma displayed a "dumbbell morphology" (axial images) or "mushroom" appearance without bone involvement and with enlargement of the neuroforamen mimicking a neurogenic tumor. Although the region of the nucleus pulposus is the last part of the fetal notochord in the adult to involute, disks were surprisingly spared in all patients. Eight of 10 patients showed heterogeneous SI on all sequences. The overall SI of all lesions was isointense or slightly higher than that of muscle on T1-weighted images. All lesions exhibited high SI on T2-weighted images. After gadolinium contrast administration there was a moderate enhancement in most cases. CONCLUSIONS: Although the SI on MR imaging is not specific, chordoma should be considered when a destructive lesion of a vertebral body is associated with a soft tissue mass with a collar button or mushroom appearance and dumbbell morphology, spanning several vertebral segments and sparing the disk(s).     

Different radiological findings with the same pathologic diagnosis due to different age in primary osteosarcoma

PURPOSE: To examine the imaging characteristics of osteoblastic osteosarcoma in older patients, we compared them with those in adolescents because the radiological features of osteosarcoma can be atypical in elderly patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 29 cases of adolescent patients and 12 patients older than 40 years of age were reviewed. All cases were pathologically confirmed as osteoblastic osteosarcoma. The comparative factors were tumor location, plain radiological features including periosteal reactions, and the degree of soft tissue mass with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. RESULTS: Older patients demonstrated frequent osteolytic findings (83.3%), and none of the tumors showed a significant major periosteal reaction. Seven (58.3%) of the 12 tumors had no soft tissue mass (grade 0) and only three (25%) had a grade 3 mass. The differences in the two groups were statistically significant (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: In older patients, primary osteosarcoma should be considered when making a differential diagnosis of osteolytic lesions without any periosteal reactions and small soft-tissue extensions. In cases with atypical findings, the morphology of specimens (aspiration, core, or surgical biopsy) from the lesion should be recommended when making an accurate diagnosis.     

纤维性骨皮质缺损的磁共振成像与CT诊断

目的 提高对纤维性骨皮质缺损的磁共振成像(MRI)及CT诊断及鉴别诊断能力.方法 收集经临床追踪或手术病理证实的纤维性骨皮质缺损患者11例,11例全部有MRI平扫资料,其中8例有螺旋CT平扫加三维重建,分析其MRI及螺旋CT的影像特征.结果 MRI表现:T2WI高信号或以高信号为主的混杂信号,T:WI低或稍低信号,短时间反转恢复序列(STIR)明显高信号.螺旋CT平扫:表现为皮质内囊状或不规则形、无膨胀性的骨质缺损区,外侧骨壳可完整或缺损,邻近骨质无骨膜反应,灶内为均匀软组织密度影,未见钙化灶.随访8个病灶无改变,7个病灶消失.结论 纤维性骨皮质缺损属常见良性病变,MRI及CT能进行准确诊断,有较高的临床应用价值.     

Biopsy is not necessary for the diagnosis of soft tissue hemangiomas

Objective

To describe the clinical and ultrasonography (US) findings of soft tissue hemangiomas, and to compare with the results of histologic diagnosis after US-guided biopsy.

Method and materials

We retrospectively studied the files of 97 patients (48 female, 49 male; mean age, 34 years; range 4–84 years) with soft tissue hemangiomas diagnosed from 2004 to 2011. Mean follow-up was 9 years (range 7–13 years). Clinical presentation included intermittent mild pain associated with a soft tissue swelling/palpable mass in all patients, chronic pain and increased local heat in 29 patients, local swelling and decreased range of motion of the adjacent joint in 45 patients, and all the above symptoms in 23 patients. B-mode and color Doppler US evaluation included the site, location, size, shape, margins, presence of calcifications, echo structure and echogenicity. All patients had US-guided biopsy for histologic analysis.

Results

US-guided biopsy and histology confirmed the diagnosis of soft tissue hemangioma in 92 of the 97 lesions (94.8%). Histologic examination of the remaining five lesions showed nodular fasciitis (two lesions), endometriosis (one lesion), hemangioendothelioma (two lesions); US of these lesions showed variable size, irregular margins, and deep-seated location. Histologically documented soft tissue hemangiomas were most commonly superficial (74 lesions) and arteriovenous (45 lesions). Shape was most commonly oval (fusiform), margins were most commonly not well defined (irregular, hazing but circumscribed), phleboliths were more common in deep-seated lesions, echo structure was heterogeneous, and echogenicity was most commonly hyperechogen and involuting.

Conclusion

Clinical presentation and typical B-mode and color Doppler US findings are adequate for the diagnosis of soft tissue hemangiomas without the need for biopsy and histologic analysis. If any clinical or US doubt, an US-guided biopsy should be performed.

