急性淋巴细胞白血病免疫分型的特点及其临床意义

目的:为了探讨急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)各亚型免疫分型的特点及其临床意义。方法:采用CD45/SSC双参数散点图设门,应用三色流式细胞术,对81 例ALL的初诊患者骨髓标本进行免疫分型,并对其中45例进行核型分析。结果:①B细胞系列的ALL(B ALL)中CD19表达最常见(阳性率为100%),而T细胞系列的ALL(T ALL)中CD5和CD7表达阳性率最高,均为90%;B -ALL和T- ALL都存在抗原交叉表达的现象;两组患者的完全缓解(CR)率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);②伴髓系抗原表达的急性淋巴细胞白血病(My+ALL)比较常见,本组达到39.5%,常累及B淋巴系统(占My+ ALL的84.4%);各髓系抗原中以CD13 表达阳性率最高;此类患者的CR率较高,儿童CR率为72.2%,成人为78.6%;③急性杂合性白血病(HAL)的发病率为19.8%,以髓系、B系共同表达者居多;并且CD34表达阳性率较高(81.3%),该类患者CR率较低(儿童和成人分别为50%和40%);④CD34在B ALL,My+ALL和HAL中表达阳性率较高,而T ALL中少见(P<0.05)。结论:免疫分型在诊断特殊类型的ALL(如HAL,My+ALL)中具有显著优势;CD19和CD5诊断B- ALL和T- ALL的灵敏度较好,但特异性不高,存在抗原交叉表达;CD34和髓系抗原的表达与CR率无相关性,但在HAL,CD34的表达与CR率成负相关。     

形态学、免疫学、细胞遗传学联合检测诊断急性白血病的临床意义

为探讨形态学、免疫学、细胞遗传学联合检测对急性白血病(AL)诊断、治疗、预后判断等方面的临床意义，对初诊为AL的39例患者分别进行了骨髓细胞形态学、免疫学及染色体检测。并按照FAB标准进行形态学(组织化学染色)分型；采用间接免疫荧光法标记活细胞膜表面分化抗原(CD)进行免疫学分型；采用24小时培养法制备染色体标本，G带显示法进行染色体检查。结果：39例患者经形态学检查确诊为AL，其中急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)8例，急性非淋巴细胞白血病(ANLL)29例，2例难以分型；免疫学诊断为ALL8例(其中2例伴髓系抗原表达)，ANLL29例(其中4例伴淋巴细胞抗原表达)，2例形态学难以分型者，诊断为急性杂合性白血病。免疫学与形态学分型符合率94．9％(37／39)。39例中染色体核型异常18例。本研究结果还显示，经临床治疗后染色体复杂畸形者缓解率低，正常核型及某些染色体核型[如t(15；17)]者缓解率较高。认为形态学、免疫学、细胞遗传学联合检测可提高AL诊断的准确性，有助于制定治疗方案及判断预后。     

儿童急性白血病形态学免疫学和细胞遗传学的分型诊断

目的：准确地进行儿童急性白血病（AL）的诊断分型,提高初诊患儿的诊断符合率。方法：采用形态学、免疫学和细胞遗传学（MIC）相结合的诊断方法,分析了110例初诊为AL的患儿。结果：形态学与MIC分型诊断符合率为88．2％;急性淋巴细胞性白血病（ALL）免疫分型诊断符合率为92．2％;而急性髓细胞性白血病（AML）仅为62．9％。8／35例AML表达淋系抗原（1y^ -AML),12／59例ALL表达髓系抗原（My^ -AML);11／110例为杂合性白血病。染色体核型异常检出率为63．6％。t(8;21）易位见于（13／21例）M2;t(7;11）易位见于12例M2;t（15;17）易位见于（2／5例）M3;t（9;22）和t（4;11）易位见于（8／64例）ALL。结论：运用MIC诊断分型方法能提高儿童AL的诊断率,为AL个体化治疗和评估预后提供信息。     

