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1.
Bartalena G Grieder R Sharma RI Zambelli T Muff R Snedeker JG 《Biomedical microdevices》2011,13(2):291-301
Various micro-devices have been used to assess single cell mechanical properties. Here, we designed and implemented a novel,
mechanically actuated, two dimensional cell culture system that enables a measure of cell stiffness based on quantitative
functional imaging of cell-substrate interaction. Based on parametric finite element design analysis, we fabricated a soft
(5 kPa) polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) cell substrate coated with collagen-I and fluorescent micro-beads, thus providing a favorable
terrain for cell adhesion and for substrate deformation quantification, respectively. We employed a real-time tracking system
that analyzes high magnification images of living cells under stretch, and compensates for gross substrate motions by dynamic
adjustment of the microscope stage. Digital image correlation (DIC) was used to quantify substrate deformation beneath and
surrounding the cell, leading to an estimate of cell stiffness based upon the ability of the cell to resist the applied substrate
deformation. Sensitivity of the system was tested using chemical treatments to both “soften” and “stiffen” the cell cytoskeleton
with either 0.5 μg/ml Cytochalasin-D or 3% Glutaraldehyde, respectively. Results indicate that untreated osteosarcoma cells
(SAOS-2) exhibit a 1.5 ± 0.7% difference in strain from an applied target substrate strain of 8%. Compared to untreated cells,
those treated with Cyochalasin-D passively followed the substrate (0.5 ± 0.5%, p < 0.001), whereas Glutaraldehyde enhanced cellular stiffness and the ability to resist the substrate deformation (2.9 ± 1.6%,
p < 0.001). Nano-indentation testing showed differences in cell stiffness based on culture treatment, consistent with DIC findings.
Our results indicate that mechanics and image analysis approaches do hold promise as a method to quantitatively assess tensile
cell constitutive properties. 相似文献
2.
Jelena Vukasinovic D. Kacy Cullen Michelle C. LaPlaca Ari Glezer 《Biomedical microdevices》2009,11(6):1155-1165
High density, three-dimensional (3D) cultures present physical similarities to in vivo tissue and are invaluable tools for pre-clinical therapeutic discoveries and development of tissue engineered constructs.
Unfortunately, the use of dense cultures is hindered by intra-culture transport limits allowing just a few layer thick cultures
for reproducible studies. In order to overcome diffusion limits in intra-culture nutrient and gas availability, a simple scalable
microfluidic perfusion platform was developed and validated. A novel perfusion approach maintained laminar flow of nutrients
through the culture to meet metabolic need, while removing depleted medium and catabolites. Velocity distributions and 3D
flow patterns were measured using microscopic particle image velocimetry. The effectiveness of forced convection laminar perfusion
was confirmed by culturing 700 μm thick neural-astrocytic (1:1) constructs at cell density approaching that of the brain (50,000
cells/mm3). At the optimized flow rate of the nutrient medium, the culture viability reached 90% through the full construct thickness
at 2 days of perfusion while unperfused controls exhibited widespread cell death. The membrane aerated perfusion platform
was integrated within a miniature, imaging accessible enclosure enabling temperature and gas control of the culture environment.
Temperature measurements demonstrated fast feedback response to environmental changes resulting in the maintenance of the
physiological temperature within 37 ± 0.2°C. Reproducible culturing of tissue equivalents within dynamically controlled environments
will provide higher fidelity to in vivo function in an in vitro accessible format for cell-based assays and regenerative medicine. 相似文献
3.
A novel cell culture methodology is described in which diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DTMRI) and cell micropatterning
are combined to fabricate cell monolayers that replicate realistic cross-sectional tissue structure. As a proof-of-principle,
neonatal rat ventricular myocyte (NRVM) monolayers were cultured to replicate the tissue microstructure of murine ventricular
cross-sections. Specifically, DTMRI-measured in-plane cardiac fiber directions were converted into soft-lithography photomasks.
Silicone stamps fabricated from the photomasks deposit fibronectin patterns to guide local cellular alignment. Fibronectin
patterns consisted of a matrix of 190 μm2 subregions, each comprised of parallel lines 11–20 μm-wide, spaced 2–8.5 μm apart, and angled to match local DTMRI-measured fiber directions. Within 6 days of culture, NRVMs established confluent,
electrically coupled monolayers, and for 18 μm-wide, 5 μm-spaced lines, directions of cell alignment in subregions microscopically replicated DTMRI-measurements with a local error
of 7.2 ± 4.1°. By adjusting fibronectin line widths and spacings, cell elongation, gap junctional membrane distribution, and
local cellular disarray were altered without changing the dominant directions of cell alignment in individual subregions.
