胃幽门螺杆菌与胃粘膜一氧化氮合酶表达的意义

目的探讨在胃癌发生过程中Hp感染与iNOS表达的关系及意义。方法采用快速尿素酶试验及Warthin-Starry银染色法检测入选病例的Hp,用免疫组织化学染色法检测iNOS。结果①在浅表性胃炎、胃溃疡、萎缩性胃炎及胃癌各组中Hp感染阳性率分别为55.2%、56.0%、43.5%、65.4%,各组间无显著性差异(P>0.05)。②iNOS表达在浅表性胃炎、胃溃疡、萎缩性胃炎和胃癌各组中阳性率分别为51.7%、52.0%、65.2%、80.8%,各组同浅表性胃炎比较:胃癌组有显著性差异(P<0.05),萎缩性胃炎组无显著性差异(P>0.05)。③Hp感染与iNOS表达的关系:各组慢性胃病中Hp感染阳性者iNOS表达率均显著高于非感染者(P<0.05)。④iNOS于胃癌中表达增强,在不同分化程度的胃癌中的表达无明显规律性。结论Hp可能参与慢性胃病的发生发展过程。iNOS高表达提示NO在炎症、溃疡乃至胃癌发生过程中有重要意义。     

Helicobacter pylori lipopolysaccharide-provoked injury to rat gastroduodenal microvasculature involves inducible nitric oxide synthase

The actions of a purified Helicobacter pylori lipopolysaccharide (3 mg kg⁻¹, i.v.) on rat gastric antral and duodenal microvascular integrity (determined as radiolabelled albumin leakage) and the expression of the inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS; assessed by the citrulline assay) were investigated 4 h after challenge. Significant increases of albumin leakage and expression of iNOS in both antral and duodenal tissues were observed following challenge. Concurrent administration of the selective iNOS inhibitor, 1400W (N-(8-(aminomethyl)benzyl)-acetamidine; 0.2–1 mg kg⁻¹, s.c.), with lipopolysaccharide, caused a dose-dependent attenuation of the gastric and duodenal albumin leakage. Thus, H. pylori lipopolysaccharide can initiate the expression of iNOS in the stomach and duodenum following systemic challenge, which can provoke gastroduodenal microvascular dysfunction.     

一氧化氮合成酶mRNA在正常大鼠肾组织中表达的研究

目的：探讨正常大鼠肾组织一氧化氮合成酶mRNA(NOSmRNA)表达的特点。方法 采用组织细胞原位杂交及图像分析技术,对正常大鼠肾组织中 NOS,NOSey NOSRNA表达的定位及含量进行了检测。同时测定肾组织NOS总活性。结果eNOS,nNOS及iNOS在正常肾组织中均有表达。eNOS和nNOS主要分布于肾小球及血管内皮,其中eNOS表达最丰富,髓质明显多于皮质。iNOS含量较低,且仅分布于皮质远,近曲小管上皮,结论 生理情况下,肾组织cNOS的表达量主要决定于eNOS的表达,其高表达对维持肾脏正常功能具有重要作用。     

诱导型一氧化氮合酶在膀胱移行细胞癌中表达的临床意义

目的　探讨诱导型一氧化氮合酶 (iNOS)在膀胱移行细胞癌中表达及与临床病理特征的关系。方法　应用兔抗入iNOS多克隆抗体对 60例膀胱移行细胞癌和 10名正常人膀胱粘膜进行免疫组化染色 ,观察iNOS的表达情况。结果　膀胱移行细胞癌中阳性表达率为 63 .3 % ( 3 8/ 60 ) ,10名正常人膀胱粘膜中无阳性表达。iNOS在肿瘤中表达与患者年龄、性别、肿瘤分级无关 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;但浸润型肿瘤iNOS表达显著高于表浅型 ( P <0 .0 1) ,有淋巴结转移的肿瘤组iNOS表达高于无淋巴结转移组 ( P<0 .0 5 )。结论　iNOS在膀胱移行细胞癌中可能促进了肿瘤的浸润和转移 ,iNOS对膀胱移行细胞癌预后判断和基因治疗具有重要理论意义。     

