升主动脉后二尖瓣显露途径的解剖学研究

目的 为升主动脉后二尖瓣显露手术入路提供理论依据。方法 以解剖学的方法,于１０个离体成人心脏上模拟升主动脉后二尖瓣显露切口、经右心房－房间隔切口和经房间沟－左心房切口,对三种切口长度进行测量并比较。在５具尸体上模拟主动脉后显露二尖瓣手术入路,对该切口的层次和显露效果进行观察。结果 升主动脉后二尖瓣显露切口的长度明显长于其它两种切口,二对尖瓣的显露效果也明显优于其它两种切口。结论 在主动脉瓣和二尖瓣     

心脏外科胸骨旁小切口的解剖学研究

目的 研究心脏外科胸骨旁小切口的显露范围及手术适应征。方法 以15具正常成人福尔马林浸泡尸体,建立不同平面的胸骨旁小切口模型。测量皮肤切口长度,经牵引后切口的内、外缘及上、下缘的最大长度。观察心脏外表及与心脏手术相关部位的显露情况。观察经右房右侧壁切口及两房顶切口对心脏内部结构的显露情况。结果 切除右侧第2、第3、第4、第2、3、第3、4和第2、3、4肋软骨的胸骨旁小切口的皮肤切口长度分别为4.3±0.8,4.2±0.6,4.3±0.9,9.3±0.6,9.7±0.4和12.1±0.5cm。切除单个肋骨可显露一定的部位,但范围较小。切除2、3肋软骨对上腔静脉、右房、升主动脉及动脉瓣环有良好的显露,下腔静脉显露稍差。切除3、4肋软骨对上腔静脉和升主动脉显露较差,主动脉瓣环、下腔静脉及右房显露较好,切除2、3、4肋软骨对上腔静脉、右房、升主动脉、主动脉瓣环及下腔静脉均有较好的显露。结论 胸骨旁小切口对病人胸前皮肤的美观影响小,损伤小。切除单个肋软骨可完成某些手术,但难度过大。切除2、3肋软骨可完成房间隔、二尖瓣及主动脉瓣等处的手术。切除3、4肋软骨可完成房间隔、主动脉瓣、二尖瓣、三尖瓣等处的手术。切除2、3、4肋软骨的手术损伤稍大,虽操作更为方便,不值得提倡。胸骨旁小切口均要求体外循环建立于切     

75例胸主动脉瘤的外科治疗临床分析

目的总结胸主动脉瘤的外科治疗方案以及经验体会。方法回顾性分析2003年9月—2013年10月蚌埠医学院第一附属医院心胸外科收治的75例各类胸主动脉病变患者的临床资料。其中9例Stanford A型主动脉夹层动脉瘤患者,行升主动脉+主动脉全弓置换手术3例、升主动脉+主动脉半弓置换手术6例;26例Stanford B型主动脉夹层动脉瘤患者,行体外循环下人工血管置换8例、腔内隔绝术18例;22例风湿性主动脉瓣病变合并升主动脉瘤样扩张患者(升主动脉直径>5 cm),行升主动脉置换+主动脉瓣置换术13例、升主动脉包裹+主动脉瓣置换术9例;17例马凡综合征患者行Bentall手术;1例升主动脉瘤合并先天性主动脉弓缩窄(导管后型)、主动脉瓣反流患者,在完成Bentall手术后行升主动脉至双侧股动脉搭桥手术。结果75例患者均手术顺利,手术时间65~280 min,平均(166.5依76.7)min;主动脉阻断时间28~138 min,平均(78.5依33.4)min;选择性脑灌注时间24~106 min,平均(53.1依18.7) min。1例行升主动脉+主动脉全弓置换手术患者因术后出血、多器官衰竭死亡。2例Bentall手术者因术后出血较多予二次手术止血。术后肺部感染3例、肾功能衰竭2例、短暂性室性心动过速1例、顽固性电解质紊乱1例,予积极对症治疗,均痊愈。行腔内隔绝术患者术后未见血管内漏及支架移位等并发症。65例获随访,随访6~110个月,平均(50.2依10.8)个月。随访期间,1例出现肠梗阻患者经保守治疗痊愈,1例因脑梗塞死亡,其余患者恢复满意,生活质量与治疗前相比,均得到显著提高。结论胸主动脉瘤种类较多,在进行胸主动脉瘤的治疗时,根据患者的具体情况、选择个体化治疗方案是取得良好治疗效果的关键。     