急性淋巴细胞白血病患者FLT3基因及FLT3/ITD基因突变的检测及临床意义

目的:研究急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)患者FLT3基因及其内部串联重复(ITD)突变情况。方法:采用多聚酶链反应(PCR)联合单链构象多态性(SSCP)方法检测76例不同免疫分型ALL患者FLT3基因及FLT3/ITD基因突变。结果:76例ALL患者经PCR扩增发现46例(60.5%)FLT3基因检测阳性,其中前前B细胞ALL、前B细胞ALL、成熟B细胞ALL及T细胞系ALL患者FLT3基因检测阳性率分别为88.2%(15/17),73.9%(17/23),40.0%(6/15)和23.5%(4/17);前前B细胞ALL和前B细胞患者ALL FLT3基因检测阳性率80.0%,显著高于成熟B细胞ALL(40.0%)(P<0.01);B细胞系ALL患者FLT3基因检测阳性率为69.1%,显著高于T细胞系ALL患者(23.5%)(P<0.01)。76例ALL患者中仅有2例(2.6%)出现FLT3/ITD基因突变,此2例均为伴有2种髓系抗原表达,免疫学检查诊断为急性混合细胞白血病患者,均伴有外周血高白细胞数、骨髓中高白血病细胞比例及预后较差。结论:B细胞系ALL和T细胞系ALL患者均可检测出FLT3基因,但B细胞系ALL患者FLT3基因检测阳性率显著高于T细胞系ALL;B细胞系ALL中细胞分化越成熟则FLT3基因检测率阳性越低。ALL患者一般不出现FLT3/ITD基因突变,FLT3/ITD基因突变检测可能有助于急性白血病基因分型及预后判断。     

免疫分型结合基因重排对成人急性淋巴细胞白血病诊断及预后的判断价值

目的：探讨用免疫分型组合免疫球蛋白重链（IgH)及T细胞受体γ（TCRγ）基因重排对急性淋巴细胞白血病（ALL）的分型诊断及预后的判断价值。方法：免疫分型采用碱性磷酸酶抗性磷酸酶复合物（APAAP）免疫组化法,基因重排采用多聚酶链反应技术（PCR法）检测58例初治成人ALL患者。结果：①通过免疫分型检测,58例ALL中,43例（74．1％）为不带髓系相关标记的ALL（My^-ALL),15例（25．9％）为带髓系相关标记的ALL（My^ ALL),以CD15最常见。②采用PCR法检测IgH基因重排和TCRγ基因重排发现,58例ALL中有79．3％（46／58）免疫分型与基因重排结果完全吻合,即T－ALL出现TCRγ基因重排阳性,B－ALL出现IgH基因重排阳性,20．7％（12／58）基因重排结果与免疫分型不能完全吻合。③58例ALL经DOLP或DOCP方案1个疗程后,My^-ALL CR为72．1％（31／43）,My^ ALL为66．7％（10．15）;ALL不同阶段CR率分别是：T－ALL为82．4％（14／17）,ProB-ALL为50．0％（3／6）,C－ALL为90．5％（19／21）,RreB-ALL为33．3％（4／12）,成熟B－ALL为50．0％（1／2）;经基因重排检测与免疫分型吻合的ALL CR率为71．7％（33／46）,不吻合的ALL66．7％（8／12）。结论：对于白血病的分型应在FAB分型的基础上加用免疫分,可提高确诊率且对预后判断有价值;基因重排诊断仅有参考价值,对预后尚无指导意义。     

慢性髓细胞白血病急变期形态学及免疫学和细胞遗传学特征研究

目的：探讨慢性髓细胞白血病急变期（CML－BC）的形态学、免疫表型和细胞遗传学法及流式细胞仪进行细胞免疫分型,细胞遗传滂采用直接法或短期培养法制备染色体标本,采用R显带技术进行核型分析。结果：免疫分型结果显示：急变为急性髓细胞白血病（AML）23例占74．2％;急性淋巴细胞白血病（ALL）5例占16．1％,均为B系ALL,其中4例同时伴有髓系表达;急性未分化细胞白血病1例,B系和髓系急性混合细胞白血病（AMLL）2例。31例CML－BC中21例（67．7％）的急变患者CD34^ ,其中4／5（80．0％）ALL,15／23（65。2％）,2／2AMLL均为CD34^ 。AML急变患者中具有CD7和CD34共表达者为8／23（占34．8％）。细胞遗传学分析表明,14／27（51．9％）和急变期患者出现Ph染色体以外的附加核型异常,其中有＋8（3／14）,＋Ph(3/14),i(17q)(2/14),Y染色体丢失（1／14）及复杂易位5／14）。结论：CML－BC是一干细胞疾病,原始细胞分化阻滞在早期阶段,故预后差。MIC分型在CML－BC诊断,预后判断及指导治疗方面均有重要价值。     

