miRNA在骨质疏松症中的作用及中医药干预研究进展

骨质疏松症(osteoporosis, OP)是一种全身性代谢性骨骼疾病,目前公认的发病机制主要为骨吸收大于骨形成所引起的骨重塑失衡。微小核糖核酸(MicroRNA,miRNA)在参与调控骨重塑的基因表观遗传机制中扮演重要角色,可通过靶向上游关键调控因子(Runx2、RANKL等)及相关信号通路(Wnt/β-catenin通路、PI3K/Akt通路等)调控骨髓间充质干细胞成骨分化、成骨细胞分化及破骨细胞分化等细胞代谢进而影响骨重塑。中医药防治OP历史悠久,确有疗效,具有多通路、多靶点协同的特点。随着分子生物学研究的不断深入,中医药可通过干预多种miRNA表达参与调控成骨及破骨分化,进而改善骨代谢防治OP。该文通过总结多种miRNA调控相关因子影响成骨及破骨分化的靶向作用机制及中医药干预miRNA防治OP的研究成果,为探索miRNA在OP中的作用机制及中医药防治OP提供理论依据。     

川续断提取物续断皂苷Ⅵ防治骨质疏松症的研究进展

随着我国老年人绝对数量的增长以及老龄化加速,骨质疏松症(osteoporosis,OP)已然成为我国需要面对的公共健康问题。近年来对续断防治OP的基础及临床研究成为热点,研究发现川续断皂苷Ⅵ具有较好的防治OP的功效,可以通过多个细胞层面及生物学通路干预骨代谢,从而发挥治疗OP的作用。笔者从续断皂苷Ⅵ对BMSCs、成骨细胞、破骨细胞及相关生物学信号通路的影响来综述续断皂苷Ⅵ防治骨质疏松的研究概况,以期为续断皂苷Ⅵ的基础研究、临床应用及新药开发等提供参考。     

中医药介导Wnt/β-catenin信号通路防治骨质疏松的研究进展

骨质疏松症（osteoporosis,OP）的发生多由骨吸收大于骨形成导致骨稳态失衡所引起,随着人口老龄化的到来,已逐渐发展成为困扰50岁以上人群的常见慢性代谢性骨病。Wnt/β-catenin信号通路在骨骼相关细胞增殖、分化中发挥着重要作用,通过激活其核心蛋白β-catenin,上调骨形态发生蛋白-2、骨保护素及下调核因子κB受体活化因子配体的表达,进而促进间充质干细胞成骨分化和抑制破骨细胞活性,达到促进骨形成和抑制骨吸收的目的,在骨骼靶向重建及骨稳态中发挥着重要作用。中医药可通过激活Wnt/β-catenin通路影响相关因子表达防治OP,但其分子机制研究尚未完全阐明。笔者旨在探讨Wnt/β-catenin通路在OP发病中的分子机制及综述中医药介导Wnt/β-catenin信号通路防治OP的研究成果,为中医药防治OP提供依据和新思路。     

Notch信号通路在骨重建过程中的双向调节作用

Notch信号通路对骨形成及骨吸收的刺激和抑制作用都被广泛报道,其在成骨细胞、骨细胞、破骨细胞、骨髓间充质干细胞等的生成或分化中的作用出现了"矛盾"的结果,表现为对于骨形成-骨吸收偶联关系的双向调节作用,可见,Notch信号通路对骨重建过程的影响并非单一的促进或抑制作用,本文就Notch信号通路对成骨细胞、破骨细胞、骨髓间充质干细胞生成、分化及功能的双向调节作用做一综述,以期为相关骨代谢疾病的研究思路提供参考。     

淫羊藿苷介导MAPK信号通路防治骨质疏松的研究进展

骨质疏松症(osteoporosis,OP)是以骨含量降低、骨密度下降、骨微结构破损、易发骨折为特征的骨科疾病,目前OP治疗主要以西药治疗为主,但疗效并不理想,所以有待进一步寻找根治OP的药物治疗方案。随着传统医学对OP研究的不断深入,发现淫羊藿苷可通过MAPK信号通路促进骨形成、改善骨代谢平衡、增加骨密度等,进而发挥抗OP作用。因此,本文将淫羊藿苷与MAPK信号通路相结合,以促进成骨细胞增殖分化、抑制破骨细胞分化、促进骨髓间充质干细胞成骨分化为治疗靶点综述淫羊藿苷介导MAPK信号通路防治骨质疏松的研究进展,以期为今后临床治疗OP提供新思路。     

肿瘤坏死因子-α调控骨质疏松症作用机制研究

成骨细胞(osteoblast, OB)与破骨细胞(osteoclast, OC)动态平衡调控着骨重塑稳态,其平衡被打破将介导系列骨疾病发生与发展,如骨质疏松症(osteoporosis, OP)、类风湿关节炎(RA)和骨硬化症等。肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor α,TNF-α)是一种由活化的巨噬细胞/单核细胞产生的炎性细胞因子,是骨吸收增强剂和骨形成抑制剂,可调控骨髓间充质干细胞(bone mesenchymal stemcells, BMSCs)、OB和OC相关信号通路、蛋白及基因表达而减弱BMSCs成骨分化、抑制OB矿化和促进OC活化、增殖与成熟,导致骨形成和吸收之间动态失衡扰乱骨重建而促进OP的进展。因此,笔者通过查阅国内外相关文献资料总结TNF-α在OP中的相关作用机制以期为进一步临床研究提供一定理论依据。     

HIF-1α在骨血管及骨代谢方面与骨质疏松症相关性研究进展

骨质疏松症(osteoporosis,OP)是一种骨退行性慢性代谢性疾病,以骨量减少、骨组织微观结构退化,易骨折和骨的力学性能下降为特征。骨血管的生成、骨代谢中骨生成和骨吸收的平衡以及骨髓间充质干细胞的增殖、迁移和向成骨分化作用对于骨质疏松的发生发展及防治至关重要,氧是骨细胞生长、发育及功能代谢的重要条件,骨微环境处于天然的低氧状态下,其中维持骨稳态的成骨细胞和破骨细胞均属于氧感应细胞,缺氧诱导因子-1(hypoxia inducible factor-1,HIF-1)是具有转录活性的核蛋白,其活性亚基HIF-1α是细胞感知和适应氧调节机制的核心调控因子,在细胞氧调控中发挥着不可替代的作用,HIF-1α对骨血管生成以及骨代谢作用的研究为骨质疏松症的防治提供了更多可能。研究证明HIF-1α可通过多种信号通路、蛋白、miRNA等调节骨血管生成、成骨细胞和破骨细胞生成分化,调控骨髓间充质干细胞的增殖、迁移以及向成骨分化作用,HIF-1α可能成为防治骨质疏松症极具潜力的新靶点。本文旨在综述HIF-1α在骨血管生成及骨代谢方面对骨质疏松症发生发展的影响及防治作用。     

丹参主要活性成分防治骨质疏松症分子机制研究进展

丹参作为目前临床治疗骨质疏松症的常用中药之一?已有大量研究表明其具有防治骨质疏松症的作用? 现代药理学研 究发现?丹参及其活性成分可以从骨质疏松症进展的多个环节进行干预:促进间充质干细胞向成骨细胞分化?促进成骨细胞 的增殖和矿化作用?抑制成骨细胞的凋亡?纠正体内氧化应激状态促进骨形成?调节骨髓微环境成骨与成脂分化的平衡?抑制 破骨细胞的分化、增殖及骨吸收作用等? 涉及的信号通路?包括成骨细胞相关的ＢＭＰ/ Ｓｍａｄｓ 信号通路、Ｗｎｔ/ β￣ｃａｔｅｎｉｎ 信号通 路、ＥＲＫ 信号通路和ＰＩ３Ｋ/ ＡＫＴ 信号通路?以及破骨细胞相关的ＯＰＧ/ ＲＡＮＫＬ/ ＲＡＮＫ 信号通路及其下游的ＭＡＰＫｓ、ＮＦ￣κＢ 和 Ａｋｔ 信号通路? 为探讨丹参在体内抗骨质疏松作用的确切机制?以及为研究和开发抗骨质疏松新型药物?笔者就近年报道的 丹参主要活性成分防治骨质疏松症的分子作用机制作一综述?     