Changes in the anisotropy of electrical propagation were assessed by optically mapping membrane potentials. This novel methodology
is expected to enable systematic studies of intramural structure–function relationships in both healthy and structurally remodeled
hearts. 相似文献
4.
E. Haglund M.-M. Seale-Goldsmith J. F. Leary 《Annals of biomedical engineering》2009,37(10):2048-2063
Multifunctional nanoparticles hold great promise for drug/gene delivery and simultaneous diagnostics and therapeutics (“theragnostics”)
including use of core materials that provide in vivo imaging and opportunities for externally modulated therapeutic interventions. Multilayered nanoparticles can act as nanomedical
systems with on-board molecular programming done through the chemistry of highly specialized layers to accomplish complex
and potentially decision-making tasks. The targeting process itself is a multi-step process consisting of initial cell recognition
through cell surface receptors, cell entry through the membrane in a manner to prevent undesired alterations of the nanomedical
system, re-targeting to the appropriate sub-region of the cell where the therapeutic package can be localized, and potentially
control of that therapeutic process through feedback systems using molecular biosensors. This paper describes a bionanoengineering
design process in which sophisticated nanomedical platform systems can be designed for diagnosis and treatment of disease.
The feasibility of most of these subsystems has been demonstrated, but the full integration of these interacting sub-components
remains a challenge for the field. Specific examples of sub-components developed for specific applications are described. 相似文献
5.
Cryptosporidium is a worldwide waterborne parasite and the treatment is a severe problem in immunocompromised patients. In this study, we
used the in vitro culture system to evaluate the anti-Cryptosporidium activity of ginkgolic acids (GAs), nitazoxanide (NTZ), garlicin (GAR), and artemether (ART). The growth of Cryptosporidium andersoni in HCT-8 cells was determined by real-time PCR assay. When exposed to 5.00 μg/ml GAs or 10.00 μg/ml NTZ for 48 h, the number
of C. andersoni in cultures was on a very low lever, but the number of parasites did not significantly decrease when exposed to GAR and ART.
Our results indicate that GAs could be a potential drug for the treatment of cryptosporidiosis. 相似文献
6.
7.
Perfluorocarbon Nanoemulsions for Quantitative Molecular Imaging and Targeted Therapeutics 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Megan M. Kaneda Shelton Caruthers Gregory M. Lanza Samuel A. Wickline 《Annals of biomedical engineering》2009,37(10):1922-1933
A broad array of nanomaterials is available for use as contrast agents for molecular imaging and drug delivery. Due to the
lack of endogenous background signal in vivo and the high NMR sensitivity of the 19F atom, liquid perfluorocarbon nanoemulsions make ideal agents for cellular and magnetic resonance molecular imaging. The
perfluorocarbon core material is surrounded by a lipid monolayer which can be functionalized with a variety of agents including
targeting ligands, imaging agents and drugs either individually or in combination. Multiple copies of targeting ligands (∼20–40
monoclonal antibodies or 200–400 small molecule ligands) serve to enhance avidity through multivalent interactions while the
composition of the particle’s perfluorocarbon core results in high local concentrations of 19F. Additionally, lipophilic drugs contained within molecularly targeted nanoemulsions can result in contact facilitated drug
delivery to target cells. Ultimately, the dual use of perfluorocarbon nanoparticles for both site targeted drug delivery and
molecular imaging may provide both imaging of disease states as well as conclusive evidence that drug delivery is localized
to the area of interest. This review will focus on liquid perfluorocarbon nanoparticles as 19F molecular imaging agents and for targeted drug delivery in cancer and cardiovascular disease. 相似文献
8.