Ethanol consumption increases the expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase, inducible nitric oxide synthase and metalloproteinases in the rat kidney

Objectives The effects of longterm ethanol consumption on the levels of nitric oxide (NO) and the expression of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS), inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and metalloproteinase‐2 (MMP‐2) were studied in rat kidney. Methods Male Wistar rats were treated with 20% ethanol (v/v) for 6 weeks. Nitrite and nitrate generation was measured by chemiluminescence. Protein and mRNA levels of eNOS and iNOS were assessed by immunohistochemistry and quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction, respectively. MMP‐2 activity was determined by gelatin zymography. Histopathological changes in kidneys and indices of renal function (creatinine and urea) and tissue injury (mitochondrial respiration) were also investigated. Results Chronic ethanol consumption did not alter malondialdehyde levels in the kidney. Ethanol consumption induced a significant increase in renal nitrite and nitrate levels. Treatment with ethanol increased mRNA expression of both eNOS and iNOS. Immunohistochemical assays showed increased immunostaining for eNOS and iNOS after treatment with ethanol. Kidneys from ethanol‐treated rats showed increased activity of MMP‐2. Histopathological investigation of kidneys from ethanol‐treated animals revealed tubular necrosis. Indices of renal function and tissue injury were not altered in ethanol‐treated rats. Conclusions Ethanol consumption increased renal metalloproteinase expression/activity, which was accompanied by histopathological changes in the kidney and elevated NO generation. Since iNOS‐derived NO and MMPs contribute to progressive renal injury, the increased levels of NO and MMPs observed in ethanol‐treated rats might contribute to progressive renal damage.     

Putative role of nitric oxide synthase isoforms in the changes of nitric oxide concentration in rat brain cortex and cerebellum following sevoflurane and isoflurane anaesthesia

We have previously observed an increase in nitric oxide (NO) content in rat brain cortex following halothane, sevoflurane or isoflurane anaesthesia. This study was undertaken in order to determine whether isoform-specific nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors and inducers could modify these increases in NO contents. Rats were subjected to isoflurane and sevoflurane anaesthesia with concomitant administration of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) inhibitor 7-Nitro-indazole (7-NI), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibitor 2-amino-5,6-dihydro-6-methyl-4H-1,3-thiazine (AMT) or lipopolysaccharide. NO concentration in different organs was measured by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. 7-NI significantly decreased NO concentration in cerebellum but not in brain cortex, whereas AMT decreased NO in all the organs studied. Anaesthesia significantly increased NO concentration in brain cortex and decreased that in cerebellum. AMT abolished the NO increase in brain cortex. Anaesthesia enhanced the drastic increase in NO concentration in brain cortex after intraventricular lipopolysaccharide administration. Isoflurane was found to inhibit recombinant nNOS and iNOS activities at high concentrations (EC50=20 mM). Our data suggest a putative role for iNOS in the increase in NO levels produced by isoflurane and sevoflurane, whereas nNOS activity is probably inhibited during anaesthesia.     

Enhancement of nitric oxide synthase induction in alveolar macrophages by in vivo administration of docetaxel

Effects of docetaxel, a taxane-derivative anti-cancer drug, on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) synthesis were investigated in alveolar macrophages isolated from rats. LPS-induced NO production and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) expression were significantly enhanced in the macrophages isolated from rats injected intraperitoneally with docetaxel (4 mg/kg body weight per day for 5 consecutive days) compared with those in macrophages from control rats administrated a vehicle. In vivo administration of docetaxel augmented LPS-induced p38 activation but not extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) activation in isolated macrophages. On the other hand, in vitro treatment of macrophages with docetaxel (5 and 10 μg/ml) inhibited LPS-induced NO production and iNOS expression. Levels of lactate dehydrogenase released from macrophages were neither affected by in vitro treatment with docetaxel (up to 10 μg/ml) nor by its in vivo administration. These results suggest that docetaxel has an enhancing action in vivo on LPS-induced iNOS expression and subsequent NO production through stimulation of p38 activity in alveolar macrophages.     