髓系抗原、P-糖蛋白和CD34抗原在急性淋巴细胞白血病中的表达及其意义

目的　探讨急性淋巴细胞白血病 (ALL)的髓系抗原、P 糖蛋白 (P gp)和CD3 4 表达特点及其与预后的关系。方法　采用间接免疫荧光法标记流式细胞仪 (FCM )检测 84例初治ALL患者的免疫表型。结果　ALL髓系抗原阳性率为 17.8% ,其中CD13 阳性最常见。CD3 4 表达阳性率为45 .3 % ,与髓系抗原表达和治疗缓解率无显著相关性。髓系抗原阳性组病例 (My ALL)肝脾肿大明显 ,白细胞总数增高显著 ,完全缓解 (CR)率明显低于阴性组病例 (P <0 .0 1)。P gp阳性表达率为 3 2 .1% ,P gp表达阳性与My ALL化疗效果有相关性。结论　My ALL细胞对于常规诱导缓解方案不敏感 ,选择兼顾ALL AML的方案可提高治疗效果。P gp高度表达与低CR率有密切关系     

儿童白血病MIC分型及群体生物学特征分析

目的 分析南京及周边地区儿童白血病发病的基本情况和规律.方法 总结性分析2005年10月～2011年10月南京儿童医院住院的200例儿童白血病患儿的流行病学资料.结果 本组患儿中急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL) 146例(73％),ALL免疫表型中B系124例(85％),初诊白血病细胞核型异常率为44.8％.ALL、急性髓细胞白血病(AML)中男性患儿发病率高于女性.10岁以下白血病患儿占90.5％ (181/200),ALL患儿中1～5岁占57.6％.结论 我院儿童白血病以ALL居多,其免疫表型以B系为主,初诊白血病细胞核型异常率高;ALL、AML患儿中男性高于女性,10岁以下患儿比率高,1～5岁为AML发病高峰期.     

Ph染色体阳性成人急性淋巴细胞白血病3例临床分析

目的探讨Ph染色体阳性成人急性淋巴细胞白血病（Ph＋ALL）的形态学、免疫学、细胞遗传学和临床特点。方法分析3例初诊Ph＋ALL患者血液学、骨髓细胞学、免疫学、细胞遗传学及临床特点。结果 3例患者FAB分型均为ALL-L2型;免疫学标记均为B-细胞,表达cCD79a、CD19、CD10;均表达造血干/祖细胞抗原CD34、HLA-DR;2例伴髓系抗原表达;单独使用VDCPL（长春新碱、柔红霉素、环磷酰胺、强的松、左旋门冬酰胺酶）方案化疗后均获得完全缓解（CR）。结论 Ph＋ALL免疫表型几乎全部为前体B细胞,表达造血干/祖细胞抗原,常伴有髓系表达,单独使用化疗亦有较高的CR率。     

老年急性白血病MIC特征

目的 研究老年急性白血病(AL)免疫学等生物学特征。方法 对51例老年AL进行形态学、免疫学和细胞遗传学(MIC)分型实验研究。结果 ①急性髓系白血病(AML)43例(84.3％),急性淋巴细胞性白血病(ALL)8例(15.7％)。②老年AL免疫表型系列专一性为62.7％、表达二系的为21.6％,而成人对照组分别为92.5％和2.4％,P<0.01。老年AL表达三系的有3.9％、裸细胞型AL为11.8％,而对照组分别为0.7％和4.8％。P<0.05。③各抗原的具体表达在老年AL与对照组中除CD_(42b)外,都无显著差异。④老年AL核型正常27例(52.9％),核型异常24例(47.1％)。⑤形态学与免疫学一致率为84.3％。结论 老年AL以AML为主,表达二系、三系抗原和裸细胞型的比例明显增多。     

Adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia phenotypes defined by monoclonal antibodies

Pretreatment peripheral blood and/or bone marrow blasts from 90 adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) were analyzed as part of a prospective treatment protocol study. Specimens were tested by immunofluorescence cytofluorometry for reactivity with the following monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs): BA-1 (B cell antigen); T101, OKT11 (pan-T cell antigens [T]); 3A1 (T cell antigen); MCS-2 (myeloid antigen); J5 common ALL antigen (CALLA); BA4 (Ia antigen [Ia]); BA-2 (lymphohematopoietic antigen). Four major phenotypic groups were identified: B lineage ALL (BA-1+T-) (64%), T lineage ALL (T+BA-1-MCS-2-) (13%), unclassified ALL (BA-1-MCS-2-CALLA-T-) (9%) and myeloid antigen ALL (MCS-2+CALLA-T-) (7%). An additional group of patients, miscellaneous ALL (7%), was comprised of cases with unusual marker profiles. In B lineage ALL, all cases tested were Ia+MCS-2-, and the vast majority were CALLA+ (84%). In T lineage ALL, 42% expressed CALLA or Ia positivity. In unclassified ALL, the predominant phenotype was Ia+BA-2+. In myeloid antigen ALL, two of four tested were 3A1+ and all cases evaluated were BA-1-. Patients with myeloid antigen ALL were older (median age, 66 years) than patients in the other groups. The T lineage ALL group had higher leukocyte counts (median WBCs, 183,000/microL) and an increased incidence of anterior mediastinal mass at presentation. All patients received identical induction therapy. In CALLA+B lineage ALL, 30 of 46 (65%) achieved a complete remission. While the number of patients evaluated was small, 9 of 9 CALLA-B-lineage ALL and only two of six myeloid antigen ALL cases responded with a complete remission. The data suggest that these MoAbs are useful in the characterization of adult ALL.     

Myeloid antigen expression provides favorable outcome in patients with adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a single-center study

Between July 1992 and July 2001, 81 patients with de novo adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) treated according to the German Multicenter Study Group for Adult ALL (GMALL) 01/81 protocol were evaluated in order to analyze the effect of aberrant myeloid antigen expression on prognosis. We observed myeloid antigen aberrant expression in 21 of the adult ALL cases. We did not observe any effect of aberrant myeloid antigen expression on the time to achieve remission, relapse rate, and death rate. After 5 years of follow-up, cumulative disease-free survival of myeloid antigen (My) (+) and My (-) adult ALL patients was 67% and 43%, respectively. These data were not found to be statistically significant (P=0.29), but we did find a statistically significant difference in overall survivals between these two groups (85% vs 50%) (P=0.05). Twenty-nine patients died and the remaining 52 patients were followed for a median of 31 months. We could not find any special effect of the known prognostic factors on prediction of relapse in multivariate analysis. However, myeloid antigen expression was the most significant factor, which affected long-term survival in our patients (P=0.01). These data indicate that myeloid antigen expression is useful for predicting a favorable outcome of adult patients with ALL.     

Prognostic Value of Early Response to Treatment Combined with Conventional Risk Factors in Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

To determine useful prognostic factors in treating childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), we correlated conventional risk factors and bone marrow response 14 days after induction chemotherapy. Our study included 116 precursor B-cell (n = 104) and T-cell (n = 12) ALL patients treated with our protocol between 1988 and 1999. The patients were classified into 3 initial risk groups on the basis of conventional risk factors (56 in the low-risk, 33 in the high-risk, and 27 in the very high-risk groups). All patients received similar systemic chemotherapy regimens before the evaluation of their bone marrow on day 14. We evaluated the marrow of 69 patients as M1 (less than 5% blasts), 25 as M2 (5%-25% blasts), and 22 as M3 (more than 25% blasts). Although all patients attained an initial complete remission (CR), relapse was noted in 33 of the 116 patients, and 15 patients died. All of the M1 marrow patients, irrespective of the initial risk group, showed the best event-free survival rate (85.1% +/- 3 4.4%), the lowest relapse rate (14.5%), and the highest attainment of a second CR (100%); they were defined as the new R1 prognostic group. The low-risk patients with M2 or M3 marrow (R2 group) had a relatively high relapse rate, but all of these relapsed patients were treated successfully with subsequent therapy. High- or very high-risk patients with M2 or M3 marrow (R3 group) had the worst prognosis. Our new prognostic definition (R1, R2, R3) incorporating day 14 marrow findings is useful to tailor early-phase treatments for better therapeutic results in childhood ALL.     