Linder V Koster S Franks W Kraus T Verpoorte E Heer F Hierlemann A de Rooij NF 《Biomedical microdevices》2006,8(2):159-166
The study of individual cells and cellular networks can greatly benefit from the capabilities of microfabricated devices for
the stimulation and the recording of electrical cellular events. In this contribution, we describe the development of a device,
which combines capabilities for both electrical and pharmacological cell stimulation, and the subsequent recording of electrical
cellular activity. The device combines the unique advantages of integrated circuitry (CMOS technology) for signal processing
and microfluidics for drug delivery. Both techniques are ideally suited to study electrogenic mammalian cells, because feature
sizes are of the same order as the cell diameter, ∼ 50 μm. Despite these attractive features, we observe a size mismatch between
microfluidic devices, with bulky fluidic connections to the outside world, and highly miniaturized CMOS chips. To overcome
this problem, we developed a microfluidic flow cell that accommodates a small CMOS chip. We simulated the performances of
a flow cell based on a 3-D microfluidic system, and then fabricated the device to experimentally verify the nutrient delivery
and localized drug delivery performance. The flow-cell has a constant nutrient flow, and six drug inlets that can individually
deliver a drug to the cells. The experimental analysis of the nutrient and drug flow mass transfer properties in the flowcell
are in good agreement with our simulations. For an experimental proof-of-principle, we successfully delivered, in a spatially
resolved manner, a ‘drug’ to a culture of HL-1 cardiac myocytes. 相似文献
9.
10.
Integration of a pump and an electrical sensor into a membrane-based PDMS microbioreactor for cell culture and drug testing 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
To the extent possible, artificial organs should have characteristics that match those of the in vivo system. To this end, microfabrication techniques allow us to create microenvironments that can help maintain cell organization
and functionality in in vitro cultures. We present three new microbioreactors, each of which allows cells to be cultured in a perfused microenvironment
similar to that found in vivo. Our microbioreactors use new technology that permits integration onto the chip (35 mm × 20 mm) of an electrical sensor,
in addition to one or more pumping systems and associated perfusion circuitry. The monitoring of Caco-2 cell cultures using
electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) has allowed us to measure the effects of cell growth, cellular barrier formation and
the presence of chemical compounds and/or toxins. Specifically, we have investigated the ability of the electrical sensor
to maintain appropriate sensitivity and precision. Our results show that the sensor was very sensitive not only to the presence
or the absence of the cells, but also to changes in cell state. Our perfused microbioreactors are highly efficient miniaturized
tools that are easy to operate. We anticipate that they will offer promising new opportunities in many types of cell culture
research, including drug screening and tissue engineering. 相似文献
11.
The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate a rapid quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the direct
detection and quantification of pneumococcal DNA bacterial load (DBL) in patients with pneumonia and empyema. DBL and molecular
serotype detection was determined by DNA quantification of the pneumolysin (ply) gene and an additional capsular gene by real-time PCR. Plasma or pleural fluid samples from children and adolescents with
confirmed pneumococcal pneumonia were analyzed. DBL was correlated with clinical parameters and outcomes. One hundred and
sixty-nine patients with pneumococcal pneumonia (145 empyema) had bacterial cultures and real-time PCR assays performed. Among
them, 41 (24.3%) had positive results for both, 4 (2.4%) had positive culture alone, and 124 (73.3%) had positive real-time
PCR alone. The pleural fluid DBL was lower in patients with prior antibiotics (p = 0.01) and higher in patients with positive culture (p < 0.001). The pleural fluid DBL was positively correlated with serum C-reactive protein (p = 0.009), pleural fluid neutrophils (p < 0.001), and pleural fluid glucose (p < 0.001). The plasma and pleural fluid DBL were higher in patients with ≥8 days of hospital stay (p = 0.002), and the pleural fluid DBL was positively correlated with the number of hours of pleural drainage (p < 0.001). Quantification of pneumococcal DBL by real-time PCR may be helpful for the diagnosis and clinical management of
pediatric patients with pneumonia and empyema 相似文献
12.
We have recently demonstrated that the antimicrotubule drug oryzalin inhibits the growth of Entamoeba invadens as well as E. histolytica, the former being more resistant to the drug than the latter, and that effective doses of oryzalin are higher for Entamoeba than for the other parasitic protozoa examined thus far. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of oryzalin
on the encystation of E. invadens using an axenic encystation system in vitro. Oryzalin inhibited the encystation of E. invadens strain IP-1 in a dose-dependent manner. The addition of oryzalin after the induction of encystation was also inhibitory for
encystation and cyst maturation. Trophozoites incubated for 1 day in encystation medium with oryzalin did not encyst after
removal of the drug. Although trophozoites grown in the presence of 300 μM oryzalin for 2 days did not encyst after their transfer to encystation medium containing the same concentration of drug,
a number of trophozoites survived for at least 3 days. In contrast, trophozoites grown in the absence of oryzalin neither
survived nor encysted after their transfer to encystation medium supplemented with the drug, which suggests that pretreatment
of trophozoites with oryzalin contributes to their continued survival as trophozoites, i.e., without their transforming into
cysts, in encystation medium. Trophozoites grown with oryzalin did encyst after their transfer to encystation medium without
the drug. Accumulation of trophozoites in the mitotic phase was observed after culture with oryzalin. When cysts prepared
at day 1 of encystation, most of which were mononucleate, were reincubated in the presence of oryzalin for an additional 2
days, inhibition of their maturation was observed. Thus, oryzalin is a potent mitotic-phase inhibitor of E. invadens and may become a useful tool for studies on the relationship between the cell cycle and encystation of this parasite.
