Piroxicam and C-phycocyanin mediated apoptosis in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride induced colon carcinogenesis: exploring the mitochondrial pathway

Apoptosis is a synchronized procedure of cell death that is regulated by caspases and proapoptotic proteins. During apoptosis, translocation of cytochrome c, an electron carrier, from mitochondria into the cytosol is regulated by Bcl-2 family members. Cytochrome c in association with an apoptotic protease activating factor (Apaf), a proapoptotic protein essential for cell differentiation and procaspase-9 form the apoptosome complex, which consecutively activates effector caspase, caspase-3, and coordinate the implementation of apoptosis. In the current study, an attempt has been made to gain insight into piroxicam, a traditional nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug and c-phycocyanin, a biliprotein from Spirulina platensis (cyanobacterium) mediated apoptosis in DMH-induced colon cancer. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were segregated into 5 groups: control, DMH, DMH + piroxicam, DMH + c-phycocyanin, and DMH + piroxicam + c-phycocyanin. Results illustrated that piroxicam and c-phycocyanin treatments stimulate cytochrome c release by downregulating the Bcl-2 (an antiapoptotic protein) expression significantly, while promoting the level of Bax (a proapoptotic protein), thereby activating caspases (caspases-9 and -3) and Apaf-1. The outcomes of the present study clearly signify that piroxicam and c-phycocyanin may mediate mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis in DMH-induced colon cancer. Moreover, apoptosis induction was more apparent in the combination regimen of piroxicam and c-phycocyanin than the individual drugs alone.     

Piroxicam and C-Phycocyanin Mediated Apoptosis in 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine Dihydrochloride Induced Colon Carcinogenesis: Exploring the Mitochondrial Pathway

Apoptosis is a synchronized procedure of cell death that is regulated by caspases and proapoptotic proteins. During apoptosis, translocation of cytochrome c, an electron carrier, from mitochondria into the cytosol is regulated by Bcl-2 family members. Cytochrome c in association with an apoptotic protease activating factor (Apaf), a proapoptotic protein essential for cell differentiation and procaspase-9 form the apoptosome complex, which consecutively activates effector caspase, caspase-3, and coordinate the implementation of apoptosis. In the current study, an attempt has been made to gain insight into piroxicam, a traditional nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug and c-phycocyanin, a biliprotein from Spirulina platensis (cyanobacterium) mediated apoptosis in DMH-induced colon cancer. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were segregated into 5 groups: control, DMH, DMH + piroxicam, DMH + c-phycocyanin, and DMH + piroxicam + c-phycocyanin. Results illustrated that piroxicam and c-phycocyanin treatments stimulate cytochrome c release by downregulating the Bcl-2 (an antiapoptotic protein) expression significantly, while promoting the level of Bax (a proapoptotic protein), thereby activating caspases (caspases-9 and -3) and Apaf-1. The outcomes of the present study clearly signify that piroxicam and c-phycocyanin may mediate mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis in DMH-induced colon cancer. Moreover, apoptosis induction was more apparent in the combination regimen of piroxicam and c-phycocyanin than the individual drugs alone.     

Estrogen receptor-β mediates the inhibition of DLD-1 human colon adenocarcinoma cells by soy isoflavones

To understand the relationship between the role of soy isoflavones and estrogen receptor (ER)-β in colon tumorigenesis, we investigated the cellular effects of soy isoflavones (composed of genistein, daidzein, and glycitein) in DLD-1 human colon adenocarcinoma cells with or without ER-β gene silencing by RNA interference (RNAi). Soy isoflavones decreased the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-1/2, AKT, and nuclear factor (NF)-κB. Soy isoflavones dose-dependently caused G2/M cell cycle arrest and downregulated the expression of cyclin A. This was associated with inhibition of cyclin dependent kinase (CDK)-4 and up-regulation of its inhibitor p21(cip1) expressions. ER-β gene silencing lowered soy isoflavone-mediated suppression of cell viability and proliferation. ERK-1/2 and AKT expressions were unaltered and NF-κB was modestly upregulated by soy isoflavones after transient knockdown of ER-β expression. Soy isoflavone-mediated arrest of cells at G2/M phase and upregulation of p21(cip1) expression were not observed when ER-β gene was silenced. These findings suggest that maintaining the expression of ER-β is crucial in mediating the growth-suppressive effects of soy isoflavones against colon tumors. Thus upregulation of ER-β status by specific food-borne ER-ligands such as soy isoflavones could potentially be a dietary prevention or therapeutic strategy for colon cancer.     