脑复合剂对创伤性脑损伤模型大鼠脑内NO、nNOS活性及表达的影响

目的:探讨脑复合剂治疗对创伤性脑损伤(traumatic brain injury,TBI)模型大鼠脑保护作用可能的分子机制.方法:用自由落体打击(Feeney法)建立TBI模型,分别设立假手术组、TBI模型组及中药治疗组.中药治疗组给予脑复合剂10 g· kg-1·d-1,假手术组及TBI模型组给予同等剂量的等渗盐水...     

大鼠缺血再灌注肾组织一氧化氮合成酶mRNA表达的研究

目的 探讨大鼠缺血再灌注肾组织一氧化氮合成酶（NOS）mRNA表达的特点,分析缺血再灌注肾损伤的分子机制。方法 建立大鼠肾缺血再灌注模型。采用组织细胞原位杂交及图像分析技术对不同实验条件下各型NOS（eNOS,nNOS及iNOS)mRNA表达的定位及含量进行检测。并对肾组织NOS总活性及血肌酐（Cr)值进行生化测定。结果（1）正常情况下,eNOS,nNOS及iNOS在正常肾组织中均有表达,cNOS/iNOS比值为2.29;eNOS和nNOS主分布于肾小球及血管内皮;iNOS仅分布于皮质远,近曲小管上皮。（2）缺血时,肾组织NOS总活性显著下降,三种NOSmRNA在皮,髓质及小球中的表达均下调,以eNSO最明显,cNSO/iNOS比值降为2.01。（3）再灌注后,三种NOSmRNA的表达明显上调,以iNOSmRNA最明显,cNOS/iNOS比值降为1.77,eNOS及nNOS上调部位仅限于肾皮,髓质血管,而小球及小管中则表现为下调,尤以nNOSmRNA在小球中的下调最明显。结论 （1）缺血再灌注后,皮质肾小管上皮中iNOSmRNA的高表达是导致肾缺血再灌注损伤的重要分子机制。（2）cNOS/iN-OS比值与缺血再灌注过程中肾功能的变化密切相关,该比值的恒定对肾血流量和肾小球滤过率（GFR）的调节可能具有重要意义。     

一氧化氮及一氧化氮合酶在成年与老年大鼠前列腺中的变化

目的:研究一氧化氮(NO)及一氧化氮合酶(NOS)在成年与老年大鼠前列腺中的变化,探讨在大鼠前列腺老年化过程中的临床意义。方法:取4月龄及20月龄SD雄性大鼠各6只,分别取前列腺组织匀浆,检测其NO与NOS活性。结果:老年组大鼠的NO与NOS活性明显低于成年组(P<0.05)。结论:老年大鼠前列腺组织中NO水平及NOS活性的降低可能与前列腺良性增生及功能减退有关。     

Effect of a selective inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitor on intraocular nitric oxide production in endotoxin-induced uveitis rabbits: in vivo intraocular microdialysis study

Inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS) is believed to contribute to the pathogenesis of endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU). In the present study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), a non-selective NOS inhibitor, and S,S'-1,4-phenylene-bis(1,2-ethanediyl)bis-isothiourea (PBITU), a potent and selective iNOS inhibitor, on intraocular NO production in EIU rabbits using an in vivo intraocular microdialysis technique. The flare level in the anterior chamber increased from 1h after the injection of 100 micro g/kg lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and continued to increase for 24h. Aqueous humor protein concentrations were significantly increased at 24h after LPS-injection. These changes were significantly reduced by L-NAME (10mg/kg) and PBITU (1mg/kg), but not by D-NAME (10mg/kg). The increase in NO(2)(-) and NO(3)(-) levels in the dialysate induced by LPS was significantly inhibited by L-NAME (10mg/kg) and PBITU (1mg/kg), but not by D-NAME (10mg/kg). These results suggest that activation of iNOS may play a key role in the development of EIU, and selective inhibitors of iNOS may have therapeutic applications in the treatment of EIU.     