     

The differential diagnosis of trunk and extremity dermal and sub-dermal lesions referred to a musculoskeletal oncology service

ObjectivesTo determine the differential diagnosis of dermal and sub-dermal soft tissue masses which do not extend to the deep fascia that are referred to a specialist musculoskeletal oncology service.Materials and methodsReview of all patients referred to a specialist musculoskeletal oncology service over a 13-month period with a dermal or sub-dermal soft tissue mass which did not extend to the deep fascia based on MRI appearances. Data collected included age, gender, site and maximal lesion size, and final histological diagnosis for biopsied and/or excised lesions.Results56 patients were included, 21 (37.5%) males and 35 (62.5%) females with mean age 49.75 years (range 5–86 years). 3 patients had 2 lesions making a total of 59 lesions, 11 (18.6%) dermal and 48 (81.4%) sub-dermal. Histological diagnosis was available in 44 (74.6%) cases, of which 11 (25%) were non-neoplastic, 23 (52.3%) were benign neoplasms, and 10 (22.7%) were malignant neoplasms. Although older age at presentation and greater mean maximal tumour dimension were seen with malignant lesions, these did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.154 and 0.102 respectively). There was also no relationship between skin involvement from sub-dermal lesions and malignancy, but 5 of 6 dermal lesions which showed an exophytic growth pattern were malignant.ConclusionsThe differential diagnosis of dermal and sub-dermal lesions which do not reach the deep fascia is wide with a malignant lesion being the cause in almost one-quarter of cases.     

变应性真菌性鼻窦炎的CT诊断

目的 探讨变应性真菌性鼻窦炎的CT表现及其诊断价值。方法 回顾性分析12例经术后组织病理证实的变应性真菌性鼻窦炎，均经过CT检查。主要临床表现包括奶酪状黏涕、鼻阻塞感及鼻区痛。鼻内镜检查：12例受累侧鼻腔内均可见息肉、黏膜水肿，鼻窦腔内均见真菌分泌物。结果 变应性真菌性鼻窦炎累及半组鼻窦3例，累及全组鼻窦9例。CT平扫12例表现为鼻窦黏膜增厚；窦腔内充满软组织影，伴有不规则条状、匍行性或斑片状高密度影(软组织窗)，边界清楚，也可伴有云雾状高密度影(骨窗)，边界模糊；CT值80～110HU，平均92．5HU。11例鼻窦膨胀，窦壁骨质变形、变薄10例，8例窦壁骨质侵蚀。8例病变延伸到邻近结构，其中4例累及眼眶，2例累及颅内，2例同时累及眼眶和颅内。结论 半组或全组鼻窦充满软组织影，伴有多发典型的高密度影是诊断本病的特征性CT征象，根据此征象可能首先提出本病的诊断。CT不但可以准确显示病变累及的范围，也能够帮助与其他病变进行鉴别。     

A comparison between the diagnostic efficacy of 99mTc-MDP, 99mTc-DPD and 99mTc-HDP for the detection of bone metastases

We have investigated the clinical efficacy for the detection of bone metastases of two recently marketed bone-seeking radiopharmaceuticals, HDP and DPD, compared with traditionally used MDP. Twenty patients received 15 mCi 99mTc-MDP; after assessment ten of these patients later received 15 mCi 99mTc-DPD and ten other patients of this group were injected with 15 mCi 99mTc-HDP. Scintigraphy took place 3 h after tracer injection. Quantitative analysis included the calculation of normal bone to soft tissue ratios, lesion to soft tissue ratios and lesion to normal bone ratios for all three radiopharmaceuticals. Visual inspection of the scintiphotos revealed the same number of bone lesions at the same localisations. Statistical evaluation of our quantitative data showed that the lesion to normal bone ratio was significantly higher for MDP than for DPD. No further significant differences in the uptake in normal bone or in the metastatic lesions were found between all three radiopharmaceuticals. It is concluded that the new bone-seeking agents DPD and HDP do not possess clinical advantages over MDP for the detection of skeletal metastases.     

纤维性骨皮质缺损的X线、CT诊断价值

目的评价纤维性骨皮质缺损的X线与CT诊断价值。方法18例(21个病灶)均有平片资料,其中13例(14个病灶)有CT资料,8例(9个病灶)经随访观察1~3年,2例手术病理证实。重点分析X线、CT特点。结果18例共21个病灶,其中股骨远侧干骺部10个,胫骨近侧干骺部5个,胫骨骨干3个,股骨近侧干骺部2个,肱骨近侧干骺部1个;单发15例,多发3例。X线表现:多呈类圆形或椭圆形的低密度灶,切线位呈杯口状或碟状的骨皮质缺损区,病灶内缘可见硬化边,周围未见骨膜反应及软组织肿胀。14个病灶CT表现:缺损可位于骨皮质表层(11个)或骨皮质内(3个),位于骨皮质表层者缺损表面无骨壳,局限于骨皮质内者缺损表面骨壳可完整;7个病灶凹向髓腔并以硬化边与髓腔分隔,但无膨胀性改变或突入髓腔;灶内为均匀软组织密度,未见钙化灶。9个病灶经随访观察,其中4个病灶无改变,4个病灶稍有缩小,1个病灶发展为非骨化性纤维瘤。结论典型的纤维性骨皮质缺损单凭平片即可诊断,但CT比平片更有价值。     