Estrogen Receptor-β Mediates the Inhibition of DLD-1 Human Colon Adenocarcinoma Cells by Soy Isoflavones

To understand the relationship between the role of soy isoflavones and estrogen receptor (ER)-β in colon tumorigenesis, we investigated the cellular effects of soy isoflavones (composed of genistein, daidzein, and glycitein) in DLD-1 human colon adenocarcinoma cells with or without ER-β gene silencing by RNA interference (RNAi). Soy isoflavones decreased the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-1/2, AKT, and nuclear factor (NF)-κB. Soy isoflavones dose-dependently caused G2/M cell cycle arrest and downregulated the expression of cyclin A. This was associated with inhibition of cyclin dependent kinase (CDK)-4 and up-regulation of its inhibitor p21^cip1 expressions. ER-β gene silencing lowered soy isoflavone-mediated suppression of cell viability and proliferation. ERK-1/2 and AKT expressions were unaltered and NF-κB was modestly upregulated by soy isoflavones after transient knockdown of ER-β expression. Soy isoflavone-mediated arrest of cells at G2/M phase and upregulation of p21^cip1 expression were not observed when ER-β gene was silenced. These findings suggest that maintaining the expression of ER-β is crucial in mediating the growth-suppressive effects of soy isoflavones against colon tumors. Thus upregulation of ER-β status by specific food-borne ER-ligands such as soy isoflavones could potentially be a dietary prevention or therapeutic strategy for colon cancer.     

Cyclin D1和CDK4正性调节苯并(a)芘所致人胚肺成纤维细胞周期改变

目的研究苯并(a)芘[B(a)P]对人胚肺成纤维细胞(HELF)的细胞周期分布及细胞周期蛋白D1(cyclin D1)和细胞周期蛋白依赖激酶4(CDK4)蛋白表达的影响,并探讨两种蛋白含量改变与细胞周期效应之间的关系。方法将反义cyclin D1质粒和反义CDK4质粒导入HELF细胞内,建立两种质粒稳定转染的细胞模型。用0.1、0.5、2.5和12.5μmol/L的B(a)P处理HELF细胞24h,用蛋白印迹方法检测cyclin D1和CDK4蛋白表达水平;利用流式细胞技术检测B(a)P处理对HELF细胞及两种稳定转染细胞系细胞周期的影响。结果成功建立了反义cyclin D1和反义CDK4稳定转染的细胞系。不同剂量B(a)P处理可引起cyclin D1蛋白表达的显著增加,但对CDK4蛋白表达无明显影响;2.5μmol/L的B(a)P处理HELF细胞24h后,引起其细胞周期G1期显著下降,S期显著增加;2.5μmol/L的B(a)P处理反义cyclin D1和反义CDK4稳定转染的HELF细胞24h后,对其细胞周期的分布无显著影响。结论Cyclin D1和CDK4基因均参与了B(a)P所致细胞周期改变过程,并发挥正性调节作用。     