chemerin信号通路在骨质疏松症中的作用

chemerin蛋白是一种分泌性的脂肪因子,其生理或病理功能的发挥要求与胞膜上CMKLR1、GPR1或CCRL2三种受体之一相结合,进而激发不同的下游分子事件或静默chemerin信号。chemerin/CMKLR1信号通路在免疫、脂肪生成、能量代谢以及维持骨量等生理进程中发挥作用。由于GPR1与CMKLR1在结构上具有较高的相似度,chemerin/GPR1信号通路也被证明具有类似的功能,目前对这两条信号通路的上下游分子调控机制也有一定的了解。但是,体外实验中chemerin结合CCRL2后,并未出现可检测到的下游信号激活。在骨质疏松的研究领域,对chemerin信号的研究主要集中于与受体CMKLR1结合后的分子事件及其调控。chemerin/CMKLR1信号通路可促进骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSC)成脂分化,抑制其成骨分化,并刺激造血干细胞(HSC)破骨分化,直接影响骨重塑过程,进而引起骨质疏松。干预该通路不仅可以从调控BMSC分化方向的角度刺激新骨形成,还可抑制非依赖成骨细胞的破骨细胞生成过程,减少骨吸收,因而具有治疗骨质疏松的潜力。     

姜黄素治疗骨质疏松的研究进展

姜黄素在骨质疏松的防治中具有显著的作用,可通过抑制骨髓间充质干细胞的凋亡与成脂分化,促进骨髓间充质干细胞增殖与成骨分化,促进成骨细胞增殖与分化,增强成骨细胞活力,减少成骨细胞凋亡,降低破骨细胞活性,诱导破骨细胞凋亡,抑制破骨细胞的生成、分化与骨吸收,改善骨代谢与骨小梁微观结构,减少骨量的丢失,增加骨骼的强度。但目前有关姜黄素治疗骨质疏松基本处于实验室研究阶段,姜黄素投入抗骨质疏松的临床使用仍需进一步以及更多的基础实验研究证实。综述姜黄素治疗骨质疏松的相关机制与进展,以期为姜黄素治疗骨质疏松在基础医学研究、药物临床应用以及新药物的开发等提供参考。     

2015年乳腺癌辅助化疗进展

【摘要】〓乳腺癌是危害我国女性健康的头号杀手,尽管近年来辅助化疗的研究进展突飞猛进,但临床中仍有不少问题未能明确,如辅助化疗的合适人群、化疗的开始时间、蒽环及紫杉类的地位和用法、强化维持治疗的作用、疗效及预后的生物标志物等。本文结合乳腺癌辅助化疗在临床上的常见问题和2015年各大乳腺癌会议阐述乳腺癌辅助化疗的最新进展。     

Alterations in T-Cell Subset Frequency in Peripheral Blood in Obesity

Background: Obesity affects the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses. This study characterizes differences in peripheral blood lymphocyte phenotype in obese humans. Methods: Frequencies of lymphocyte subsets among peripheral blood mononuclear cells were compared between 10 obese (BMI ≥35) and 10 lean subjects, as determined by antibodies directed against cluster differentiation (CD) markers. Results: Obese patients demonstrated an increased frequency of CD3+CD4+ T-cells (mean difference 12%, P=0.004), a decreased frequency of CD3+CD8+ T-cells (mean difference 9.4%, P=0.016) and an increased frequency of CD3+CD8+CD95+ T-cells (mean difference 13.3%, P=0.032). No other differences among T-cell or monocyte subsets were noted. Conclusions: Obesity is associated with alterations in frequencies of peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells and aberrations in the expression of CD95 among CD8+ T-cells. These data suggest both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell compartments, as well as the regulation of CD95 expression on CD8+ T-cells, as targets for further study into obesity's effects on the immune system.     

西宁地区烧伤病人动脉血气分析观察

对高海拔地区的27例烧伤病人动脉血气变化进行了分析和观察。结果证明:无论是存活病人还是死亡病人伤后均存在有低氧血症问题。并且在死亡病人和烧伤合并吸入性损伤病人其低氧血症的发生早于单纯烧伤病人。提示:吸入性损伤病人应立即行气管切开术以保障氧气供给,单纯烧伤病人可常规吸氧以维持正常血 PaO_2,ARDS 均发生在合并吸入性损伤的病人,高频喷射通气技术对纠正低氧血症有一定效果。     

Controversies in Fistula in Ano

Managing a complex fistula in ano can be a daunting task for most surgeons; largely due to the two major dreaded complications—recurrence & fecal incontinence. It is important to understand the anatomy of the anal sphincters & the aetiopathological process of the disease to provide better patient care. There are quite a few controversies associated with fistula in ano & its management, which compound the difficulty in treating fistula in ano. This article attempts to clear some of those major controversies.     