Received: 29 November 1999 / Accepted: 28 January 2000 相似文献
13.
A microfabricated cell-based testing device for electrochemotherapy (ECT) has been developed by miniaturizing the widely used
clinical electroporator with a two-needle array into two-dimensional planar electrodes while keeping the similarity of the
electric field strength distribution. In this device, all the biological processes from cell culture to electroporation and
final cell-based assays were carried out on a chip using a conventional 2D cell culture method, and the multiple electrochemotherapeutic
assays could be realized by exploiting the six electroporation sites in a single device. With the proposed platform, the electroporation
rate was evaluated with propidium iodide and cell proliferation after 48 h of electrochemotherapy with bleomycin was determined
with T47D human breast ductal carcinoma cell line in various electric field strengths and drug concentrations. This microsystem
has several advantages over conventional cuvette type electroporation assay, such as multiple assays on a chip, on-chip based
operation from cell culture to final assay, and having similar electric field distribution as that of the clinical electroporator.
As the clinical trials of electrochemotherapy are being carried out, this new platform is expected to have valuable applications
in basic in vitro ECT studies, drug discovery, and development of clinical ECT equipment. 相似文献
14.
Hideaki Tsutsui Edmond Yu Sabrina Marquina Bahram Valamehr Ieong Wong Hong Wu Chih-Ming Ho 《Annals of biomedical engineering》2010,38(12):3777-3788
In this study, we have developed an integrated microfluidic platform for actively patterning mammalian cells, where poly(ethylene
glycol) (PEG) hydrogels play two important roles as a non-fouling layer and a dielectric structure. The developed system has
an embedded array of PEG microwells fabricated on a planar indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode. Due to its dielectric properties,
the PEG microwells define electrical energy landscapes, effectively forming positive dielectrophoresis (DEP) traps in a low-conductivity
environment. Distribution of DEP forces on a model cell was first estimated by computationally solving quasi-electrostatic
Maxwell’s equations, followed by an experimental demonstration of cell and particle patterning without an external flow. Furthermore,
efficient patterning of mouse embryonic stem (mES) cells was successfully achieved in combination with an external flow. With
a seeding density of 107 cells/mL and a flow rate of 3 μL/min, trapping of cells in the microwells was completed in tens of seconds after initiation of the DEP operation. Captured
cells subsequently formed viable and homogeneous monolayer patterns. This simple approach could provide an efficient strategy
for fabricating various cell microarrays for applications such as cell-based biosensors, drug discovery, and cell microenvironment
studies. 相似文献
15.
R. Evans J. M. W. Chatterton D. Ashburn A. W. L. Joss D. O. Ho-Yen 《European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases》1999,18(12):879-884
The aim of this study was to identify a sustainable cell line and culture method that could continuously provide a sufficient
quantity of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites to serve the needs of a general hospital laboratory. Three continuous cell lines (HeLa, LLC and Vero) and three
cell-culture methods (culture in conventional flasks, culture in membrane-based flasks and an automated culture system) were
investigated. In multiplicity-of-infection and time-course experiments, HeLa was the cell line of choice. Harvests from HeLa
cells had significantly higher tachyzoite yields than those from LLC cells (P<0.00005) or Vero cells (P<0.05). Membrane-based flasks gave higher yields (6.15×106 tachyzoites/ml) than conventional flasks (1–2×106 tachyzoites/ml) initially, but these were not sustained. The automated cell-culture system was unsuitable for parasite culture.
Continuous passage in 25 cm2 flasks was successful, yielding 1×106 tachyzoites/ml; viability exceeded 90% after 96–120 h of infection throughout 38 passes, during which time the viability
improved and the time to harvest became more consistent. Toxoplasma gondii grown in continuous culture in HeLa cells can provide a regular supply of viable tachyzoites. