西部农村居民卫生服务利用公平性研究

目的:研究西部农村居民卫生服务利用公平性及其影响因素。方法:采用对陕西省镇安县1545户农村居民入户调查的数据,利用集中指数分解法分析数据。结果:门诊和住院服务利用的水平不公平指数分别0.0440和0.1557,影响门诊服务利用不公平性的主要因素是1月患病情况,影响住院服务利用不公平性的主要因素是居民经济水平。结论:为了提高卫生服务利用公平性,建议政府部门采取措施提高贫困人群经济水平、缩小贫富差距,同时加强疾病预防工作、降低居民疾病患病率。     

威海市城乡不同职业类别居民卫生服务公平性研究

文章利用描述性统计方法、差别指数、不平等斜率指数等方法,对山东省威海市居民健康状况及卫生服务调查资料中不同职业居民的卫生服务公平性进行分析评价。结果表明,该地城乡居民在健康、卫生服务利用及卫生服务筹资方面都存在着一定程度的不公平性。作者认为各级政府和卫生行政部门在提高居民尤其是农村居民及弱势群体卫生服务公平性上,负有不可推卸的责任。     

威海市农村居民卫生服务公平性研究

目的：根据威海市居民健康状况调查资料，评价不同收入水平农村居民卫生服务公平性。采用Gini系数和Lorenz曲线评价收入分配的公平性；集中指数、集中曲线、利用／需要比等指标描述卫生服务的公平性。结果显示不同收入水平人群健康分布存在不公平；低收入人群卫生服务需要的满足程度仍受到限制。     

中国0～17岁人口两周患病服务利用公平性分析

【目的】研究我国0~17岁人口两周患病就诊与治疗的公平性,揭示儿童及青少年在接受卫生服务方面的公平程度和不公平现象。【方法】利用2003年第三次国家卫生服务调查资料,计算不同家庭经济水平的0~17岁人口两周患病未就诊率和未治疗率,利用集中曲线和集中指数定量分析城市与农村该年龄段人口卫生服务利用的公平程度。【结果】城市地区未发现明显的不公平性,而农村地区家庭经济状况越差的0~17岁患者卫生服务利用越差,卫生服务向少数富裕人群倾斜。【结论】中国农村地区0~17岁人口卫生服务利用存在不公平性,严重影响农村贫困未成年人的健康发展,在提高儿童和青少年健康的诸多措施中,应把改善卫生服务公平性作为主要的考虑因素。     

云南省拉祜族居民卫生服务利用公平性研究

[目的]分析拉祜族居民卫生服务利用及其公平性,为进一步改善该民族健康水平提供依据。[方法]在云南省普洱市采用整群抽样方法,入户调查年龄16岁及以上的拉祜族居民565人。用两周就诊率、慢性病就诊率、住院率反映卫生服务利用情况,用χ~2检验和集中指数(CI)分析卫生服务利用的公平性。[结果]拉祜族居民的两周就诊率为13.8%,慢性病就诊率为11.0%,住院率为10.8%。年龄、婚姻状况、文化程度是其共同影响因素;性别对两周就诊及慢性病就诊有影响;人均经济收入对两周就诊有影响。不同年龄组中,两周就诊情况、慢性病就诊情况、住院情况的集中指数偏向高龄人群,其余指标集中指数偏向低龄人群。不同经济收入人群中,其门诊及住院卫生服务利用的公平性均存在差异。[结论]拉祜族居民的卫生服务利用情况在不同年龄、不同经济收入人群中均存在不公平性,应多关注少数民族贫困、高龄人群,将政策及服务力度向其倾斜,促进健康状况的改善。     

经济收入和医疗保健制度对卫生服务公平性的影响

文章应用“利用/需要比“(Le Grand法)对南通和淄博两市职工家庭卫生服务利用的公平性进行分析发现,家庭经济收入对卫生服务公平性影响不大,不同医疗保健制度人群间存在不公平性,自费医疗限制了卫生服务利用,且与宏观经济状况和卫生服务体系改革有密切的关系.建议完善卫生服务体制改革,关注城市自费人群的卫生服务利用,提高卫生服务公平性.     