Cyelin D1和CDK4正性调节苯并(a)芘所致人胚肺成纤维细胞周期改变

目的 研究苯并(a)芘[B(a)P]对人胚肺成纤维细胞(HELF)的细胞周期分布及细胞周期蛋白D1(cyclin D1)和细胞周期蛋白依赖激酶4(CDK4)蛋白表达的影响,并探讨两种蛋白含量改变与细胞周期效应之间的关系.方法 将反义cychn D1质粒和反义CDK4质粒导入HELF细胞内.建立两种质粒稳定转染的细胞模型.用0.1、0.5、2.5和12.5μmol/L的B(a)P处理HELF细胞24h.用蛋白印迹方法检测cvclin D1和CDK4蛋白表达水平;利用流式细胞技术检测B(a)P处理对HELF细胞及两种稳定转染细胞系细胞周期的影响.结果 成功建立了反义cyelin D1和反义CDK4稳定转染的细胞系.不同剂量B(a)P处理可引起cvclin D1蛋白表达的显著增加,但对CDK4蛋白表达无明显影响;2.5/μmol/L的B(a)P处理HELF细胞24h后,引起其细胞周期G1期显著下降,S期显著增加;2.5μmol/L的B(a)P处理反义cyclin D1和反义CDK4稳定转染的HELF细胞24h后,对其细胞周期的分布无显著影响.结论 Cyelin D1和CDK4基因均参与了B(a)P所致细胞周期改变过程,并发挥正性调节作用.     

cyclinD1/E2F通路在苯并(a)芘引起人胚肺成纤维细胞周期改变中的作用

目的探讨细胞周期蛋白D1（cyclinD1）／细胞周期蛋白依赖激酶4（CDK4），E2F-1／4通路在苯并（a）芘[B（a）P]引起的人胚肺成纤维细胞（HELF）周期改变中的作用。方法分别用2μmol／L的B（a）P作用HELF24h和100μmol／LB（a）P作用3次，每次24h，细胞具有转化细胞的部分特征（THELF）。用转染反义cyclinD1和CDK4质粒的HELF（A-D1，A-K4）和T-HELF（T-A-D1，T-A-K4）研究cyclinD1／CDK4与E2F-1／4的上下游关系。用流式细胞仪和Western blot法检测细胞周期、cyclin D1、CDK4和E2F-1／4蛋白表达的改变。结果2μmol／LB（a）P作用24h HELF中G1期细胞数明显减少。在A-D1和A-K4的HELF中，cyclinD1和CDK4表达的抑制阻断了由B（a）P引起的细胞周期从G1期进入S期的变化。B（a）P刺激后HEIF中cyclinD1和E2F-1的表达明显增加。在A-D1中，E2F-1的高表达被抑制。B（a）P作用A-K4细胞后，CDK4表达明显升高，E2F-4表达明显降低。T-A-D1和T-A-K4的T-HELF多数停留在G1期。与HELF相比，T-HELF中cyclin D1的表达明显增加；与T-HELF相比，T-A．D1和T-A-K4中E2F-4表达明显增加。结论在2μmol／L B（a）P作用的HELF中，B（a）P通过cyclinD1／CDK4-E2F-1／4信号转导通路引起细胞周期的改变。在T-HELF中，B（a）P通过cyclinD1／CDK4-E2F-4信号转导通路引起细胞周期的改变。     

Trans-10,cis-12, not cis-9,trans-11, conjugated linoleic acid inhibits G1-S progression in HT-29 human colon cancer cells

Commercial preparations of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) contain both positional and geometric isomers of octadecadienoic acid, with cis-9,trans-11 CLA (c9t11) and trans-10,cis-12 CLA (t10c12) as the principal isomers. We showed previously that CLA reduced the incidence of colon tumors in rats treated with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine. In addition, our previous in vitro studies showed that t10c12 inhibited the growth of HT-29 and Caco-2 human colon cancer cells, whereas c9t11 had no effect on cell growth. In the present study, to examine the effects of the CLA isomers on cell cycle and cell cycle regulatory proteins, we treated HT-29 cells with various concentrations (0-4 micromol/L) of the individual CLA isomers. A DNA flow cytometric analysis revealed that t10c12 induced a G1 arrest, whereas c9t11 had no effect on the cell cycle. Western blot analysis of total cell lysates revealed no alteration in the protein expression of cyclin A, cyclin D, cyclin E, cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 2, or CDK4 due to t10c12 treatment. However, t10c12 substantially increased the protein expression and mRNA accumulation of the CDK inhibitor p21(CIP1/WAF1). The t10c12 isomer increased the association of p21(CIP1/WAF1) with CDK2 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen, but decreased the levels of phosphorylated retinoblastoma protein (Rb), with an increase in the levels of hypophosphorylated Rb protein. An in vitro kinase assay using histone H1 as a substrate showed that the activities of CDK2 were significantly decreased by t10c12. These results indicate that t10c12 exerts its growth inhibitory effects in colon cancer cells through the induction of G1 cell cycle arrest. The induction of p21(CIP1/WAF1) may be one of the mechanisms by which t10c12 inhibits cell cycle progression in HT-29 cells.     