心脏人工机械瓣相关并发症外科治疗初步经验

目的　总结 15例心脏人工机械瓣相关并发症外科治疗初步经验。方法　本组 15例患者中 ,男 7例 ,女 8例 ,年龄 315 9岁 ,平均 (4 5 .5± 8.0 )岁。术前均明确诊断 ,人工机械瓣心内膜炎 4例 ,单纯主动脉瓣周漏 4例 ,单纯二尖瓣周漏 4例 ,单纯主动脉瓣并二尖瓣周漏 2例 ,二尖瓣栓塞 1例。肺水肿 10例 ,充血性心力衰竭 6例。再次手术距首次手术时间间隔 1个月至 72个月 ,平均 (2 1.9± 18.2 )个月。本组在全麻中度低温体外循环下行再次主动脉瓣替换术 4例 ,再次二尖瓣替换术 2例 ,主动脉瓣周漏修补术 2例 ,二尖瓣周漏修补术 5例 ,主动脉瓣和二尖瓣周漏修补术 2例。同期手术包括主动脉右心室交通残余漏修补术 1例 ,三尖瓣成形术 4例 ,主动脉瓣替换术 1例 ,冠状动脉旁路移植术 1例。结果　手术死亡 5例 (33.3% )。术后低心排、多脏器功能衰竭 (3例 )为死亡主要原因。 1例为劈胸骨时损伤主动脉大出血 ,术后深昏迷死亡 ,中毒性休克死亡 1例。存活 10例 ,随访 ,死亡 1例为再次主动脉瓣替换术后半年瓣膜栓塞 ,余 9例心功能明显改善。结论　人工机械瓣膜病外科治疗值得 ,但手术危险性较高     

冠状动脉旁路移植与同期心脏瓣膜置换

背景：心脏瓣膜置换或成形同期行冠状动脉旁路移植手术的选择已成为目前治疗冠状动脉粥样化性心脏病合并心脏瓣膜病的发展趋势。目的：回顾性总结51例心脏瓣膜替换或成形同时行冠状动脉旁路移植手术的经验。方法：回顾性分析同期施行心脏瓣膜置换或成形及冠状动脉旁路移植患者51例临床资料,共移植旁路血管109支,同时行主动脉瓣置换10 例,二尖瓣置换14例,二尖瓣置换联合三尖瓣成形8例,主动脉瓣联合二尖瓣双瓣置换4例,主动脉瓣、二尖瓣双瓣联合三尖瓣成形3例,二尖瓣成形7例,二尖瓣成形联合三尖瓣成形5例。结果与结论：置换生物瓣膜者9例,机械瓣膜者31例,二尖瓣成形11例,三尖瓣成形16例;共移植旁路血管109支,冠状动脉旁路移植平均搭桥(1.92±0.73)支;术后30 d内死亡4例。47例顺利出院,其中2例失访,45例随访3-48个月,1例半年后脑梗死,1例于术后1年多死于心脏功能不全,存活的43例心功能改善明显,均可进行一般的生活与活动。综合分析得出彻底解除瓣膜病变,充分保障心肌再血管化,保护心肌,尽量缩短主动脉阻断时间是手术成功的关键因素。 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植;肝移植;移植;心脏移植;组织移植;皮肤移植;皮瓣移植;血管移植;器官移植;组织工程全文链接：     

浅谈物资管理系统在医院的应用

目的总结巨大左心室瓣膜病外科治疗经验。方法共13例巨大左心室瓣膜病人进行瓣膜置换手术,其中二尖瓣置换术4例,主动脉瓣置换术9例,同时三尖瓣成形术2例。结果术后出现低心排3例,频发室性早搏4例,呼吸功能不全2例,术后无早期死亡病例。结论选择合适的手术时机,合理的围手术期处理是提高巨大左心室瓣膜病人手术疗效的关键。     

主动脉窦瘤破裂手术体会

目的 探讨主动脉窦瘤破裂手术，总结分析手术效果和手术经验。方法 回顾性分析1997年1月至2003年6月收治43例主动脉窦瘤破裂病人的临床资料。结果 全组无死亡病例，术后切口感染1例、轻度主动脉瓣关闭不全1例、传导阻滞1例、感染性心内膜炎合并主动脉瓣关闭不全1例。结论 主动脉窦瘤破裂手术风险小且远期效果好，早期手术可以避免疾病恶化和引起并发症。     

胸部左前外侧小切口显露效果的评价

目的 评价胸部左前外侧小切口对心脏手术操作部位的显露效果，为其临床使用提供参考。方法 随机选取福尔马林保存成人尸体6具，模拟不同平面的胸部左前外侧小切口，对不同平面的胸部左前外侧小切口对上腔静脉、下腔静脉、升主动脉、肺动脉、主动脉瓣、房间隔及室间隔等结构的显露效果进行观察。结果 胸部左前外侧小切口对右心各结构显露效果差，第3和第4肋间水平的胸部左前外侧小切口肺动脉和主动脉瓣显露效果良好，对其他结构显露不良。结论 使用特殊的体外循环方法，通过胸部左前外侧小切口可完成肺动脉和肺动脉瓣手术。     