Role of inducible nitric oxide synthase-derived nitric oxide in lipopolysaccharide plus interferon-gamma-induced pulmonary inflammation

Exposure of mice to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plus interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) increases nitric oxide (NO) production, which is proposed to play a role in the resulting pulmonary damage and inflammation. To determine the role of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-induced NO in this lung reaction, the responses of inducible nitric oxide synthase knockout (iNOS KO) versus C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) mice to aspirated LPS + IFN-gamma were compared. Male mice (8-10 weeks) were exposed to LPS (1.2 mg/kg) + IFN-gamma (5000 U/mouse) or saline. At 24 or 72 h postexposure, lungs were lavaged with saline and the acellular fluid from the first bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was analyzed for total antioxidant capacity (TAC), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, albumin, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2). The cellular fraction of the total BAL was used to determine alveolar macrophage (AM) and polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) counts, and AM zymosan-stimulated chemiluminescence (AM-CL). Pulmonary responses 24 h postexposure to LPS + IFN-gamma were characterized by significantly decreased TAC, increased BAL AMs and PMNs, LDH, albumin, TNF-alpha, and MIP-2, and enhanced AM-CL to the same extent in both WT and iNOS KO mice. Responses 72 h postexposure were similar; however, significant differences were found between WT and iNOS KO mice. iNOS KO mice demonstrated a greater decline in total antioxidant capacity, greater BAL PMNs, LDH, albumin, TNF-alpha, and MIP-2, and an enhanced AM-CL compared to the WT. These data suggest that the role of iNOS-derived NO in the pulmonary response to LPS + IFN-gamma is anti-inflammatory, and this becomes evident over time.     

Differential expression of neuronal and inducible nitric oxide synthase in rat brain after subchronic administration of 3-monochloro-1,2-propanediol.

The compound 3-monochloro-1,2-propanediol (3-MCPD) is a contaminant of acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein foodstuffs. Several reports have suggested that chronic exposure to 3-MCPD can produce neurotoxicity or neurobehavioral effects in experimental animals. We sought to further explore the neurotoxic effects of 3-MCPD (10 or 30 mg/kg) administered for 13 weeks on the expression of two forms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), neuronal NOS (nNOS), and inducible NOS (iNOS), in rat cerebral cortex and striatum. Using immunocytochemistry, the number of nNOS-expressing neurons or the optical density of iNOS staining in sections from three coronal levels (bregma 1.0, -0.4, and -2.3 mm) were compared between 3-MCPD-treated and control rats. At bregma level 1.0 mm, the number of nNOS-expressing neurons was significantly decreased in the 10 and 30 mg/kg groups. At bregma level -0.4 mm, nNOS expression was significantly decreased only in the 30 mg/kg group, in the cortex and striatum. However, at bregma level -2.3 mm, 3-MCPD administration produced no significant difference in the number of nNOS-expressing neurons in the cortex or striatum. In contrast, iNOS expression was significantly increased in the neocortex and striatum at all three rostrocaudal levels following subchronic 3-MCPD administration. These data suggest that subchronic 3-MCPD exposure may involve compensatory mechanisms acting on nNOS and iNOS expression to maintain nitric oxide homeostasis in the rostral part of the neocortex and striatum. However, in the caudal brain, increased iNOS expression did not profoundly suppress nNOS expression. Thus, the present study suggests that 3-MCPD-induced neurotoxicity is mediated, at least in part, through disturbances in the nitric oxide signaling pathway and exhibits a rostrocaudal difference, through differential expression of nNOS and iNOS in the neocortex and striatum.     