骨母细胞瘤的影像学诊断

目的 :评价影像学检查对骨母细胞瘤的诊断价值。方法 :对 18例经手术病理证实骨母细胞瘤的影像学表现进行回顾性分析。 18例均摄了平片 ,6 / 18例均行CT平扫和增强、10 / 18例均行MR平扫和增强。结果 :脊柱 6例 ,颅骨 4例 ,胫骨 2例 ,股骨 2例 ,肱骨、骨盆、距骨、软组织各 1例。骨母细胞瘤以脊柱及长管状骨好发。平片和CT多表现、膨胀性囊状骨破坏 ,病灶内常有钙化、骨化 ,边缘常有轻度硬化缘 ;MRI检查多呈不均匀性长T1、T2 囊状膨胀性骨质破坏 ,增强扫描多呈不均匀性强化 ,部分见液平和软组织肿块 ;一般无骨反应。结论 :CT、MRI对骨母细胞瘤诊断较平片有优势 ,综合影像学检查能提高诊断符合率。     

Radiographic findings in tuberculosis of the calvarium

We reviewed the pattern of involvement of the calvarium by tuberculosis (TB) in five patients and the role of imaging in its management. Four patients presented with localised scalp swelling and one with generalized seizures. Radiographs revealed lucent lesions with minimal surrounding sclerosis in the frontal (2), parietal (2) and occipital (1) bones. CT showed lesions involving the entire thickness of the calvarium and accompanying contrast-enhancing soft tissue. The patient presenting with seizures had a ring-enhancing lesion in the parietal lobe in addition to the extra-axial lesions. Although radiographs in all cases demonstrated calvarial TB, CT showed the extent of the defect, involvement of adjacent soft tissues, and in one case an intra-axial lesion. Radiographs suffice for follow-up of these patients. Received: 23 July 1999 Accepted: 20 September 1999     

超声弹性成像在浅表软组织局灶性病变诊断中的应用

目的 探讨超声弹性成像技术在浅表软组织局灶性病变诊断中的临床应用价值.方法 收集在我院就诊并手术的浅表软组织局灶性病变65例,并对其行实时超声弹性成像检查,根据病灶软硬度不同进行评分,并与术后病理进行分析.结果 良性病灶超声弹性图中良性囊肿病变以红绿蓝相间为多,良性实质性病变以1～3分多见,而恶性病变以4～5分多见.两组病变的弹性评分情况比较差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.01）.以≥4分作为判断恶性病变的标准,其敏感度为84％,特异度为90％,准确率为88％.结论 超声弹性成像对浅表软组织局灶性病变良恶性病变的鉴别诊断提供有价值的信息.     

肝内外胆管癌的螺旋CT诊断

目的:探讨肝内外胆管癌的螺旋CT表现及鉴别诊断。方法:收集23例经手术、病理证实的肝内外胆管癌,回顾性分析其螺旋CT平扫及动态增强表现。结果:肝内胆管癌5例,CT平扫为边缘欠清的低密度病灶中可有高密度钙化影,增强扫描随时间延长病灶由边缘向中央逐步强化,最后病灶强化高于正常肝实质,病灶周围可见扩张的肝内胆管。肝门胆管癌6例,CT表现为肝内胆管扩张,胆总管或左右肝管起始部狭窄、充盈缺损、轻中度强化的肝门软组织肿块。中下段胆管癌12例,CT表现为肝内胆管扩张、病变以上胆总管扩张、病变处胆总管狭窄、中断,梗阻近端胆管壁不均匀增厚、腔内见软组织结节影或周围软组织肿块。结论:肝内胆管癌及肝门部胆管癌根据CT动态增强表现不难作出诊断,胆总管癌须认真分析CT薄层放大增强表现鉴别其他低位梗阻性胆道疾病后作出诊断。     

Isolated or dominant lesions of the patella in gout: a report of seven patients

Isolated or dominant osteolytic lesions of the patella are an unusual manifestation of gout. We present seven patients who had such patellar lesions unilaterally (six patients) or bilaterally (one patient) and analyze the radiologic characteristics to determine whether they can be differentiated from those of other osteolytic lesions of the patella. The lesions were uniformly characterized by a geographic pattern of bone destruction in the superolateral aspect of the patella. Five lesions were each accompanied by a peripatellar soft tissue mass, four of which contained calcification. It therefore appears that an osteolytic lesion of the superolateral portion of the patella, especially when associated with a peripatellar calcified soft tissue mass, should alert one to the possible diagnosis of gout. Awareness of this possibility may obviate the need for invasive diagnostic procedures.     