不同收入分层视角下居民卫生服务利用的公平性分析*

目的分析宁夏银川市居民卫生服务利用及其公平性,为促进不同收入水平下居民的卫生服务利用公平性提供政策建议。方法采用分层随机抽样的方法,入户问卷调查18岁及以上的银川市居民。应用频数与构成比的方法描述被调查居民的一般情况。运用两周患病率、慢性病患病率、两周就诊率和住院率分析居民卫生服务利用情况,运用集中指数CI反映不同收入阶层居民卫生服务利用的公平性分布。结果本次研究调查显示,被调查整体居民的两周患病率为14.27%,集中指数为-0.011 5,偏向低收入人群。慢性病患病率为13.08%,集中指数为0.040 4,偏向高收入人群。居民两周就诊率为12.49%,集中指数为-0.006 1,绝对值近似为0,较公平。居民住院率为9.71%,集中指数为-0.015 0,倾向于发生在低收入人群。结论不同收入水平居民的卫生服务利用公平性仍需改善,建议政府及相关部门加强健康教育宣传力度,大力发展经济,提高低收入人群的经济能力,出台相应的控费政策。     

云南省彝族居民卫生服务利用公平性研究

[目的]对云南省彝族居民卫生服务利用及其公平性进行分析,为彝族居民进一步提高健康水平提供依据,提出应将医疗卫生服务资源向低收入及高龄人群倾斜,加强健康教育,促进健康状况改善。[方法]采用分阶段分层整群随机抽样方法,选取年龄16岁以上的彝族居民进行现场问卷调查。用两周就诊率、慢性病就诊率、住院率反映卫生服务利用情况,用χ~2检验和集中指数CI分析卫生服务利用的公平性。[结果]彝族居民的两周就诊率为6.22%,不同年龄和职业的两周就诊率比较存在统计学差异(P0.05);慢性病就诊率为11.26%,不同年龄、文化程度、婚姻情况和职业的慢性病就诊率比较存在统计学差异(P0.05);住院率为10.67%,不同性别、年龄和婚姻情况的住院率比较存在统计学差异(P0.05);不同年龄、经济收入人群中,其门诊服务利用的公平性存在差异。[结论]彝族居民的卫生服务利用情况较低,且存在不公平性,应关注老年人、文化程度低者、离婚或丧偶者。     

卫生筹资政策对公平性的影响

供方筹资政策和需方筹资政策是当今世界各国采取的主要卫生筹资政策,而这些政策或多或少都没有把公平性有机融合进去,由此产生了以下几方面的影响：健康不公平性明显,卫生公布不公平影响了卫生服务的可及性和可得性,医疗费用上涨造成新的不公平性等。为完善卫生筹资政策,增加社会公平性,应重视基本医疗服务和预防保健服务的提供;卫生筹资政策应更多地倾向于穷人和低收入者等脆弱人群,积极推行各种形式的预付制等。     

基于集中指数和水平不平等指数的卫生服务利用公平性研究 ——以上海市不同收入水平居民的CHNS数据分析为例

目的基于集中指数(CI)构建水平不平等指数(HI),分析不同经济水平的上海居民卫生服务利用的水平公平性,发现卫生资源配置存在的问题。方法在标准化卫生服务需求估计的基础上,采用基于CI的方法,使用中国健康营养调查(CHNS)上海地区的调查数据,测算卫生服务利用的水平公平性。结果样本人群的实际卫生服务利用、标准化卫生服务需求的CI分别为0.056,3和0.040,8,卫生服务的HI为0.015,5。在实际利用和实际需求方面,医疗服务具有亲富人的不平等性,并且卫生服务利用实际上更好地满足了高收入群体的卫生服务需求。医疗保险补偿前,不同收入组人群医疗费用的CI为-0.060,0,补偿后为-0.104,3;补偿前医疗费用主要集中于低收入人群,补偿后医疗费用的分布比补偿前更加集中于低收入人群,不公平程度有所增加。结论卫生资源配置还不能够真正满足居民的卫生服务需求,存在水平不平等。卫生服务利用实际上更好地满足了高收入群体的卫生服务需求。居民医疗保险虽然能从整体上降低居民的疾病经济负担,但未能提高医疗费用支出的公平性。在设计医疗保健系统体制时,应倾向于提高低收入居民医疗服务利用的可及性,更好地满足低收入居民由于健康因素产生的医疗服务需求,提高居民卫生服务利用的水平公平性。     

