经皮脊柱内镜术后椎管内血肿1例

<正>患者,女,61岁,2015年9月入院。入院前3个月出现腰痛伴右下肢放射痛,反复在外院及本院门诊行非手术治疗,效果不佳。查体:L4～S1椎间隙及右侧椎旁肌压痛;双侧下肢肌张力、肌力正常;右下肢直腿抬高试验阳性;右下肢足底感觉减弱,鞍区感觉正常;双侧跟腱反射对称,膝腱反射对称,双侧病理征未     

腰椎组织细胞肉瘤后路全脊椎整块切除一例报告

女,27岁.因腰部酸痛2个月伴右下肢酸麻2周入院.查体:脊柱腰段轻度突起,L3.4椎间隙及L3棘突右侧压痛及叩击痛阳性.右侧髂腰肌肌力4级;右侧股四头肌肌力4级;     

经椎间孔入路腰椎内镜术后症状性血肿3例

<正>病例1:男,67岁。因右下肢放射性疼痛,行走受限8个月余入院,既往有冠心病史8年,长期口服阿司匹林片,每日1次,每次100 mg;曾行腰椎保守治疗3个月余未见缓解。查体:右臀部、右大腿后侧、小腿前外侧、足背皮肤痛觉减退,右拇背伸肌力Ⅳ级,右直腿抬高试验20°阳性。腰椎MRI和CT示L_4,5椎间盘突出合并右侧神经根管狭窄。     

硬膜外脂肪瘤内痛风石形成致脊髓压迫症1例

正患者,男,38岁。因"双下肢麻木、无力1个月,加重5 d"入院。平车推入病房。T7、T8棘突压痛及叩击痛,伴双下肢放射痛,耻骨联合水平以下感觉减退;左下肢肌力(3+),右下肢肌力(3-),双下肢肌张力减弱,双上肢肌力5级,肌张力正常。右腕关节及右踝关节处肿胀明显,压痛阳性。双下肢直腿抬高试验及加强试验阴性。双侧Hoffmann征、克氏征阴性,     

椎管重建内固定术有限元模型的构建及稳定性分析

目的:构建椎管重建内固定术的有限元模型,并分析椎管重建内固定术对脊柱稳定性的影响,验证椎管重建内固定术在椎管内手术中的有效性和可靠性。方法:筛选1名30岁男性,身高172 cm,体重75 kg的健康志愿者并采集其腰椎CT资料,建立正常腰椎L₃-L₅的有限元模型,并与体外实体结果和已发表的有限元分析结果进行比较,以验证该模型的有效性。根据处理方式不同分为正常组、椎板切除组和椎管重建组。在相同边界固定和生理载荷条件下,实施前屈、后伸、左弯、右弯、左旋和右旋6种工况活动,分析6种工况活动下L₃-L₄和L₄-L₅观察节段的活动度(range of motion,ROM)和L₃-L₅整体最大ROM的变化情况。结果:构建的L₃-L₅有限元模型各节段ROM位移与体外实体结果和既往文献数据结果吻合,确认了该模型的有效性。在L₃-L₄中,椎管重...     

椎间孔镜下摘除腰椎椎间盘巨大脱出失败1例

本院收治的1例腰椎椎间盘巨大脱出病例行椎间孔镜下髓核摘除术失败,现报告如下,望与同道共同探讨。1资料与方法1.1病例资料患者女,45岁,因腰痛伴右下肢放射痛1年,加重20 d入院。体检示L4/L5棘突间隙右侧压痛并向右下肢放射,直腿抬高试验阳性,股神经牵拉试验阴性,右足踝背伸肌力0～1级,跖屈肌力4～5级,     

颈椎管内骨软骨瘤1例报告

颈椎管内骨软骨瘤非常少见。笔者收治 1例 ,现报告如下 :患者 ,男 ,5 0岁 ,因右侧上下肢麻木无力 ,右手肌肉萎缩 6个月 ,行走困难 3个月于 1995 - 0 4- 16日入院。查体 :血压 18/ 13Kpa,颈椎自主活动 ,C6 ,7棘突右侧压痛 ,并扪及骨性硬物。右侧上下肢及躯干痛觉减退 ,右肱三头肌肌力 级 ,右手骨间肌萎缩 ,肌力 级。左手骨间肌轻度萎缩 ,肌力 级。右下肢肌力 级 ,左下肢肌力 级 ,双下肢肌张力亢进 ,右髌、踝阵挛阳性。 Hoff-mann征阳性 (右 ) ,Babinski征阳性(右 )。脊柱影像学检查 :椎管造影显示 ,造影剂在 C6 椎体下缘平面完全梗阻。…     