全反式视黄酸阻断苯并(a)芘致成纤维细胞周期改变的通路

目的 观察全反式视黄酸（ATRA）逆转苯并（a）芘诱导的人胚肺成纤维细胞（HELF）细胞周期紊乱过程中细胞周期素D1（cyclin D1）、细胞周期素依赖性激酶K4（CDK4）、转录因子E2F-1和E2F-4的作用.方法 用0.1 μmol/L ATRA预处理细胞后,再用2 μmol/L苯并（a）芘作用细胞,用Western blotting方法测定其蛋白表达水平;建立稳定转染了反义cyclin D1质粒和反义CDK4质粒的细胞系,应用反义技术证明上下游关系;用流式细胞技术 测定细胞周期.结果 2μmol/L苯并（a）芘作用于HELF24h后,cyclin D1、E2F-1蛋白表达水平明显增高,CDK4和E2F-4蛋白表达水平无明显变化;用0.1 μmol/LATRA预处理24h后,cyclin D1、E2F-1蛋白表达水平明显下降;与相同作用的对照组相比,苯并（a）芘刺激反义cyclin D1或反义CDK4细胞后E2F-1表达增加的幅度明显降低;与相同作用的对照组相比ATRA预处理的反义cyclin D1或反义CDK4细胞中,苯并（a）芘诱导的E2F-1过表达水平降低的幅度明显降低;流式细胞术测定结果显示,苯并（a）芘诱导细胞从G1期进入S期,ATRA通过聚积G1期细胞而阻滞苯并（a）芘诱导的细胞周期进程.结论 ATRA通过cyclin D1/E2F-1途径阻断苯并（a）芘诱导的HELF的细胞周期改变.     

维生素C逆转苯并(a)芘致细胞周期改变的E2F通路

目的探讨转录因子E2F1和E2F4在维生素C逆转苯并(a)芘引起人胚肺成纤维细胞(HELF)细胞周期改变中的作用,及其与细胞周期蛋白D1(cyc lin D1)、细胞周期蛋白依赖激酶4(CDK4)的上下游关系。方法接种细胞到培养瓶,待生长至70%~80%时,维生素C预处理细胞1 h后,用苯并(a)芘刺激细胞24 h,运用流式细胞术测定细胞周期时相分布,用免疫印迹法检测蛋白含量,用Gel-Pro 3.0软件对条带光强度进行分析,脂质体转染法建立稳定转染反义cyc lin D1或反义CDK4的HELF系,应用反义技术证明通路的上下游关系。结果苯并(a)芘诱导HELF中cyc lin D1、CDK4、E2F1和E2F4的蛋白表达升高,并伴随S期细胞百分率从(33.5±3.2)%上升至(41.1±0.2)%。维生素C可降低苯并(a)芘诱导的HELF S期细胞百分率至(33.2±0.6)%,并抑制苯并(a)芘诱导的HELF上述蛋白的表达。反义cyc lin D1和反义CDK4均可抑制苯并(a)芘诱导的HELF上述蛋白的表达,反义cyc lin D1可使苯并(a)芘诱导的HELF S期细胞百分率降低至(31.2±1.3)%。维生素C联合反义cyc lin D1与单独反义cyc lin D1相比,可进一步降低苯并(a)芘诱导的HELF上述蛋白的表达,且能够抑制苯并(a)芘诱导的HELF的S期细胞百分率,使其从(41.1±0.2)%下降为(34.0±0.3)%。维生素C联合反义CDK4可降低苯并(a)芘诱导的HELF的S期细胞百分率,使其从(41.1±0.2)%下降为(33.7±1.5)%,而且与单独反义CDK4相比,可进一步降低苯并(a)芘诱导的HELF的S期细胞百分率。结论维生素C可能通过cyc lin D1-CDK4/E2F-1/4通路逆转苯并(a)芘引起的细胞周期改变。     

