困难性结直肠息肉76例内镜治疗分析

目的：探讨困难性结直肠息肉内镜下特点及治疗技巧。方法采用内镜下黏膜切除术（EMR）摘除困难性结直肠息肉。结果76例患者133枚息肉均为一次性完全切除,2例出现迟发性出血,无即刻及迟发性穿孔发生。结论根据困难性结直肠息肉的不同类型,灵活合理地联合使用多种治疗技术,可以完整、安全地切除病灶,避免并发症的发生,具有多方面的优点,值得临床推广。     

内镜分片黏膜切除法治疗结直肠巨大无蒂息肉

目的 评价内镜分片黏膜切除法对直径超过3cm结直肠无蒂息肉的治疗效果.方法 2006年10月～2009年6月采用黏膜下注射分片黏膜切除法治疗直径超过3 cm的结直肠无蒂息肉患者37例,术后3～6个月第1次随访,12个月第2次随访.记录并发症、复发率,并分析标本的病理.结果 37例病灶平均直径为(38.2±7.8)mm,34例完全切除,成功率为91.9％,平均耗时50 min.8例发生出血,6例内镜下止血夹控制出血,2例转开腹手术;2例术中发现穿孔后用止血夹夹闭裂孔痊愈.术后病理:良性病变23例,随访21例复发1例,复发率为4.8％;恶性病变11例,3例黏膜下癌(SM)追加了肠段切除,8例黏膜内癌复发2例,复发率为25.0％.良性病变与恶性病变内镜分片黏膜切除术(EPMR)术后复发率差异有显著性(P＜0.05).结论 内镜分片黏膜切除术是治疗结直肠巨大无蒂息内的安全有效方法,黏膜内癌患者术后复发率较高,需紧密随访.     

内镜黏膜冷切除术和热切除术在结直肠6~10 mm无蒂息肉治疗中的疗效对比

目的：探讨黏膜下注射后内镜黏膜冷切除术和黏膜热切除术在治疗结直肠直径6~10 mm无蒂息肉中的疗效。方法：选取2016年1月至2017年6月江阴市中医院收治的因结直肠无蒂息肉（6~10 mm）拟行内镜切除的110例患者，共131枚息肉，随机分为冷切除组和热切除组。所有患者均于术中采用靛胭脂、生理盐水混合液进行黏膜下注射。分析2组患者病变完整切除率、手术时间、手术相关并发症发生率（包括术中出血或穿孔及术后1个月内迟发性出血或穿孔）及术后半年内息肉残留或复发率。结果：冷切除组55例患者，共62枚息肉，热切除组55例，共69枚息肉。2组息肉大小、位置、内镜形态和病理类型差异无统计学意义。冷切除组平均手术时间较热切除组明显缩短[（2.2±1.1）min vs（3.6±1.4）min，P<0.001]。冷切除组息肉完整切除率为95.2%，热切除组息肉完整切除率为91.3%，差异无统计学意义（P=0.599）。冷切除组术中出血1例，术后出血1例；热切除组术中出血2例，术中穿孔1例，术后出血1例，2组并发症差别无统计学意义（P=0.675）。术后半年复查肠镜，无息肉残留或复发。结论：黏膜下注射后内镜黏膜冷切除术是传统冷切除术的有效改良，可作为结直肠6~10 mm无蒂息肉的有效切除方式。     

老年人结直肠大息肉内镜下治疗体会

目的探讨内镜下治疗老年人结直肠大息肉的临床应用价值。方法经内镜下治疗老年结直肠大息肉患者共48例,根据息肉的形状、大小等采用高频电凝电切术及黏膜切除术(EMR)、内镜下分片黏膜切除术(EPMR)及内镜下黏膜剥离术(ESD)等不同的方法切除,对内镜操作要点、并发症等方面进行总结和分析。结果 48例患者大息肉均成功切除。48例患者中有13例并发明显出血,无穿孔发生。结论只要熟练掌握内镜技术,选择合适的方法,内镜下治疗老年人结直肠大息肉值得临床推广。     

大肠侧向发育型肿瘤的内镜诊断与治疗

目的：探讨大肠侧向发育型肿瘤（LST）的内镜诊断及治疗方法。方法：回顾性分析肠镜检查发现的LST 35例,记录所有LST病变的部位、大小、形态特征及内镜下大体分型,所有病例均行放大内镜观察病变表面的黏膜腺管开口（pit）形态,35例LST患者中,33例接受内镜下治疗,其中17例行黏膜剥离切除术（EMR）切除病变,11例黏膜剥离分片切除术（EPMR）切除,5例经内镜黏膜剥离术（ESD）切除,2例有恶变行手术治疗。结果：常规肠镜检查中LST病变检出率为0.7%。病变分布：35个LST病变中,直肠17例,乙状结肠11例,横结肠1例,升结肠6例。35例中腺瘤27例,其中绒毛状腺瘤19例,管状腺瘤8例;增生性息肉8例。6例绒毛状腺瘤伴有癌变,直径均〉20 mm,24例病理表现为异型增生,其中中度以上异型增生17例。结论：大肠LST病变在我国有较高的检出率,其内镜形态具有一定特殊性,癌变率较高,EMR,EPMR或ESD治疗LST安全、有效。     