Treatment-related death in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in the Nordic countries: 1992-2001

Despite continuously more successful treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), 2-5% of children still die of other causes than relapse. The Nordic Society of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology-ALL92 protocol included 1652 patients < or =15 years of age with precursor B- and T-cell ALL diagnosed between 1992 and 2001. Induction deaths and deaths in first complete remission (CR1) were included in the study. A total of 56 deaths (3%) were identified: 19 died during induction (1%) and 37 in CR1 (2%). Infection was the major cause of death in 38 cases. Five patients died of early death before initiation of cytotoxic therapy. Five patients died because of toxicity of inner organs and one of accidental procedure failures. Seven patients died of complications following allogenic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in CR1. Girls were at higher risk of treatment-related death (TRD) [relative risk (RR) = 2.2; 95% confidence interval (CI(95%)): 1.2-4.0, P < 0.01], mostly because of infections. Risk of TRD was also higher in children with Down syndrome (RR = 4.5; CI(95%): 2.0-10.2, P < 0.00). In conclusion, 3% of children with ALL died of TRD, with bacterial infections as the most common cause of death. Girls and Down syndrome patients had a higher risk of TRD. Infections still remain a major challenge in childhood ALL.     

Unrelated donor bone marrow transplantation for children with relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in second complete remission

Allogeneic sibling bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is the recommended treatment for relapsed childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), but appropriate donors are only available in 30% of cases. Unfortunately, BMT from unrelated donors (UD) has been associated with high rates of severe graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) and transplant-related mortality (TRM). In an attempt to improve outcome in UD-BMT we have assessed the impact of T-cell depletion using CAMPATH-1 (anti-CD52) monoclonal antibodies in 50 consecutively referred patients with relapsed ALL in second remission. All were previously treated according to MRC protocols UKALL X and XI, and then given chemotherapy on MRC R1 from relapse until UD-BMT. 19 patients had relapsed on and 31 off therapy.
Patients and donors were fully matched at HLA-A, -B, -DR and -DQ loci in 29 cases and mismatched in 21 (four mismatched for more than one antigen). Pre-transplant conditioning comprised CAMPATH-1G, cyclophosphamide and total body irradiation. Bone marrow was T-cell depleted in vitro using CAMPATH-1 antibodies. Additional GvHD prophylaxis consisted of cyclosporin A (42 cases), cyclosporin plus methotrexate (four) or none (four). 47 patients engrafted. The incidence of acute GvHD was very low: two patients with grade II disease in the matched group, four with grade II–IV in the mismatched group. Only four patients have chronic GvHD. The actuarial event-free survival (EFS) at 2 years is 53%, with no significant difference between the matched and mismatched group. Further leukaemic relapse was the most important cause of failure.
These results are similar to the most favourable published reports for HLA-matched sibling BMT in relapsed ALL.     

Comparative analysis of Ig and TCR gene rearrangements at diagnosis and at relapse of childhood precursor-B-ALL provides improved strategies for selection of stable PCR targets for monitoring of minimal residual disease