2-Methylpyridine-1-ium-1-sulfonate as an Inducer of Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Arrest: A comparative in vitro and Computational Study

“Let food be thy medicine and thy medicine be thy food” was expressed by Hippocrates and the health benefits of medicinal plants and natural products have been considered by humans since historic times. The current study aims to investigate the anti-cancer activity of 2-Methylpyridine-1-ium-1-sulfonate (MPS) isolated from bulbs of Allium hirtifolium. The MPS compound (in a dose-dependent manner) induced arrest the AGS cells in G1 and G2/M phases, and Caco-2 cells in G1 and S phases. These findings were associated with the down-regulation of cyclin D1, CDK4, and up-regulation of p21, p27 and p53. According to the morphological observations and DNA fragmentation assay, the MPS compound induced apoptosis in both cell lines, and also cause a significant increase in the expression of Bax/Bcl-2. In this context, our molecular docking results unveiled that the MPS compound has considerable affinity to interact with the minor groove of ctDNA and also with cell cycle kinases. To approve and find the accurate MPS mode of action against cancer cell lines (especially in gastrointestinal cancer) further studies is highly recommended.     

维生素D受体和核转录因子-κB p65在人结肠癌组织中的表达

目的 研究维生素D受体（vitamin D receptor,VDR）和核转录因子（nuclear factor,NF）-κB p65在人结肠癌组织中的表达水平。方法 收集手术切除的结肠癌和对照标本各27例为研究对象,采用免疫组织化学技术检测对照和癌组织VDR和NF-κB p65表达状况。结果 27例结肠癌患者中有5例VDR表达阳性（18.5%）,有7例NF-κB p65表达阳性（25.9%）;对照组有23例VDR表达阳性（85.2%）, 有25例NF-κB p65表达阳性（92.6%）。人结肠癌组织VDR和NF-κB p65阳性表达均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（均有P<0.001）。结论 人结肠癌组织中VDR和NF-κB p65表达呈低水平。     

苯并(a)芘通过活化蛋白-1-细胞周期蛋白D1/E2F-1信号通路引起细胞周期的改变

目的 探讨活化蛋白-1(activated protein-1,AP-1)在苯并(a)芘[benzo(a)pyrene,B(a)P]引起的人胚肺成纤维细胞(HELF)周期改变中的作用以及AP-1与细胞周期蛋白D1(cyclin D1)、细胞周期蛋白依赖激酶4(CDK4)和E2F-1/4的上下游关系.方法 转染AP-1荧光报告质粒的HELF细胞(AP-H)无血清培养48 h后,加入2μmol/L B(a)P作用24 h,用荧光检测法检测AP-1的相对活性.用AP-1的化学抑制剂姜黄素(curcumin)抑制其活性,观察它与cyclin D1/CDK4和E2F-1/4的上下游关系.采用流式细胞仪检测细胞周期的变化,用Western blot检测细胞中cyclin D1、CDK4和E2F-1/4蛋白水平的改变.结果 2 μmol/LB(a)P作用24 h后,G1期细胞比例由(71±2)%减少为(48±3)%,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);AP-1的活性增加;cyclin D1/E2F-1的蛋白含量增加;CDK4/E2F-4的蛋白水平没有明显改变.抑制AP-1活性后,B(a)P诱导的细胞周期的改变被逆转,B(a)P诱导的cyclin D1/E2F-1蛋白含量的增加被抑制,CDK4/E2F-4蛋白含量没有明显改变.结论 B(a)P通过AP-1引起HELF周期的改变.AP-1是cyclin D1/E2F-1的上游信号分子,但对CDK4/E2F-4的表达不具有调节作用.     

