体力活动与心血管病危险因素

为探索不同体力活动强度人群的心血管病主要危险因素水平的差异，采用分层随机抽样方法，对上海农村心血管病监测区３５～６４岁的男女共１１９７人进行心血管病危险因素和体力活动强度的调查。结果显示，体力活动能明显降低收缩压、舒张压、高血压患病率和体重指数，并可能有降低血清总胆固醇和升高高密度脂蛋白胆固醇的作用。提示通过体力活动能降低心血管病危险因素的水平，从而有利于心血管病的防治。     

广西慢性病危险因素监测人群体力活动及饮食习惯调查

目的 了解监测人群饮食习惯及体力活动状况,为制定广西慢性病防治的干预措施提供参考依据.方法 经多阶段随机抽样,对监测点符合条件的18～69岁常住居民共1 276人进行问卷调查.结果 调查人群中缺乏体力活动的发生率为70.87%,标化率为71.79%;男性缺乏体力活动标化发生率(74.87%)高于女性(69.44%),差别有统计学意义(P<.01),农村(90.52%)高于城市(35.02%),差别有统计学意义(P<0.01).调查人群中不按时吃饭、不按时吃早餐的标化发生率分别为41.67%,35.42%,男性不按时吃饭(42.76%)高于女性(40.86%),女性不按时吃早餐(35.91%)高于男性(34.75%);农村居民不按时吃饭、不按时吃早餐(53.21%,45.97%)高于城市(18.02%,14.35%);主食摄入以大米(99.95%)为主,肉类以猪、牛、羊肉(82.6896)为主,农村乳及乳制品的经常性摄入率最低,为2.14%.结论 广西监测人群中缺乏体力活动发生率较高;农村饮食习惯不合理.应加大广西城乡地区营养膳食知识宣传,特别是加强农村地区食用乳及乳制品、豆制品的宣传教育工作.     

北京市城乡结合部中老年人心血管疾病危险因素及聚集情况分析

目的分析北京市城乡结合部中老年人心血管疾病危险因素及其聚集情况。方法 2007年采用多阶段整群随机抽样方法对16371名35～74岁北京市城乡结合部居民进行横断面调查,通过问卷调查、体格检查和实验室检查收集资料进行分析。结果北京市城乡结合部中老年人超重或肥胖、糖尿病、高血压、血脂异常和吸烟等主要心血管疾病危险因素的患病率分别为36.2%,6.5%,36.9%,35.4%和36.3%。83.0%,47.2%和17.5%的中老年人分别具有≥1、≥2和≥3种心血管疾病危险因素聚集。男性≥1、≥2和≥3种心血管疾病危险因素聚集危险分别是女性的3.4、4.3和5.4倍。结论北京城乡结合部中老年人群主要心血管疾病危险因素及其聚集暴露率较高,有必要采取禁烟、健康饮食和增加体力活动等人群干预措施。     

女性体力活动、膳食因素与心血管疾病危险因素

目的 探讨健康成年女性人群体力活动和膳食与心血管疾病危险因素之间多因素综合相关关系。方法 通过标准化的体力活动问卷（MOSPA）和膳食调查方法评价女性日常体力活动和膳食营养素摄入状况，并测量其心血管疾病危险因素水平（包括体质指数、血压、机体氧化应激水平、胰岛素敏感性和血脂水平），采用典型相关分析的统计方法探讨女性体力活动和膳食与心血管疾病危险因素之间的关系。结果 体力活动、膳食与心血管疾病危险因素之间的相关关系主要表现为：膳食总能量和抗氧化物的摄入与机体抗氧化状态之间，以及体力活动能耗与血脂之间的关系。结论 体力活动、膳食与心血管疾病危险因素之间有较密切的相关关系。     

广州市中年人群体力活动与其他心血管病危险因素关系的研究

目的 了解广州市城乡中年人群的体力活动状况及其与心血管病主要危险因素的关系。方法 采用整群随机抽样方法调查广州市35－59岁城市居民1124人及农村居民1029人，按照国家“九五”攻关课题（编号96－906－02－01）统一方案、采用标准化方法进行。结果 农村人群中等强度及以上的体力活动时间平均占全天的20．7％，明显高于城市人群（7．2％）；农村人民不活动或少活动的时间占全天的60．5％，较城市人群（73．7％）少。农村人群高胆固醇现患率、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇降低率、高血糖现患率和超重率均低于城市人群，但吸烟率和饮酒率明显高于城市人群。多元线性回归分析显示，不活动和少活动时间对血压升高、血中胆固醇升高、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇降低及体重增加的影响均有非常显性意义。结论 缺乏体力活动会使心血管病危险因素有增加的趋势。     