Immunoglobulin (Ig) and T-cell receptor (TCR) gene rearrangements are excellent patient-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targets for detection of minimal residual disease (MRD) in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), but they might be unstable during the disease course. Therefore, we performed detailed molecular studies in 96 childhood precursor-B-ALL at diagnosis and at relapse (n = 91) or at presumably secondary acute myeloid leukemia (n = 5). Clonal Ig and TCR targets for MRD detection were identified in 94 patients, with 71% of these targets being preserved at relapse. The best stability was found for IGK-Kde rearrangements (90%), followed by TCRG (75%), IGH (64%), and incomplete TCRD rearrangements (63%). Combined Southern blot and PCR data for IGH, IGK-Kde, and TCRD genes showed significant differences in stability at relapse between monoclonal and oligoclonal rearrangements: 89% versus 40%, respectively. In 38% of patients all MRD-PCR targets were preserved at relapse, and in 40% most of the targets (> or = 50%) were preserved. In 22% of patients most targets (10 cases) or all targets (10 cases) were lost at relapse. The latter 10 cases included 4 patients with secondary acute myeloid leukemia with germline Ig/TCR genes. In 5 other patients additional analyses proved the clonal relationship between both disease stages. Finally, in 1 patient all Ig/TCR gene rearrangements were completely different between diagnosis and relapse, which is suggestive of secondary ALL. Based on the presented data, we propose stepwise strategies for selection of stable PCR targets for MRD monitoring, which should enable successful detection of relapse in most (95%) of childhood precursor-B-ALL.     

小儿急性淋巴细胞白血病转铁蛋白受体表达的临床研究

采用 APAAP桥联酶标技术测定 5 1例急性淋巴细胞白血病 (AL L )初发患儿、4 0例完全缓解 (CR)患儿、10例复发患儿外周血单个核细胞 (PMNCs)上转铁蛋白受体 (Tf R)的表达水平。发现 AL L各期 (初发、CR、复发 ) Tf R表达水平均比正常对照组明显增加 (P均 <0 .0 0 1) ;4 0例 CR患儿的 Tf R水平较其初发时显著降低 (P<0 .0 0 1) ;10例复发患儿 Tf R水平较其 CR时显著升高 (P<0 .0 1) ;13例高危型 AL L 患儿的 Tf R水平明显高于 38例普通型 AL L 患儿 (P<0 .0 5 )。提示 AL L患儿 PMNCs上 Tf R表达水平对估计病情、观察疗效、判断预后具有一定意义     

Autologous bone marrow transplantation for acute leukaemia in remission

Between 1980 and 1985, 175 patients with acute leukaemia in first or subsequent complete remission (CR) were treated by chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy followed by transfusion of autologous bone marrow cells that had been collected days or months previously. In 85 cases, autologous marrow cells were treated ex vivo with cytotoxic drugs or monoclonal antibodies with the intention of removing residual leukaemic cells. The actuarial relapse-free rate was 52% at 2 years. Of 89 patients autografted for acute non-lymphocytic (myeloid) leukaemia (ANLL), 60 were treated in first remission and 18 in second CR; their relapse-free rates at 2 years were 67% and 41% respectively (P less than 0.001). In contrast, of 77 patients autografted for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), 32 were treated in first CR and 28 in second CR and their actuarial relapse free rates at 2 years were 56% and 55% respectively (P = NS). There was no significant difference in leukaemia relapse rates between patients autografted with purged and those autografted with non-purged marrow cells. These preliminary results suggest that autologous bone marrow transplantation may be valuable if offered to patients with ANLL in first CR or to patients with ALL in first or second CR but the need for marrow purging remains uncertain.     

Bcl-2蛋白在成人急性白血病表达的临床意义

目的:检测Bcl-2蛋白在不同阶段成人急性白血病的表达分布,分析Bcl-2蛋白表达是否可以作为预测化疗反应的指标。方法:选择成人急性白血病患者骨髓标本72例,分3组:初治组18例,完全缓解(CR)组38例,复发组16例。正常对照组6例。以流式细胞仪和单克隆抗体检测Bcl-2蛋白表达,进行统计学分析。结果:①Bcl-2蛋白在初治组、CR组和复发组表达率分别为11.11%、18.42%、62.50%。复发组表达率显著高于初治组和CR组(均P<0.01),初治组和CR组表达率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);②Bcl-2在急性髓细胞白血病和急性淋巴细胞白血病表达率分别是24.07%(13/54)和33.33%(6/18);两组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);③Bcl-2蛋白表达阳性组与阴性组CR率分别是36.84%和77.36%(P<0.01)。结论:Bcl-2蛋白在成人急性白血病复发组高表达并且与CR率低相关。