Ultrasound in the diagnosis of the juxta-pleural lesion

Any opacity on a chest radiograph has a wide differential diagnosis. Plain radiography and computed tomography may help to differentiate whether bone, intercostal soft tissue or mediastinum are involved. Bronchoscopy is often negative with peripheral lesions. This leaves the physician with a diagnostic problem. We examined ultrasonically 30 patients with juxta-pleural lesions and performed cutting biopsy in 27. Twenty-four of these produced positive histology (90%). The three that were not biopsied were anechoic and had pulsatile lesions due to vascular abnormalities. There were four benign lesions all with hypoechoic appearances and the 20 malignant cases showed a wide spectrum of echogenicity. Of the malignant lesions, 90% showed pleural line disruption with reduced respiratory movement suggesting chest wall invasion. There were no complications, despite using cutting biopsy.     

颌下腺多形性腺瘤的CT诊断及鉴别诊断

目的:探讨颌下腺多形性腺瘤的CT特征,以期提高诊断水平.方法:回顾性分析18例经病理证实的颌下腺多形性腺瘤的CT表现.结果:病灶均为单侧单发,位于腺体内16例,腺体外2例,呈类圆形或椭圆形13例,分叶状5例.平扫时病灶相对周边正常腺体为稍低密度9例,等密度4例,稍高密度2例,等密度或稍低密度合并低密度囊变区3例;病灶与周边腺体分界欠清12例,分界较清6例;病灶内均未见钙化.增强后病灶轻、中度强化,强化较均匀,在周边明显强化腺体实质勾画下边界清晰;3例病灶行双期扫描均具有渐进性强化特征.病灶最大径1.3～4.6cm,平均2.9cm.结论:颌下腺多形性腺瘤CT表现有一定的特征,CT增强有很高的诊断及鉴别诊断价值.     

食管造影与胸部CT对食管多发癌的诊断敏感性（附12例报告）

目的评价X线钡餐造影与CT扫描对食管多发癌的诊断敏感性。方法 12例经手术病理证实的食管多发癌患者术前均经食管X线钡餐造影检查,其中7例又经胸部CT扫描。结果 12例中X线钡餐造影检出9例为两处病灶,均有典型的X线表现,诸如管腔狭窄,充盈缺损,管壁僵硬,黏膜中断等;另外3例只检出一处病灶,后经食管镜检查和病理证实存在另外的微小病灶。经CT检查的7例均被发现两处食管壁增厚,其中5例伴腔内软组织肿块影,管腔呈偏心性狭窄,4例伴病灶处食管外缘不整,与邻近组织（气管、主动脉）间隙不清。结论在食管多发癌的影像诊断中,CT的敏感性高于X线钡餐造影,而两者结合可显著提高其检出率。     

Benign and malignant breast lesions: diagnosis with multiparametric MR imaging

PURPOSE: To both develop and use a tissue signature method for the identification and classification of breast lesions and healthy breast tissue with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-six patients underwent breast MR imaging (T1- and T2-weighted imaging and three-dimensional T1-weighted imaging with and without contrast material enhancement), followed by biopsy or mastectomy and histopathologic analysis. Tissue cluster analysis was performed by using the iterative self-organizing data technique to identify glandular, adipose, and lesion tissue signature vectors. Glandular and lesion tissue vectors were characterized by angular separation from the reference adipose tissue vector. Differences in angular separation of histologically proved benign and malignant lesion groups were evaluated with an independent t test. The usefulness of the angular separation model for distinguishing benign from malignant lesions was evaluated with nonparametric receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. RESULTS: The model enabled successful identification and characterization of breast lesion tissue clusters in all patients; 18 lesions were benign, and 18 were malignant. Angular separation +/- SD was 17.8 degrees +/- 6.1 degrees between adipose tissue and malignant lesions and 29.0 degrees +/- 11.2 degrees between adipose tissue and benign lesions. Angular separations of benign lesions and malignant lesions were significantly different (P =.002), with a specificity of 78% and sensitivity of 89% at a cutoff value of 21 degrees. Significant differences in angular separation from adipose tissue also were found between glandular tissue and lesion tissue (P <.001) and, in glandular tissue, between patients with benign lesions and those with malignant lesions (P =.04). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.84. CONCLUSION: Multispectral analysis of conventional breast MR images based on the iterative self-organizing data model and on measurement of angular separation between tissue signature vectors may enable automated lesion identification and classification.