罗红霉素通过诱导型一氧化氮合酶/一氧化氮途径抑制哮喘大鼠气道炎症

目的探讨罗红霉素对哮喘大鼠支气管诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)及一氧化氮(NO)的影响。方法24只成年哮喘大鼠随机分成对照组、哮喘组以及罗红霉素组。对支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)细胞总数及嗜酸性粒细胞计数,免疫组织化学检测大鼠支气管上皮细胞iNOS蛋白表达,RT-PCR检测肺组织iNOS mRNA表达,分光光度计检测肺组织iNOS活性及NO含量。双抗体夹心法检测肺组织白细胞介素-4(IL-4)及干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)。结果哮喘组大鼠BALF细胞总数及嗜酸性粒细胞分类分别为(7.28±1.65)×108.L-1、(7.73±1.54)%,均高于对照组(3.76±0.97)×108.L-1、(1.27±0.60)%;罗红霉素组BALF细胞总数及嗜酸性粒细胞分类分别为(5.68±0.95)×108.L-1、(5.54±1.53)%,明显低于哮喘组,差异有统计学意义。哮喘组肺组织IL-4浓度、iNOS活性及NO含量高于对照组,罗红霉素组肺组织IL-4浓度、iNOS活性及NO含量低于哮喘组。哮喘组肺组织IFN-γ浓度低于对照组,罗红霉素组肺组织IFN-γ浓度高于哮喘组。哮喘大鼠支气管上皮细胞iNOS蛋白及肺组织iN-OSmRNA表达分布吸光度值分别为(0.25±0.06)、(0.52±0.14),较对照组[(0.14±0.05),(0.33±0.05)]明显增强;但罗红霉素组iNOS蛋白及mRNA表达为(0.15±0.03)、(0.35±0.07),均明显较哮喘组减弱。结论罗红霉素通过干预哮喘大鼠气道IL-4、IFN-γ以及iNOS/NO体系,抑制哮喘气道炎症反应。     

Inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase reduces lipopolysaccharide-induced renal injury in the rat

1. Gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) release and subsequent septic shock is a major cause of death in intensive care units. Lipopolysaccharide has been reported to increase the production of nitric oxide (NO) and the formation of oxygen-derived free radicals (OFR) in different organs. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of an inducible form of NO synthase (iNOS) and OFR production in LPS-induced renal impairment. 2. Measurement of vitamin E as the most important fat-soluble anti-oxidant was used as a marker of tissue oxidative stress. Lipopolysaccharide (10 mg/kg), L-iminoethyl lysine (L-Nil; 3 mg/kg, i.p.; a specific inhibitor of iNOS activity) and dimethyl thiourea (DMTU; 500 mg/kg i.p.; a well-known OFR scavenger) were used. Four groups of eight rats were studied. One group received LPS, whereas a second group received LPS + L-Nil. A third group received LPS + DMTU and the fourth group, receiving saline, acted as a control group. To evaluate renal function, plasma creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were measured. High-pressure liquid chromatography and ultraviolet detection were used to measure plasma and tissue vitamin E levels. Light microscopy was used to examine histopathological changes in the four groups. 3. Lipopolysaccharide markedly decreased the vitamin E content of renal plasma and tissue (P < 0.05). Administration of L-Nil attenuated renal dysfunction and preserved vitamin E levels. However, DMTU failed to prevent renal injury, as indicated by plasma BUN levels and renal histology, despite the fact that it maintained renal vitamin E levels and increased plasma vitamin E levels. Thus, the overproduction of NO by iNOS may have a role in this model of LPS-induced renal impairment.     

一氧化氮合成酶在周围神经中的表达

目的　研究一氧化氮合成酶在大鼠坐骨神经中的表达。方法　选用 SD大鼠 2 0只 ,其中 10只的坐骨神经用于 RT- PCR和 Western Blot的测定 ,另外 10只的坐骨神经用于免疫组织化学染色 ,通过这三种方法来观察一氧化氮合成酶是否在坐骨神经中存在以及它的分布状况。结果　经 RT- PCR获得 n NOS,e NOS和 i NOS。Western Blot显示在坐骨神经中一个 15 5 0 0 0的蛋白与大鼠脑的 n NOS阳性对照一起迁移 ,一个 140 0 0 0的蛋白与内皮细胞的 e NOS阳性对照一起迁移 ,而 i NOS未能检测。免疫组织化学染色显示在雪旺氏细胞和多数轴突中存在n NOS、e NOS只是位于坐骨神经上的血管内皮细胞中。神经中无 i NOS显色。结论　一氧化氮合成酶存在于正常大鼠的坐骨神经中 ,可能作为一种神经递质执行着重要的生物学功能。