β-半乳糖苷酶在体内外成骨细胞中的表达

目的 研究β—半乳糖苷酶(β—gal)在成骨细胞中的表达状况，为阐明MorquioB综合征的发病机制提供依据。方法 裸鼠各器官和骨组织标本行X-gal染色检测。抽取羊和人骨髓行骨髓基质细胞(BMSCs)培养，分为4组：I：Adv-hBMP-2转染组；Ⅱ：Adv—β—gal转染组；Ⅲ：未转染组；Ⅳ：地塞米松诱导组。分别行X-gal染色和RT-PCR检测β—gal的表达。结果 裸鼠骺板两侧、骨膜内面及松质骨的成骨细胞和破骨细胞可见多量β—gal的表达。未转染BMSCs组有少量β—gal的表达，其他3组细胞的β—gal表达增高。结论成骨细胞和破骨细胞可表达多量β—gal，该两种细胞的β—gal缺乏可能是MorquioB综合征骨骼异常的直接原因。     

Smoking-Attributable mortality in Spain in 2016

IntroductionSmoking-attributable mortality (SAM) is a valuable indicator that can be used to characterize the course and health burden of the smoking epidemic. The aim of this paper was to estimate SAM in Spain in 2016 in the population aged 35 and over, using the best available evidence.MethodsA smoking prevalence-dependent analysis based on the estimation of population-attributable fractions was performed. Smoking prevalence (never, former, and current smokers) was calculated from a combination of the Spanish Health Survey (2016) and the European Health Survey (2014); the relative risk of death among current and former smokers was taken from the follow-up of various cohorts; and mortality rates were obtained from National Center for Statistics data. SAM estimates are presented globally, and by sex, age groups, and major disease categories: cancer, cardiometabolic diseases and respiratory diseases.ResultsIn 2016, 56,124 deaths were attributed to tobacco consumption, 84% in men (47,000), and 50% in the population aged over 74 (27,795). Overall, 50% of SAM was due to cancer (28,281), 65% of which was lung cancer. One in 4 attributable deaths (13,849) occurred before the age of 65.ConclusionsOne in 7 deaths in Spain in 2016 were attributable to smoking. This estimation of SAM clearly highlights the great impact of smoking on mortality in Spain, mainly due to lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.     

MicroRNAs in hepatic pathophysiology in diabetes

MicroRNAs(miRNAs or miRs) are small approximately 22 nucleotide RNA species that are believed to regulate diverse metabolic and physiological processes.In the recent past,several reports have surfaced that demonstrate the role of miRNAs in various biological processes and numerous disease states.For a disease as complex as diabetes,the emergence of miRNAs as key regulators leading to the disease phenotype has added a novel dimension to the area of diabetes research.On the other hand,the liver,a metabolic hub,contributes in a major way towards maintaining normal glucose levels in the body as it can both stimulate and inhibit hepatic glucose output.This equilibrium is frequently disturbed in diabetes and hence,the liver assumes special significance considering the correlation between altered hepatic physiology and diabetes.While the understanding of the mechanisms behind this altered hepatic behavior is not yet completely understood,recent reports on the status and role of miRNAs in the diabetic liver have further added to the complexities of the knowledge of hepatic pathophysiology in diabetes.Here,we bring together the various miRNAs that play a role in the altered hepatic behavior during diabetes.     

Fluid-phase transcytosis in the primate epididymis in vitro and in vivo

Ligated tubules from the corpus epididymidis of men and monkeys were incubated in medium containing horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as a marker for fluid-phase endocytosis. HRP was localized by light and electron microscopy after 0, 15, 30 and 60 min of incubation. Movement between the cells was prevented by tight junctions, but bypass of this barrier was apparently achieved by an intracellular vesicular mechanism leading to a time-dependent appearance of HRP in the lumen. Uptake of HRP into basal cells and capture by the lysosomal apparatus of principal cells were also observed. HRP-filled vesicles also appeared in the basal, mid and apical cytoplasm of epithelial cells in the caput 1 h after injection of the tracer into the epididymal circulation of the monkey, suggesting that this pathway also operates in vivo.