职业性、休闲性体力活动与其他心脑血管病危险因素关系

目的 探讨职业性、休闲性体力活动与其他心脑血管病危险因素的关系。方法 利用1997年及1998年广东省糖尿病流行病学调查资料分析不同强度等级职业性、休闲性体力活动与其他心脑血管病危险因素的关系。结果职业性、休闲性体力活动的城乡、性别分布不同；男性较女性暴露于心脑血管病的危险因素的机会更大；调整年龄、性别、城乡、受教育程度、家庭总收入和职业性体力活动(或休闲体力活动)后，随着职业性体力活动强度的增加，心脑血管病危险因素(吸烟外)的危险性随之降低；休闲性体力活动强度与心脑血管病危险因素则没有明显联系。结论 缺乏职业性体力活动可使心脑血管病危险因素增加。     

江门市女性体力活动膳食营养状况和心血管疾病危险因素水平调查

为探讨江门市区女性体力活动和膳食营养状况与心血管疾病相关危险因素,笔者于1999年10月～2000年5月以随机抽样的方法,对江门市区工厂和企事业单位,抽取35岁及以上,无心血管疾病,近期未服用激素类等药物的761名健康女性进行问卷调查。采用改良的美国疾病和预防控制中心(CDC)研制的MOSPA体力活动问卷。并按年龄和体力活动水平进行系统按比例分层随机抽样,抽取总样本量的30％进行膳食调查和血液指标的测量。     

饮食习惯和体力活动对妊娠期糖尿病的影响

目的 探讨饮食习惯和体力活动对妊娠期糖尿病发病的影响。方法 选择产科门诊确诊妊娠期糖尿病孕妇942列（GDM组）及其配对对照组作为调查对象,以问卷方式,对膳食史、饮食习惯和体力活动等情况进行回顾性调查。结果 GDM组每日膳食总热能、脂肪供热比、动物比脂肪百分比均显高于对照组（P＜0．05）;GDM组长期饱餐和喜甜食的比例显高于对照组（P＜0．05）;而GDM组平均体力活动量低于对照组（P＜0．05）。结论 孕期高热能、高脂肪的膳食,喜饱餐和喜甜食和较少的体力活动是诱使发生妊娠期糖尿病的重要影响因素。     

北京市城乡结合部居民超重/肥胖现状及影响因素调查

目的了解北京市海淀区城乡结合部居民超重/肥胖及危险因素现状,为预防和控制肥胖提供科学依据。方法采用多阶段随机整群抽样的方法,抽取海淀区城乡结合部5个乡镇30个行政村的18岁及以上常住居民19 003人,对超重/肥胖及危险因素等情况进行流行病学调查。结果调查对象超重和肥胖患病率分别为41.04%和23.75%,超重和肥胖的年龄别标化患病率分别为39.38%和22.95%,高于2002年北京市居民营养和健康状况调查报告的结果(P0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示:年龄、饮酒、嗜油腻是超重和肥胖的危险因素,OR值分别为1.05、1.79和2.28;工作强度大、参加体育锻炼、喜食蔬菜是超重和肥胖的保护因素,OR值分别为0.83、0.69和0.77。结论北京市海淀区城乡结合部成人超重、肥胖患病率较高,居民中普遍存在着行为、饮食习惯等不良因素,应该尽快采取综合措施,有针对性的在城乡结合部开展肥胖干预工作。     

兰州市城乡结合部居民慢性病影响因素分析

由于城市化进程不断加快,城乡结合部发展迅速,成为人口流动频繁的主要地区。为了解兰州市城乡结合部居民慢性病患病状况及行为影响因素,为慢性病防治提供依据,于2009年3月对兰州市七里河区居民进行了抽样调查。     

Prevalence of Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease and Their Associations with Diet and Physical Activity in Suburban Beijing,China

Background

We calculated new prevalences of risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and examined their associations with dietary habits and physical activity in a suburban area of Beijing—one of the most urbanized cities in China.