Study on Entomological Surveillance and its Significance during a Dengue Outbreak in the District of Tirunelveli in Tamil Nadu,India

ObjectivesTo study the significance of entomological surveillance, the house index (HI), container index (CI), and Breteau index (BI) were determined to estimate the degree of a major dengue outbreak in Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India (Latitude: 8°42′N; Longitude: 77°42′E) in May 2012.MethodsThe HI, CI, and BI were determined in a primary health center (PHC) in the village of Maruthamputhur (Pappakudi taluk, Tirunelveli) by carrying out an antilarval (AL) work that involved door-to-door search for immature stages of Aedes spp. mosquitoes by trained field workers and volunteers. The work of field workers was evaluated by a junior and senior entomologist the following day.ResultsBefore the AL work, the reported numbers of fever cases from Week 1 to 5 in Maruthamputhur were 211, 394, 244, 222, and 144 with two deaths. By contrast, after the AL work, these numbers were considerably reduced and there was no fever-related death (the HI was reduced from 48.2% to 1.6%, the CI from 28.6% to 0.4%, and the BI from 48.2 to 1.6).ConclusionBecause no specific medicine and vaccines are available to treat dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever, entomological surveillance and its significance can be used to halt the outbreak of dengue as shown in this study.     

2007年宝鸡地区电力机车司机健康状况分析

[目的]了解宝鸡地区电力机车司机的健康状况。[方法]对2007年宝鸡地区电力机车司机体格检查资料进行分析。[结果]检查888人,尿常规、B超、心电图、内科检查、X线检查、血常规、血压、血糖、血脂异常者所占比例分别为44.59%、44.71%、4.84%、3.60%、0.34%、6.87%、13.85%、5.86%、33.22%;健康恶化指数为17.29,职业相关健康恶化指数为2.34,均有随着年龄的增高而增高的趋势。[结论]宝鸡地区电力机车司机的健康状况呈现一般水平。     

山东省公共卫生技术人员配置现状与公平性分析

目的 分析山东省2014—2020年公共卫生技术人员配置现状与公平性。方法 利用描述性分析方法进行现状分析,借助集聚度和泰尔指数进行公平性分析。结果 数量上,2014—2020年山东省公共卫生技术人员总数增幅为121%,个别城市出现人数缩减,2020年山东省每万人口公共卫生技术人员数量为5.47人,其中有10个城市未达省平均标准;结构上,妇幼保健专业技术人员基数大且继续增加,疾病预防控制和卫生监督专业技术人员占比降低,2020年仅占21.45%,高学历人员明显占比提升,但存在年龄结构老化和高职称占比过低的情况;配置公平性上,近10个城市按人口分布的公共卫生技术人力资源配置存在短缺情况,各区域内部差异较大。结论 山东省公共卫生技术人员配置在数量、构成和分布上存在不均衡现象,建议继续扩大公共卫生技术人员数量,加强人才队伍建设,优化人员结构,促进全省公共卫生事业均衡发展。     

New Reference Values for Body Composition by Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis in the General Population: Results From the UK Biobank

BackgroundLow fat-free mass (FFM) is a risk factor for morbidity and mortality in elderly and patient populations. Therefore, measurement of FFM is important in nutritional assessment. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is a convenient method to assess FFM and FFM index (FFMI; FFM/height²). Although reference values have been established for individuals with normal body weight, no specific cutoff values are available for overweight and obese populations. Also, limited studies accounted for the age-related decline in FFM.ObjectiveTo determine BMI- and age-specific reference values for abnormal low FFM(I) in white-ethnic men and women free of self-reported disease from the general population.DesignThe UK Biobank is a prospective epidemiological study of the general population from the United Kingdom. Individuals in the age category 45 to 69 years were analyzed. In addition to body weight, FFM and FFMI were measured using a Tanita BC-418MA. Also, self-reported chronic conditions and ethnic background were registered, and lung function was assessed using spirometry.ResultsAfter exclusion of all individuals with missing data, nonwhite ethnicity, self-reported disease, body mass index (BMI) less than 14 or 36 kg/m² or higher, and/or an obstructive lung function, reference values for FFM and FFMI were derived from 186,975 individuals (45.9% men; age: 56.9 ± 6.8 years; BMI: 26.5 ± 3.6 kg/m²; FFMI 18.3 ± 2.4 kg/m²). FFM and FFMI were significantly associated with BMI and decreased with age. Percentiles 5, 10, 25, 50, 75, 90, and 95 were calculated for FFM, FFMI, and fat mass (index), after stratification for gender, age, and BMI.ConclusionsUsing the UK Biobank dataset, new reference values for body composition assessed with BIA were determined in white-ethnic men and women aged 45 to 69 years. Because these reference values are BMI specific, they are of broad interest for overweight and obese populations.     