Cell cycle dysregulation induced by cytoplasm of Lactococcus lactis ssp lactis in SNUC2A, a colon cancer cell line

The anticancer effect of cytoplasmic fraction from Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis, which had showed strong antiproliferative activity against SNUC2A human colon cancer cell line in the previous study, was investigated. The proliferation of SNUC2A was inhibited by the treatment with cytoplasmic fraction of Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis in a dose-dependent and partially reversible manner. After exposure to the cytoplasmic fraction of Lc. lactis for 72 h, strong antiproliferative activity was efficiently induced through S-phase accumulation in SNUC2A cells. Analysis of cell cycle regulatory proteins demonstrated that the cytoplasmic fraction enhanced the levels of p21CIP1 and cyclin A, decreased cyclin E protein, and slightly reduced the activity of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2).     

Ethanol extract of Innotus obliquus (Chaga mushroom) induces G1 cell cycle arrest in HT-29 human colon cancer cells

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

Inonotus obliquus (I. obliquus, Chaga mushroom) has long been used as a folk medicine to treat cancer. In the present study, we examined whether or not ethanol extract of I. obliquus (EEIO) inhibits cell cycle progression in HT-29 human colon cancer cells, in addition to its mechanism of action.

MATERIALS/METHODS

To examine the effects of Inonotus obliquus on the cell cycle progression and the molecular mechanism in colon cancer cells, HT-29 human colon cancer cells were cultured in the presence of 2.5 - 10 µg/mL of EEIO, and analyzed the cell cycle arrest by flow cytometry and the cell cycle controlling protein expression by Western blotting.

RESULTS

Treatment cells with 2.5 - 10 µg/mL of EEIO reduced viable HT-29 cell numbers and DNA synthesis, increased the percentage of cells in G₁ phase, decreased protein expression of CDK2, CDK4, and cyclin D1, increased expression of p21, p27, and p53, and inhibited phosphorylation of Rb and E2F1 expression. Among I. obliquus fractions, fraction 2 (fractionated by dichloromethane from EEIO) showed the same effect as EEIO treatment on cell proliferation and cell cycle-related protein levels.

CONCLUSIONS

These results demonstrate that fraction 2 is the major fraction that induces G₁ arrest and inhibits cell proliferation, suggesting I. obliquus could be used as a natural anti-cancer ingredient in the food and/or pharmaceutical industry.     

The ethanol extract from Artemisia princeps Pampanini induces p53-mediated G1 phase arrest in A172 human neuroblastoma cells

In the present study, the antiproliferative effects of the ethanol extract of Artemisia princeps Pampanini (EAPP) and the mechanism involved were investigated. Of the various cancer cells examined, human neuroblastoma A172 cells were most sensitive to EAPP, and their proliferation was dose- and time-dependently inhibited by EAPP. DNA flow cytometry analysis indicated that EAPP notably induced the G(1) phase arrest in A172 cells. Of the G(1) phase cycle-related proteins examined, the expressions of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 2, CDK4, and CDK6 and of cyclin D(1), D(2), and D(3) were found to be markedly reduced by EAPP, whereas cyclin E was unaffected. Moreover, the protein and mRNA levels of the CDK inhibitors p16(INK4a), p21(CIP1/WAF1), and p27(KIP1) were increased, and the activities of CDK2, CDK4, and CDK6 were reduced. Furthermore, the expressions of E2F-1 and of phosphorylated pRb were also decreased, and the protein levels of p53 and pp53 (Ser15) were increased. Up-regulation of p21(CIP1/WAF1) was found to be mediated by a p53-dependent pathway in EAPP-induced G(1)-arrested A172 cells. When these data are taken together, the EAPP was found to potently inhibit the proliferation of human neuroblastoma A172 cells via G(1) phase cell cycle arrest.     