Methods

In 2007, a cross-sectional survey of a representative sample of 19 003 suburban residents aged 18 to 76 years was conducted. Dietary and anthropometric data were collected by questionnaire, and blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, and serum lipids were measured.

Results

The age-standardized prevalences of the CVD risk factors overweight/obesity, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and metabolic syndrome (MS) were 31.9%, 6.1%, 33.6%, 30.3%, and 11.6%, respectively. The adjusted odd ratios (95% confidence interval [CI]) of overweight/obesity, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and MS for participants who were physically active, as compared with those who were not physically active, were 0.67 (0.47 to 0.85), 0.87 (0.80 to 0.95), 0.92 (0.87 to 0.98), 0.89 (0.82 to 0.96), and 0.74 (0.62 to 0.89), respectively. The adjusted odds ratios (95% CI) of hypertension and MS for participants with a high intake of salt, as compared with those without a high intake of salt, were 1.72 (1.29 to 2.03) and 1.48 (1.16 to 1.77), respectively. In addition, participants who consumed a high-fat diet were more likely to be overweight/obese and dyslipidemic, whereas vegetarians had less risk of overweight/obesity, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and MS.

Conclusions

In this population of adults living in suburban Beijing, there were relatively high prevalences of the CVD risk factors overweight/obesity, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and MS. Healthy dietary habits and physical activity may reduce the risks of these conditions.Key words: cardiovascular disease, risk factors, associations, dietary habits, physical activity     

Dietary Patterns Associated with the Prevalence of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Kuwaiti Adults

BackgroundKuwaiti adults have experienced a rapid increase in cardiovascular disease (CVD) and its risk factors. Dietary patterns in the Kuwaiti diet associated with the increasingly higher CVD burden have not been adequately evaluated.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to identify the major dietary patterns in Kuwaiti adults and examine their associations with CVD risk factors.DesignThis cross-sectional study examined data from the 2008-2009 National Nutrition Survey of the State of Kuwait.Participants/settingThe study included 555 Kuwaiti adults aged ≥20 years who completed a 24-hour dietary recall.Main outcome measuresThe outcome measures included CVD risk factors such as obesity (body mass index), abdominal obesity (waist circumference), elevated blood pressure, dyslipidemia (blood lipid levels), diabetes (glucose and glycated hemoglobin levels), and metabolic syndrome.Statistical analysisDietary patterns were identified using principal component analysis. The associations between dietary patterns and CVD risk factors were analyzed using survey-weighted multivariable linear and logistic regression models.ResultsThree dietary patterns were identified: vegetable-rich, fast food, and refined grains/poultry. Younger adults had higher adherence to the fast-food or refined-grains/poultry dietary patterns, whereas older adults had higher adherence to the vegetable-rich dietary pattern. The fast-food dietary pattern was positively associated with body mass index (β=.94, 95% CI 0.08 to 1.79), waist circumference (β=2.05, 95% CI 0.20 to 3.90 cm), and diastolic blood pressure (β=1.62, 95% CI 0.47 to 2.77 mm Hg). The refined grains/poultry dietary pattern was positively associated with plasma glucose levels (β=1.02, 95% CI 1.002 to 1.04 mg/dL [0.056 to 0.058 mmol/L]). Individuals in the highest tertile of the fast-food or refined-grains/poultry dietary patterns had higher odds of metabolic syndrome than those in the lowest tertile.ConclusionsThe fast-food and refined grains/poultry dietary patterns were associated with high prevalence of CVD risk factors among Kuwaiti adults. The current findings underscore the need for prospective studies to further explore dietary pattern and CVD risk factor relationships among at-risk Kuwait adults.     