右前外侧切口心脏不停跳下心内直视手术15例报告

目的 介绍经右交外侧切口浅低温体外循环心脏不停跳下心内直视手术的经验。方法 经右前外侧第三肋间进胸,浅低温体循环,不阻断升主动脉,不冷灌,心脏空跳慢跳下行为心内直视手术１５例,继发孔房间隔缺损４例,缺损直径〈１．０ｃｍ的膜周部室间隔缺损３例,左房粘液瘤１例,风湿性心脏病二尖瓣狭窄伴关闭不全６例,主动脉瓣狭窄伴半闭不全１例。结果 本组病例无手术死亡及并发症,体外循环时间与标准术式相近。     

421例重症心脏瓣膜替换术中的体外循环探讨

本文报告1993～1996年12月施行421例重症心脏瓣膜替换术的体外循环经验.病人年龄26～66岁,体重39～88 kg.其中作二尖瓣替换术208例;二尖瓣和主动脉瓣双瓣替换术148例;主动脉瓣替换术59例;其余6例行双瓣伴作冠状动脉搭桥手术.体外循环转流时间90～357 min,主动脉阻断时间50～170 min,心脏停跳时间54～175 min.术中灌注压8～12 kPa,中心静脉压0～0.98 kPa.自动复跳245例,占60%.全组421例中,手术死亡数16例,病死率为3.8%.为了提高重症心脏手术的体外循环质量,增加手术成功率,作者强调:①选用优质膜式肺,以保证长时间转流,②长时间转流必须采用高流量灌注,维持良好动脉压,③选用顺灌伴逆灌的心肌保护方法,④适当延长辅助循环时间.     

Severe valvular and aortic arch calcification in a patient with Gaucher's disease homozygous for the D409H mutation

Gaucher's disease is an autosomal recessive inherited defect of the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase, which leads to glucocerebroside accumulation in the reticuloendothelial system. Homozygosity for the D409H mutation has been associated with cardiovascular valvular disease. We present a case of a 17-year-old Palestinian patient who presented with severe aortic and mitral valvular calcification, as well as calcification of the ascending aorta, the aortic arch and the ostia of his coronary arteries. The patient was confirmed to be homozygous for the D409H mutation in the glucocerebrosidase gene. The patient's enzyme assay for glucocerebrosidase activity was 5 nm/h/mg protein (normal 13-22 nm/h/mg). The patient presented with symptoms of dyspnea and chest pain. He had a 6-year history of documented aortic valve calcification by echocardiogram after two of his older brothers died of congestive heart failure and severe valvular calcification. Cardiac catheterization showed a severely calcified aorta with almost no motion of the aortic valve leaflets and severe calcification of the mitral valve and the mitral valvular apparatus. The patient underwent extensive cardiac surgery with aortic and mitral valve replacements and intraoperative findings confirmed calcification of the entire aortic root. Electron microscopy of the valves confirmed the presence of Gaucher's cells. Enzyme therapy with imiglucerase was initiated. The patient is in stable condition, 20 months post-operatively.     

Late sudden death after surgical correction of coarctation of the aorta. Importance of aneurysm of the ascending aorta

Follow-up studies averaging 12 years postcorrective surgery of 343 patients with coarctation of the aorta disclosed 38 late deaths, 15 of which were sudden, unexpected and probably cardiovascular. All but two patients were normotensive postoperatively, and in 4 of these the cause of death was proven dissecting aneurysm of ascending aorta. In another patient this aneurysm was repaired surgically and in 3 other patients chest X-ray had shown a dilated ascending aorta before death. At follow-up the ascending aorta was dilated angiographically in 4 survivors, who had moderate systolic hypertension and aortic valve disease. The high incidence of aneurysm of ascending aorta in patients with coarctation is probably due to hypertension during the growth period, possibly in combination with congenital weakness of the aortic wall, and to concomitant aortic valve lesion.     