苯并芘诱导人胚肺成纤维细胞cyclinD1、CDK4和E2F-1/4的表达改变

目的建立苯并芘诱导的具有转化细胞部分特征的人胚肺成纤维细胞(T-HELF)模型,并观察T-HELF细胞中cyclin D1、CDK4和E2F-1/4蛋白表达的改变。方法以200、100、50、25、5、1μmol/L的苯并芘处理人胚肺成纤维细胞(HELF)24小时,用噻唑蓝(MTT)比色法测定苯并芘的细胞毒性。根据MTT结果确定以100和200μmol/L苯并芘给HELF细胞染毒3次,染毒结束后培养6周观察细胞的形态变化,培养12周后观察其形态变化及软琼脂中细胞克隆的生长。用流式细胞仪检测T-HELF细胞周期的变化,用Western blot检测T-HELF细胞中cyclin D1、CDK4和E2F-1/4蛋白表达的改变。结果MTT结果显示苯并芘浓度在25~200μmol/L之间时,细胞存活率为78%~80%。苯并芘200μmol/L组染毒4周后细胞死亡。100μmol/L组染毒结束后培养6周,观察到细胞变大,核增大或多核;12周后,在软琼脂中可以生长为细胞克隆,说明HELF细胞具有了转化细胞的部分特征。T-HELF细胞在无血清培养时,细胞周期没有停滞。用Western blot检测发现和正常HELF细胞相比T-HELF细胞的cyclin D1表达明显增加,CDK4、E2F-1和E2F-4的表达没有明显变化。结论建立了苯并芘诱导的具有转化细胞部分特征的人胚肺成纤维细胞模型,可用于苯并芘致癌的分子机制研究。无血清培养时,T-HELF细胞周期没有停滞,和正常HELF细胞相比T-HELF细胞cyclin D1表达明显增加,cyclin D1可能与T-HELF细胞的快速增殖有关。     

石英通过丝裂素活化蛋白激酶通路引起人胚肺成纤维细胞周期的改变

目的 探讨在石英刺激的人胚肺成纤维细胞(human embryo lung fibroblasts,HELF)中细胞外信号调节蛋白激酶(ERK)、应激活化蛋白激酶(JNK),细胞周期蛋白DI(cyclin D1)通路在石英诱导的细胞周期改变中的作用.方法 建立稳定转染转录因子AP-1荧光素酶报告基冈质粒的HELF系(HELF-AP-1)及AP-1荧光素酶报告基因质粒与丝裂素活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)显性失活突变体质粒(DN-ERK、DN-JNK和DN-p38)分别共转染的HELF系(简称DN-ERK、DN-JNK和DN-p38).将HELF-AP-1、DN-ERK、DN-JNK和DN-p38细胞分为对照组和石英组(共8组),各对照组不加任何处理,石英组用200 μg/ml石英处理HELF细胞24 h.用免疫印迹(Western blot)法和免疫荧光法检测cyclin D1、细胞周期蛋白依赖激酶4(CDK4)和E2F-4蛋白表达;采用显性失活突变体技术验证MAPKs信号转导通路的上下游关系及其与细胞周期的关系;用流式细胞术检测细胞周期变化.结果 HELF-AP-1+石英组G1期细胞所占比例下降,S期细胞所占比例升高,与HELF-AP-1对照组的差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).抑制ERK或JNK表达后,与HELF-AP-1对照组比较,DN-ERK+石英组和DN-JNK+石英组G1期细胞百分比无明显变化.抑制p38后,DN-p38+石英组G1期细胞百分率明显下降,与HELF-AP-1对照组的差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).与HELF-AP-1石英组比较,DN-ERK+石英组和DN-JNK+石英组CDK4表达降低和E2F-4表达增多,而DN-p38+石英组CDK4表达和E2F-4表达没有改变.与HELF-AP-1+石英组比较,DN-ERK+石英组和DN-JNK+石英组cyclin D1表达降低,而DN-p38+石英组cyclin D1没有改变.结论 ERK和JNK通过cyclin D1和CDK4介导石英诱导的HELF的细胞周期改变,而石英诱导的细胞周期改变与p38无关.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the roles of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) on silica-induced cell cycle changes. Methods After cells were treated with 200 μg/ml silica, Western blot and Immunofluorescence assays were utilized to detect the expression of cyclin D1, CDK4 and E2F-4, Flow cytometry was used to detect cell cycle progression, the dominant negative mutants techniques were used to investigate silica-induced signal pathway and the effects of which in silica-induced cell cycle changes. Results After cells were exposed to 200 μg/ml silica 24 h, the results of present study showed the proportion of cells in G1 phases was decreased. Silica-induced cell cycle alternation was markedly impaired by stable expression of a dominant negative mutants of ERK or JNK, but not p38. It was found that ERK and JNK were involved in silica-induced cyclin D1 and CDK4 overexpression and the decreased expression of E2F-4. Conclusion ERK and JNK, but not p38, mediated silica-induced cell cycle changes in human embryo lung fibroblasts.     