Perception or reality: Can thermal perceptions inform management of firefighters in the heat?

Accurately assessing the physiological status of firefighters during work in the heat is critical to ensuring their safety. Evaluating core temperatures (T_c) in the field is problematic due to cost and limitations in technology and accuracy. As such, fire services rely on individual perceptions of wellbeing. The present study aimed to establish whether perceptual responses measured using the perceptual strain index (PeSI), calculated from rate of perceived exertion (RPE) and thermal sensation (TS), could reliably predict the physiological strain (PSI) encountered by experienced firefighters working in a hot environment. We conducted two firefighting simulations (set-pace and self-paced) in a purposefully built heat chamber (100 ± 5°C) comprised of two 20-min periods separated by a 10-min recovery outside the chamber. Physiological strain was measured via heart rate (HR) and gastrointestinal temperature (T_gi) and compared with PeSI at 5-min intervals. To evaluate the predictive ability of the PeSI for PSI, mean differences and the 95% limits of agreement (LOA) were established, along with correlation coefficients at each 5-min interval. Moderately significant correlations occurred in the second work bout of the self-paced trial only (10 min: r = 0.335, 15 min: r = 0.498, 20 min r = 0.439) with no other correlations observed at any other time during either trial or during the rest periods. Bland-Altman analysis revealed mean differences of ?0.74 ± 2.70 (self-paced) and +0.04 ± 2.04 (set-paced) between PeSI and PSI with the 95% LOA being ?4.77 to 3.28 (self-paced) and ?4.01 to 2.01 (set-paced). The wide LOA and lack of correlations observed between perceptual and physiological strain in both self-paced and set-paced work trials indicate that PeSI is not sufficiently reliable as a sole measure of wellbeing for firefighters working in the heat. Hence, we recommend that fire services prioritise the development of reliable and effective monitoring tools for use in the field.     

宁夏海原县农村老年人健康公平性及其分解分析

目的评价海原县农村老年人自评健康公平性,并分析各影响因素的贡献。方法利用家庭健康询问调查数据,采用集中指数及其分解法分析老年人自评健康公平性及各因素的贡献率。结果不同收入组老年人自评健康存在差异(P<0.01),基线和随访调查的集中指数分别为-0.0280和-0.0118,均存在亲富人的健康不平等。各因素对健康不平等的贡献中,基线调查,收入的贡献率为81.58%,就医距离≤1公里为24.45%,文盲为11.10%;随访调查,收入的贡献率为69.97%,就医距离1~2公里为69.03%,文盲为47.96%。结论新农合方案的调整使得健康不公平性有所改善但依然存在,收入对自评健康不平等的贡献仍最大,就医距离和文化水平的贡献有所突出。     

Age Heaping and Accuracy of Age Data Collected During a Community Survey in the Yavatmal District, Maharashtra

Background:

Age is an important variable in epidemiological studies and an invariable part of community-based study reports.

Aims:

The aim was to assess the accuracy of age data collected during community surveys.

Settings and Design:

A cross-sectional study was designed in rural areas of the Yavatmal district.

Materials and Methods:

Age data were collected by a house-to-house survey in six villages. An open-ended questionnaire was used for data collection.

Statistical Analysis:

Age heaping and digit preference were measured by calculating Whipple’s index and Myers’ blended index. Age Ratio Scores (ARS) and Age Accuracy Index (AAI) were also calculated.