内镜下切除盲肠近阑尾口病变10例临床分析

目的 探讨内镜下切除盲肠近阑尾口病变的安全性及治疗效果。方法 盲肠近阑尾口病变患者10例,术前均行超声内镜检查确定病灶位置及病灶大小,行内镜下圈套器切除术或内镜下黏膜切除术,术后切除标本行组织病理检查。观察内镜下病变组织切除情况、术中及术后并发症发生情况;术后6～12个月,复查结肠镜,观察阑尾口狭窄及残余病变情况;随访3～51个月,观察患者胃肠道不适发生情况。结果 10例患者术前超声内镜检查显示病变均起源于黏膜下层或固有肌层,病灶直径为7.7～27.6 mm。8例行内镜下圈套器切除术,2例行内镜下黏膜切除术,术中均未发生出血、穿孔并发症,术后均未出现发热、穿孔、迟发性出血等并发症;术后组织病理检查结果显示潴留性囊肿8例,单纯性黏液囊肿1例,脂肪瘤1例。术后6～12个月,8例患者复查结肠镜,均未发现阑尾口狭窄及残余病变;中位随访时间42个月,10例患者均未出现腹痛等胃肠道不适症状。结论 内镜下切除盲肠近阑尾口病变安全、有效,创伤小,并发症少。     

内镜超声指导下黏膜切除术治疗上消化道病变

目的 评价内镜超声指导下内镜黏膜切除术治疗上消化道病变的疗效和安全性.方法 应用内镜结合超声内镜检查明确病变起源层次、生长特性和性质,内镜黏膜切除术治疗上消化道病变53例.结果 53例病灶直径0.6～3.5 cm.一次直接或吸引圈套切除病灶35例,双通道内镜切除病灶11例,尼龙绳结扎后圈套切除治疗1例,分片切除病灶5例,分期切除病灶1例.术后病理诊断平滑肌瘤、良性间质瘤16例,增生性或化生性息肉病变7例,腺瘤17例,食管乳头状瘤4例,食管黏膜内癌1例,胃乳头绒毛状腺瘤癌变1例,胃异位胰腺2例,胃脂肪瘤1例,胃嗜酸性肉芽肿1例,十二指肠Brunner's腺瘤3例.发生迟发性出血1例,无穿孔并发症.结论 超声内镜检查指导下对起源于黏膜下层以上消化道黏膜下肿瘤、扁平息肉性病变、癌前病变和早期癌采用内镜下黏膜切除术是一项安全、有效的治疗方法 .     

尼龙绳联合高频电治疗结直肠粗蒂息肉的临床观察

目的探讨内镜下尼龙绳联合高频电治疗结直肠粗蒂息肉的疗效及安全性。方法对2010年1月-2014年6月该院消化内科收治的65例结直肠粗蒂息肉(直径≥2 cm)患者采用结肠镜下先予尼龙绳套扎粗蒂息肉根部,再行高频电凝切除治疗。结果该组65例共78枚粗亚蒂或长蒂大肠息肉均成功套扎并同时行高频电切除术,残端渗血4例,予氩离子束凝固术(APC)处理后钛夹闭合。所有患者均未见迟发性出血、穿孔等并发症。术后3~6个月复查结肠镜,未见复发。结论内镜下尼龙绳联合高频电治疗结直肠粗蒂息肉的方法安全有效。     

内镜隧道剥离术在结直肠病变中的临床应用

目的观察内镜隧道剥离术在结直肠病变中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析2017年4月-2017年6月武汉大学人民医院收治的17例结直肠病变患者临床资料,17例患者中8例患者经内镜隧道剥离术治疗(隧道组),9例行内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD)治疗(ESD组)。初步评估内镜隧道剥离术治疗结直肠病变的有效性及安全性。结果两组在性别比例、病灶部位、病灶大小以及术后病理结果上差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。所有病变均一次性完整切除;隧道组平均手术时间(45.0±15.0)min,ESD组平均手术时间(67.0±17.0)min;隧道组术中出血发生率12.5%(1/8),ESD组66.7%(6/9),组间差异明显(P0.05)。隧道组术中穿孔发生率0.0%,ESD组22.2%(2/9);ESD组有1例出现术后迟发性出血;两组均未出现术后迟发性穿孔;隧道组术后感染发生率12.5%(1/8),ESD组11.1%(1/9),以上组间差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。随访中无病例失访,术后1个月结肠镜复查两组均未发现病灶残留或复发。结论内镜隧道剥离术和ESD均可以用于结直肠病变的治疗,相比传统ESD技术,内镜隧道剥离术在手术时间、术中出血率上更有优势,有望成为治疗结直肠病变的主要方法。     

内镜食道静脉瘤套扎器治疗直肠神经内分泌肿瘤的疗效分析

目的评估超声内镜结合内镜食道静脉瘤套扎器行内镜下圈套器法黏膜切除术(EMR-L)治疗直肠神经内分泌肿瘤(NENs)的临床有效性、安全性以及技术的可行性。方法回顾性分析北京世纪坛医院消化内科2015年11月-2017年11月收治的13例直肠NENs患者临床资料,治疗前均行超声内镜检查,后进行EMR-L切除病变。观察患者内镜表现、EMR-L操作过程及其并发症、病理结果,术后定期结肠镜随访。结果 13例患者顺利完成EMR-L切除病变,耗时10 min 36 s~52 min 21 s,平均(21.9±10.6)min。1例患者发生急性出血,予药物喷洒及钛夹封闭创面治疗后出血停止。无急性或迟发性直肠出血、穿孔等并发症。结论应用内镜食道静脉瘤套扎器行EMR-L可有效、安全的切除小于1.0 cm的直肠NENs,同时治疗费用较食管静脉曲张连环套扎器少,有很好的临床应用价值。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.