Results of valve replacement surgery with mechanical prostheses

The clinical study is reported of the results of heart valve replacement surgery with a new pyrolytic carbon tilting disc prosthesis manufactured in Italy. From March 1977 to January 1981, at the "De Gasperis" Cardiosurgery Center, this prosthesis has been implanted in 644 patients: 283 for mitral valve replacement, 240 for aortic valve replacement, and 121 for the replacement of both mitral and aortic valves. To have a sufficiently long period of post-surgery follow-up, we considered the results of 207 patients (124 cases of isolated mitral valve replacement and 83 cases of isolated aortic valve replacement), who underwent surgery consecutively from March 1977 to December 1979. The hospital mortality was 10.5% for mitral valve replacement and 4.8% for aortic valve replacement. All patients who were discharged from hospital, except 2, were subjected to clinical, electrocardiographic, phonocardiographic, echocardiographic and radiological checks. The average follow-up period was approximately 20 months: clinical results were satisfactory. The probability of survival, expressed by actuarial curve, was, three years after surgery, 94% for patients who underwent mitral valve replacement and 97.5% for those who underwent aortic valve replacement. The probability of embolism was, three years after surgery, 8.5% for patients with mitral replaced and 5% for aortic. Even if further confirmations are needed the mortality rate and the probability of embolism related to this new prosthesis, are lower, over the same period of follow-up, than that found in the groups of patients who underwent valve replacement surgery, at the same Center, with Starr-Edwards and Bj?rk-Shiley prostheses. The phonocardiographic and echocardiographic characteristics of this new prosthesis were also investigated.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">In Vivo</Emphasis> Strain Analysis of Dilated Ascending Thoracic Aorta by ECG-Gated CT Angiographic Imaging

Accurate assessment of aortic extensibility is a requisite first step for elucidating the pathophysiology of an ascending thoracic aortic aneurysm (ATAA). This study aimed to develop a framework for the in vivo evaluation of the full-field distribution of the aortic wall strain by imaging analysis of electrocardiographic- (ECG) gated thoracic data of 34 patients with ATAA. Seven healthy controls (i.e., non-aneurysmal aorta) from patients who underwent ECG-gated CT angiography for coronary artery diseases were included for comparison. To evaluate the systolic function, ECG-gated computed tomography (CT) angiography was used to generate patient-specific geometric meshes of the ascending aorta, and then to estimate both the displacement and strain fields using a mathematical algorithm. Results evidenced stiff behavior for the aneurysmal aorta compared with that of the healthy ascending aorta of the controls, with patients over 55 years of age displaying significantly lower extensibility. Moreover, the patient risk as quantified by the ratio of in vivo strain to the ruptured one increased significantly with increased systolic blood pressure, older age, and higher pressure-strain modulus. Statistical analysis also indicated that an increased pressure-strain modulus is a risk factor for ATAAs with bicuspid aortic valve, suggesting a different mechanism of failure in these patients. The approach here proposed for the in vivo evaluation of the aortic wall strain is simple and fast, with promising applicability in routine clinical imaging, and could be used to develop a rupture potential criterion on the basis of the aortic aneurysm extensibility.     

Pannus formation in aortic valve prostheses in the late postoperative period

We present three patients who underwent repeat aortic valve replacement for prosthetic valve dysfunction caused by tissue ingrowth in the late postoperative period. These patients (three women aged 48–51 years, mean 49.3 ± 1.53 years) underwent operations for restriction of prosthetic valve leaflet movement by pannus in the left ventricular outflow tract. The interval from the previous operation ranged from 8.0 to 9.6 years (mean 9.6 ± 2.0 years). The symptoms of the patients were New York Heart Association functional class I, II, and IV in one patient each. Diagnosis was made by cinefluoroscopy in two patients and aortography in one patient. The operative procedures consisted of aortic valve replacement (n = 1) and aortic valve replacement with mitral valve replacement (n = 2). Pannus was found at the left ventricular aspect of the prosthetic valve in all patients. In two patients, the pannus directly restricted movement of the leaflet and also severely narrowed the inflow orifice of the prosthetic valve. In the other patient, the pannus had grown at a distance of 7mm from the valve and narrowed the left ventricular outflow tract circularly. The postoperative course was uneventful and all three patients were discharged in a good condition. One patient died of pneumonia 8 months after surgery and the other two patients have remained well and have been followed up for one and a half years. In conclusion, there may be a discrepancy between the clinical symptoms and the grade of subvalvular stenosis caused by pannus. Therefore, it is essential for satisfactory operative results that early diagnosis be made by various means.     