赫赛汀及9-顺式视黄酸对乳腺癌联合抑制作用

目的 探讨赫赛汀联合9-顺式视黄酸对ErbB2阳性乳腺癌细胞周期进程及分布的影响及其相应的分子机制.方法 利用流式细胞仪检测经赫赛汀、9-顺式视黄酸单独和联合作用后,癌基因(ErbB2/neu)阳性的MDA-MB-453乳腺癌细胞周期进程和分布的变化.在此基础上,利用免疫印记和半定量PCR法对CDK2、Cyclin E、P27的表达进行检测,同时利用免疫沉淀法检测CyclinE/CDK2结合力的变化.结果 与对照组比较,一定剂量的赫赛汀和9-顺式视黄酸可将MDA-MB-453细胞的周期进程阻遏于G0/G1期从而抑制其增殖活性.经2者联合作用后,cyclin E、CDK2 的表达较对照组均有所下降,其中以CDK2的变化最为明显,而P27蛋白表达则明显升高.同时,2者联合作用还能有效降低CyclinE/CDK2的结合能力.结论 赫赛汀和9-顺式视黄酸可在体外分别通过改变Cyclin E、CDK2和P27的表达和活性起到协同抑制HrbB2/neu阳性乳腺癌的目的.     

Enterolactone Induces G1-phase Cell Cycle Arrest in Nonsmall Cell Lung Cancer Cells by Downregulating Cyclins and Cyclin-dependent Kinases

Flaxseed is a rich source of the plant lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG), which is metabolized into mammalian lignans enterodiol (ED) and enterolactone (EL) in the digestive tract. The anticancer properties of these lignans have been demonstrated for various cancer types, but have not been studied for lung cancer. In this study, we investigated the anticancer effects of EL for several nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines of various genetic backgrounds. EL inhibited the growth of A549, H441, and H520 lung cancer cells in concentration- and time-dependent manners. The antiproliferative effects of EL for lung cancer cells were not due to enhanced cell death, but rather due to G₁-phase cell cycle arrest. Molecular studies revealed that EL decreased mRNA or protein expression levels of the G₁-phase promoters cyclin D1, cyclin E, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK)-2, -4, and -6, and p-cdc25A; decreased phosphorylated retinoblastoma (p-pRb) protein levels; and simultaneously increased levels of p21^WAF1/CIP1, a negative regulator of the G₁ phase. The results suggest that EL inhibits the growth of NSCLC cell lines by downregulating G₁-phase cyclins and CDKs, and upregulating p21^WAF1/CIP1, which leads to G₁-phase cell cycle arrest. Therefore, EL may hold promise as an adjuvant treatment for lung cancer therapy.