Results:

Whipple’s index for the 10-year age range, i.e., those reporting age with terminal digit “0” was 386.71. Whipple’s index for the 5-year range, i.e., those reporting age with terminal digit ‘0’ or ‘5’ was 382.74. Myer’s blended index calculated for the study population was 41.99. AAI for the population studied was 14.71 with large differences between frequencies of males and females at certain ages.

Conclusion:

The age data collected in the survey were of very poor quality. There was age heaping at ages with terminal digits ‘0’ and ‘5’, indicating a preference in reporting such ages and 42% of the population reported ages with an incorrect final digit. Innovative methods in data collection along with measuring and minimizing errors using statistical techniques should be used to ensure the accuracy of age data which can be checked using various indices.     

Uterine artery blood flow in the periimplantation period in embryo transfer cycles

ObjectiveTo assess the role of the uterine artery blood flow in the prediction of implantation in women undergoing embryo transfer during the periimplantation period.MethodsA total of 233 couples were included in this prospective study. All patients had embryo transfer, 125 were performed in in-vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF/ICSI) and 108 in cryo cycles. Ultrasound measurements were performed immediately before transfer. The pulsatility index (PI), Resistance index (RI) and the peak systolic velocity (PSV) were measured in both uterine arteries using endovaginal ultrasound.ResultsIn IVF/ICSI cycles the doppler parameters PI (2.48 vs. 2.15), RI (0.78 vs. 1.30) and PSV (60 vs. 63) did not differ significantly between the pregnant and non-pregnant group. The pregnancy rate per transfer was similar in women showing an unilateral (24%), bilateral (33%) or no (27%) notch in the uterine blood flow. In cryo cycles the uterine artery blood flow parameters PI (3.2 vs. 3.0), RI (0.9 vs. 0.9) and PSV (53.2 vs. 51.2) did not differ either between pregnant and not pregnant patients.ConclusionsPrevious studies were aiming at the measurement of arterial doppler parameters during the follicular phase which may not be adequate for the prediction of implantation. However, our results show that doppler studies during the early luteal phase of assisted reproductive technology cycles are not indicative for the likelihood of pregnancy, too.     

应用综合指数评价医院为社会服务的程度

本文介绍了病区社会服务工作效率指数、社会服务工作强度指数、社会服务综合指数的指标构成、计算和应用的方法，井在此基础上进行了讨论．运用杜会服务指数可以分析和评定卫生技术干部在单位时间内为社会服务的工作效率和工作负荷程度;可以了解卫生技术人员、设备、技术、物资的利用情况,同时也能反映医院管理方面的成效和问题，在实行工作与奖惩挂钩的过程中．起到了较好的效果。     

成渝经济圈背景下成渝泸区域卫生资源配置公平性分析

目的 分析成都市、泸州市和重庆市卫生资源配置的公平性,为推动泸州市卫生健康事业融入成渝经济圈提供科学的依据。方法 采用描述性分析法、集中指数和泰尔指数对成都市、泸州市和重庆市卫生资源配置公平性进行分析。结果 2019年,成都市每千人口床位数、卫生技术人员、执业（助理）医师和注册护士为8.98张、11.16人、4.13人和5.30人,远远高于泸州市和重庆市的卫生资源配置情况。床位、卫生技术人员、执业（助理）医师和注册护士的集中指数均为正数,说明卫生资源倾向于经济水平较高的地区。成都市按人口配置的泰尔指数在0.005 9～0.057 4之间,泸州市按人口配置的泰尔指数在0.005 4～0.0763之间,重庆市按人口配置的泰尔指数在0.005 9～0.030 5之间,成都市和重庆市不公平性主要来自于区域间,泸州市不公平性主要来自于区域内。成都市按地理配置的泰尔指数在0.159 3～0.389 3之间,泸州市按地理配置的泰尔指数在0.085 2～0.234 4之间,重庆市按地理配置的泰尔指数在0.118 6～0.284 1之间,成都市和泸州市不公平性主要来自于区域内,重庆市不公平性主要来自于区域间。结论 卫生资源倾向于经济水平较高的地区,卫生人力资源比卫生物力资源更加不公平一些,要加强区域卫生资源规划建设,完善基本医疗卫生服务,加强卫生人才队伍建设。