Systolic stretching of the ascending aorta

IntroductionLongitudinal stretching of the aorta due to systolic heart motion contributes to the stress in the wall of the ascending aorta. The objective of this study was to assess longitudinal systolic stretching of the aorta and its correlation with the diameters of the ascending aorta and the aortic root.Material and methodsAortographies of 122 patients were analyzed. The longitudinal systolic stretching of the aorta caused by the contraction of the heart during systole and the maximum dimensions of the aortic root and ascending aorta were measured in all patients.ResultsThe maximum dimension of the aortic root was on average 34.9 ±4.5 mm and the mean diameter of the ascending aorta was 33.9 ±5.4 mm. The systolic aortic stretching negatively correlated with age (r = –0.49, p < 0.001) and the diameter of the tubular ascending aorta (r = –0.44, p < 0.001). There was no significant correlation between the stretching and the dimension of the aortic root (r = –0.11, p = 0.239). There was a statistically significant (p < 0.001) difference in the longitudinal aortic stretching values between patients with a normal aortic valve (10.6 ±3.1 mm) and an aortic valve pathology (8.0 ±3.2 mm in all patients with an aortic valve pathology; 7.5 ±4.3 mm in isolated aortic stenosis, 8.5 ±2.9 mm in the case of isolated insufficiency, 8.2 ±2.8 mm for valves that were both stenotic and insufficient).ConclusionsSystolic aortic stretching negatively correlates with the diameter of the tubular ascending aorta and the age of the patients, and does not correlate with the diameter of the aortic root. It is lower in patients with an aortic valve pathology.     

Unusual expression of Gaucher''s disease: cardiovascular calcifications in three sibs homozygous for the D409H mutation.

Three sisters suffering from an unusual form of Gaucher's disease are described. These patients had cardiovascular abnormalities consisting of calcification of the ascending aorta and of the aortic and mitral valves. Neurological findings included ophthalmoplegia and saccadic eye movements in two patients, and tonic-clonic seizures in the third. The three patients died, two of them after having undergone aortic valve replacement. Tissue was obtained from one of the sibs and fibroblast and liver beta-glucocerebrosidase activity was reduced to 4% and 11% of mean normal values. Genotype analysis indicated that the patient was homozygous for the D409H mutation. It is tempting to relate the phenotype of severe cardiac involvement to the D409H/D409H genotype, although further cases will be needed before this association can be confirmed.     

Butterfly修复技术应用于二尖瓣后叶严重脱垂患者外科修复的中远期疗效分析

目的:探讨二尖瓣Butterfly修复技术应用于二尖瓣后叶严重脱垂患者外科修复的中远期疗效。方法:回顾性分析2016年7月—2019年10月南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院34例行外科瓣膜修复的二尖瓣后叶严重脱垂患者的临床资料。其中男21例、女13例,年龄33～73岁。患者均在浅低温体外循环下完成二尖瓣Butterfly修复...     

Operative risk and outcome of surgery in adults with congenital valve disease

To define risk and outcome of surgery in adults with congenital valve disease (CVD), experience between 2002 and 2005 with 371 CVD operations (288 males, aged 56 +/- 9 years) was compared with 2102 for acquired valve disease (AVD) (69 +/- 22 years, p = 0.02). Diagnosis included: bicuspid aortic valve (BAV), 337, s/p ToF repair, 11; atrio-ventricular valve dysfunction, 10; other, 13. Associated lesions were present in 259 patients (70% vs. 17%, p = 0.001): ascending aorta, 205; right ventricular outflow tract obstruction, 40; coronary artery, 34; mitral/tricuspid valve, 27; septal defect, 17; subaortic stenosis, 4; aortic arch, 4; other, 3. Fifty-two patients (14% vs. 2.5% AVD, p = 0.001) had undergone 75 prior operations (1.4/patient) and 14 (3.8% vs. 1.9% AVD, p = 0.04) required urgent/emergent surgery (endocarditis, dissection). Valve repair was done in 36 (10% vs. 3% AVD, p = 0.02) and replacement in 335: stentless solution (native, autograft, xenograft) was offered to 101 (29%) patients. In BAV, partial root replacement was associated in 63, complete in 77 and ascending aorta in 92. Three (0.8%) hospital deaths occurred (vs. 1.9% AVD, p = 0.2) due to endocarditis. Twenty-six patients (7.0% vs. 10.8% AVD, p = 0.003) experienced complications (cardiac, 7; neurologic, 6; respiratory, 5; renal, 3; sepsis/multiple organ failure (MOF), 2; hemorrhage, 8). Urgent/emergent surgery predicted hospital mortality (p = 0.001). During 5-year follow-up (average 2.6 +/- 1.8 years), there was one late cardiac death and three reoperations (98% free). Despite higher prevalence of associated procedures, reoperation and emergent indication, operative risk in CVD is lower than in AVD, possibly because of younger age. Stentless valve surgery, allowing normal life-style (e.g., exercise, pregnancy), is increasingly preferred.