黏着斑激酶与肝纤维化

肝纤维化是指肝细胞在炎症刺激及发生坏死时,胶原蛋白等细胞外基质（ECM）增生与降解失去平衡,导致肝脏内纤维结缔组织的异常沉积,此病理过程轻者称为纤维化。此过程是一个复杂的病理过程,涉及多种细胞与基质、细胞与细胞之间以及多种细胞因子之间的作用和关系。许多肝脏慢性疾病均可以导致肝纤维化,成人以感染乙型肝炎病毒、丙型肝炎病毒和酒精性肝硬化为主,而儿童则以先天性和代谢性疾病为主。研究表明肝星状细胞（HSC）是肝损伤时 ECM的主要生成细胞,因此HSC的活化和ECM的大量分泌是肝纤维化发生、发展的中心环节。     

生长因子家庭与肝纤维化

肝纤维化是指肝脏细胞外基质（ECM）特别是胶原的过度沉积，是继发于肝脏炎症或损伤后组织修复的代偿反应，是慢性肝病共有的病理改变，进一步发展则形成肝硬化。此时肝脏原有结构被破坏，大量胶原纤维异常沉积，形成纤维隔。     

血小板衍生生长因子(PDGF)与肝纤维化

肝纤维化(hepatic fibrosis)是指肝脏由于受慢性炎症或其他原因损伤所致的肝脏内纤维结缔组织增生,细胞外基质(extracellular matrix,ECM)的合成大于降解而导致肝内ECM过度沉积的病理生理过程,是各种慢性肝病重要的病理特征,也是肝硬化发生的必经中间环节。各种细胞因子在肝纤维化的发生、发展过程中起着极其重要的作用,通过形成复杂的细胞因子网络相互作用,共同参与肝纤维化。血小板衍生生长因子(platelet-drived growth fac- tor,PDGF)是其中较为突出的一个细胞因子,可以在多个环节促进肝纤维化的发生、发展。     

抗肝纤维化治疗研究进展

肝纤维化是各种慢性肝病发展至肝硬化的必经阶段,是由于各种致病因子（常见病因为病毒性肝炎、慢性酒精中毒、遗传和代谢疾病、化学毒物或药物、肝脏淤血、寄生虫、脂肪肝等）引起肝脏损伤和炎症,导致细胞外基质（ECM）在肝脏过度沉积。其中肝星状细胞（HSC）的活化是纤维化的中心事件。随着肝纤维化发生机制进一步阐明,防治策略也进行了相应调整,抑制HSC活化和抑制ECM合成,促进降解,成为当今抗肝纤维化的关键措施。     

肝纤维化形成中MMPs／TIMPs的动态变化及治疗进展

目前已阐明细胞外基质（ECM）合成与降解失衡,特别是后期降解减少是肝纤维化发生的主要机制。肝脏ECM的代谢主要由基质金属蛋白酶（MMP）及其抑制因子（TIMP）共同调节。MMPs促进ECM降解,而TIMPs通过抑制MMPs阻止ECM降解,从而形成或促进肝纤维化。此外,TIMPs还通过抑制肝纤维化发生、发展过程中具核心作用的肝星状细胞（HSC）凋亡而促进肝纤维化的持续发展。     

基质金属蛋白酶及其抑制因子与肝纤维化关系的研究近况

肝纤维化是各种致病因子引起的肝脏损害和炎症反应，是肝脏对慢性损伤修复和愈合的结果，即纤维结缔组织广泛的增生和沉积。研究已证实，肝纤维化形成的本质是肝脏内细胞外基质（extracellular matrix，ECM）合成和降解失衡，表现为ECM大量沉积。ECM的主要成分是胶原。肝脏ECM的代谢主要由基质金属蛋白酶（matrix metalloproteinases，MMPs）及其抑制因子（tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases，TIMPs）调节，     

促纤维化因子在肝纤维化发生中的作用研究进展

肝纤维化是多种病因所致的慢性肝损伤的一种创伤愈合反应,持续的炎症与纤维形成最终导致肝硬化。肝星状细胞（HSC）是肝纤维化的主要生成细胞,肝脏内细胞外基质（ECM）的过度沉积是其主要功能。各种促纤维化因子如血管紧张素-II（AngII）、血小板衍生生长因子（PDGF）、血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）、转化生长因子-β（TGF-β）、瘦素、结缔组织因子等可与HSC表面上相应的受体结合,并激活相应的信号通路,进而导致HSC的激活、增殖,ECM过度沉积,引起肝纤维化形成。因此,了解各种促纤维化因子与肝纤维化的关系,可为抗纤维化的科学研究及临床治疗提供理论依据。     

血小板衍生生长因子在肝纤维化形成中的作用

肝纤维化(hepatic fibrosis)是指肝脏由于受慢性炎症或其他原因损伤所致的肝内纤维结缔组织增生,细胞外基质(extracellular matrix,ECM)的合成大于降解而导致肝内ECM过度沉积的病理生理过程。是各种慢性肝病的重要病理特征,也是肝硬化发生的必经中间环节。肝星状细胞(hepatic s     

肝纤维化血清学诊断研究

肝纤维化是指肝细胞发生坏死及炎症刺激时，肝脏中胶原蛋白等ECM增生与降解失去平衡，导致肝脏内纤维结缔组织异常沉积的病理过程，轻者称为纤维化，重者进而合并肝小叶结构改建、假小叶及再生结节形成，称为肝硬化。肝穿刺组织病理学检查是诊断肝纤维化的金标准。然而，其作为一种创伤性检查方法，有潜在并发症，不易为患者接受。[第一段]     

MMPs/TIMPs介导的纤维消融平衡与肝纤维化的研究新进展

肝纤维化是各种慢性肝病的共同病理基础,是肝脏细胞外基质(ECM)在肝组织的过度沉积。在肝纤维化发生发展过程中,涉及多种细胞因子的相互作用,其中,基质金属蛋白酶(MMPs)和基质金属蛋白酶抑制剂(TIMPs)与ECM合成与降解密切相关。各种慢性病因作用于肝脏后,MMPs与TIMPs介导的纤维降解平衡被打破,从而导致ECM的过度沉积,最终导致肝脏纤维化。研究MMPs/TIMPs介导的纤维消融平衡,对早期诊断肝纤维化以及逆转肝纤维化有着重要的意义。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.