多源性椎管内肿瘤1例报告

患者 ,男 ,30岁。因颈部疼痛伴双下肢触痛、乏力、麻木 18个月入院。查体 :C4- T2 棘突间隙均有压痛、叩击痛 ,双下肢肌张力增高 ,髌、踝阵挛阳性 ,髌、跟腱反射亢进 ,双侧巴彬期基征阳性 ,双侧第3肋间以下皮肤感觉减退 ,右下肢肌力收稿日期 :2 0 0 1 - 0 3- 1 3 级 ,左下肢肌力 级。 MRI检查示 :C6 T2 椎管内占位性病变。术中见 :硬膜外 C6 T1 1个 3cm× 2 .5 cm实质性肿块 ;位于脊髓右后外侧 ,包膜完整 ,T1 右神经受累 ,T1 - 2 硬膜外蔓状血管从 ,血管扩张呈球状。将肿瘤及硬脊膜削离后切除 ,同时切除右侧 T1 神经。病理检查示 :C6…     

不典型胸椎管内硬膜外脓肿1例报告

患者女性,39岁.因胸背痛20d、加重伴双下肢乏力1d于2007年6月1日入院.患者3周前有手外伤感染病史(已治愈),1周前有"感冒"病史.查体:体温36.7℃,T6棘突右侧有一约4×5 cm的包块,质软,边界清,无明显压痛,胸腰段棘突无明显压痛,胸椎中段有叩击痛,左下肢肌力3级,右下肢肌力1级,平脐水平以下皮肤感觉消失,双侧腹壁反射、膝腱反射和肛门反射消失,肛周、会阴部感觉明显减退,双侧Babinski's征(-).     

膜内髓外巨大肿瘤1例

患者，男，60岁，因“腰部酸痛8年，加重伴双下肢无力20天”入院。查体：脊柱无明显侧弯畸形，活动轻度受限。T11、T12棘突旁双侧压痛、叩痛，以右侧为明显。右下肢直腿抬高试验45^。( )、加强试验( )。左侧直腿抬高50^。( )。双侧“4”字征(一)。左下肢肌力Ⅳ级，右大腿及小腿屈肌群肌力Ⅲ级，右伸趾肌力Ⅰ     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

Intraoperative autotransfusion is associated with modest reduction of allogeneic transfusion in prosthetic hip surgery

Background: The efficacy of intraoperative salvage and washing of wound blood and the predictors of allogeneic red cell transfusions in prosthetic hip surgery are insufficiently known.
Methods: In 96 patients, undergoing primary or revision surgery, salvaged and washed red cells and, if necessary, allogeneic blood were used to keep haematocrit not lower than 33%. The bleeding of red cells during hospital stay was calculated from the red cell balance. The preoperative red cell reserve (millilitres of red cells in excess of a haematocrit of 33%) was estimated and the difference between this volume and the total bleeding of red cells was retrospectively used to classify patients with regard to the need for red cells. Stepwise regression analysis was used to define patient-related variables associated with allogeneic blood transfusion.
Results: Preoperative knowledge of the type of operation (primary, revision), the preoperative red cell reserve, and the body mass could predict roughly half of the need for banked blood (r²=0.45). Only one-third of the total bleeding of red cells was retransfused. For complete avoidance of allogeneic blood, autotransfusion was most effective in patients with a moderate need (0–4 u). However, 32% of such patients required allogeneic blood.
Conclusions: Autotransfusion has a limited efficacy to decrease the need for allogeneic blood, and other blood-saving methods should be added for this purpose. It is difficult to predict the need for allogeneic blood preoperatively.     

缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响

目的    观察缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响,探讨外泌体在缺氧致肾脏损伤中的作用及机制。 方法    （1）常氧（21% O₂）及缺氧（1% O₂）分别处理大鼠肾小管上皮细胞（NRK-52E）48 h,收集细胞上清液并使用高速梯度离心法分离外泌体。采用透射电镜、纳米示踪分析、Western印迹、蛋白浓度定量鉴定并比较两组外泌体的基本特性。（2）在共培养实验中,以不同浓度（1、10、50、100、300 mg/L）的常氧外泌体、缺氧外泌体分别干预脂多糖（LPS）诱导的大鼠原代腹腔巨噬细胞,使用实时荧光定量PCR与酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）法分别检测巨噬细胞白细胞介素6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、诱导型氮氧化物合酶（iNOS）水平;使用Western印迹法检测巨噬细胞磷酸化（p）STAT/STAT及细胞因子信号传导抑制蛋白1（SOCS1）的蛋白表达;最后,使用实时荧光定量PCR法检测常氧外泌体与缺氧外泌体中炎性反应相关微RNA（microRNA,miR）的表达差异。 结果    （1）离心得到的囊泡具有外泌体典型的结构,粒径小于150 nm,表达外泌体标志蛋白CD63,说明分离得到外泌体。缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌的外泌体形态、粒径分布比例无明显影响,但提高了外泌体的分泌量。（2）缺氧外泌体相比于常氧外泌体促进了LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞IL-6、TNF-α、iNOS 的表达和分泌（均P＜0.01）,同时提高STAT的磷酸化水平并减少SOCS1的蛋白表达（均P＜0.01）;对炎性反应相关microRNA检测发现缺氧外泌体中miR-155、miR-27a表达量较常氧外泌体明显升高（P＜0.05）。 结论    缺氧可改变外泌体的生物学功能,表现为协同促进LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞的表型转化,这可能是慢性肾脏病微炎性反应状态持续的原因之一。     

In Vitro Function and Durability Assessment of a Novel Polyurethane Heart Valve Prosthesis

Abstract While flexible-leaflet, central-flow prosthetic heart valves promise relief from anticoagulation therapy, they continue to be restricted by inadequate durability. In consequence, a novel trileaflet valve, made entirely from polyurethane, has been developed. A batch of 6 consecutively manufactured polyurethane valves was subjected to hydrodynamic function and accelerated fatigue testing. Computerized data acquisition and control systems have been introduced to improve valve testing methodologies. In terms of hydrodynamic function, the polyurethane valve demonstrates transvalvular pressure gradients similar to those for a bioprosthetic valve (Carpentier-Edwards) and levels of retrograde flow significantly less than those for either the bioprosthetic valve or a bileaflet mechanical valve (St Jude Medical). The equivalent of 10 years of cycling without failure has been exceeded by all 6 polyurethane valves in accelerated fatigue tests with 2 valves remaining intact after 674 million cycles (equivalent to approximately 17 years) in continuing tests. Highspeed photography revealed considerable differences in leaflet motion between valves cycled at accelerated and physiological rates.     

Negative pressure ventilation vs. spontaneous assisted ventilation during rigid bronchoscopy: A controlled randomised trial

Background: Ventilation during interventional rigid bronchoscopy (IRB) under general anaesthesia (jet ventilation, positive pressure ventilation and spontaneous assisted ventilation) may offer some difficulties. This study compares the effectiveness during IRB of intermittent negative pressure ventilation (INPV) and spontaneous assisted ventilation (SAV). Methods: Thirty-eight patients submitted to IRB were randomised into two groups: SAV or INPV. All patients received a total intravenous anaesthesia; INPV patients were paralysed. Pre-and intra-operative arterial blood gases and O₂ flow through a rigid bronchoscope were assessed. The endoscopist applying a subjective score evaluated the operating conditions. Results: Patients of the INPV group, as compared to the SAV group, required a lower dosage of fentanyl (2.6 ± 1.8 (μg · kg^?1· h^?1 vs. 6.6 ± 4.8 μg · kg^?1· h^?1), a lower O₂ supply (3.3 ± 2.8 1/min vs. 11.6 ± 3.4 1/min), a shorter recovery time (5.4 ± 2.9 min vs. 9.8 ± 7.1 min) and no manually assisted ventilation (0 ± 0 vs. 1 ± 1.1 nd?/procedure). Intraoperative PaCO₂ was higher in the SAV (8.1 ± 1.3 kPa) than in the INPV group (5.0 ± 1.6 kPa) and intraoperative pH differed in the two groups (7.26 ± 0.05, SAV vs. 7.47 ± 0.08, INPV). Operating conditions, as assessed by a subjective score, were considered better with INPV than with SAV (4.9 vs. 4.3). Conclusions: As compared to SAV, INPV in paralysed patients during IRB reduces administration of opioids, shortens recovery time, prevents respiratory acidosis, excludes the need for manually assisted ventilation, reduces 02 need and affords optimal surgical conditions. INPV appears a safe, non-invasive and effective ventilatory management during IRB.