Measures of Acculturation are Associated with Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors, Dietary Intakes, and Physical Activity in Older Chinese Americans in New York City

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the U.S. and affects Chinese Americans disproportionately compared to other ethnic groups in the American population. Studies of immigrant populations have shown that risk factors for CVD, including diet and physical activity, differ by acculturation. This cross-sectional study evaluated whether two measures of acculturation (region of birthplace, length of residence in the U.S.) were associated with CVD risk factors, dietary intakes, and physical activity of 125 older Chinese Americans who participated in health fairs conducted in NYC. In this study, mean waist circumference differed significantly by birthplace. Mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure differed significantly by length of residence in the U.S. Mean intake of vitamin B6, folate and calcium differed significantly by birthplace: Chinese Americans from Hong Kong had the highest mean vitamin B6 intake whereas older Chinese Americans from Northern China had the highest folate and calcium intakes. Mean intake of riboflavin differed significantly by length of residence in the U.S. with Chinese Americans adults who lived in the U.S. less than 10 years having the highest mean intake. Mean dairy intake of Chinese Americans differed significantly by birthplace, with adults from northern China having the highest mean dairy intake. Vigorous-intensity physical activity differed significantly by birthplace, with adults from Hong Kong reporting the most daily minutes of vigorous-intensity physical activity. This study suggests that acculturation may be associated with the cardiovascular health of older Chinese Americans living in NYC.     

Comparison of Dietary Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease in African-American and White Women

Objective To compare African-American and white women's knowledge, attitudes, and energy and nutrient intakes related to cardiovascular disease risk.

Design The 1989 through 1991 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals and the Diet and Health Knowledge Survey (DHKS).

Subjects A nationally representative sample of 2,684 white and 449 African-American women who completed the DHKS and provided 3 days of dietary information.

Statistical analyses performed Comparisons between groups were made using t tests and χ² analyses. Analysis of covariance was used to adjust for age, percentage of poverty, and education.

Results Significant differences in dietary risk for cardiovascular disease were identified. White women consumed significantly less cholesterol and more potassium than African-American women. African-American women had significantly lower knowledge scores, but they were more likely than white women to indicate that their diets should be lower in fat and salt and to consider nutrition very important when shopping. White women had more positive attitudes toward the impact of diet on health than African-American women. Accounting for differences between the groups in age, education, and income explained few differences between the groups.

Applications This study identified differences in nutrient intake, knowledge, and attitudes about diet and health that can influence the willingness and ability of women to choose foods for a more healthful diet. Dietitians can use these findings to target strategies for changing behavior. For example, many African-American women acknowledge the need to change their current diets, so dietitians can help them design implementation plans or specific action plans to accomplish needed changes. J Am Diet Assoc. 1997;97: 1394-1400     

Prevalence of Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Factors Among Somali Immigrants and Refugees

Background

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risks are of concern among immigrants and refugees settling in affluent host countries. The prevalence of CVD and risk factors among Somali African immigrants to the U.S. has not been systematically studied.

Methods

In 2015–2016, we surveyed 1156 adult Somalis in a Midwestern metropolitan area using respondent-driven sampling to obtain anthropometric, interview, and laboratory data about CVD and associated risk factors, demographics, and social factors.

Results

The prevalence of diabetes and low physical activity among men and women was high. Overweight, obesity, and dyslipidemia were also particularly prevalent. Levels of calculated CVD risk across the community were greater for men than women.

Conclusion

Though CVD risk is lower among Somalis than the general U.S. population, our results suggest significant prevalence of risk factors among Somali immigrants. Comparison with prior research suggests that CVD risks may be increasing, necessitating thoughtful intervention to prevent adverse population outcomes.

     

儿童期心血管病危险因素现状研究

为了解城市儿童心血管病危险因素现状，作者在北京８～１１岁儿童中，进行了血压、血脂谱、肥胖、膳食状况及心血管病家族史等主要心血管病危险因素目前水平的小样本调查。主要结果为：以收缩压＞１６．０ｋＰａ（１２０ｍｍＨｇ）和／或舒张压＞１０．７ｋＰａ（８０ｍｍＨｇ）为诊断标准，血压偏高检出率为７．２％；２１．９％的儿童血脂水平超过膳食干预推荐值；单纯性肥胖患病率为１１．７％。膳食状况中最突出的问题是摄入高胆固醇，平均日胆固醇摄入量为４８３．４ｍｇ，有７２％的儿童超过３００ｍｇ。与以往资料相比，这一儿童人群有较高的心血管病危险因素暴露水平。本结果提示，加强儿童期心血管病危险因素的监测与干预是十分必要的。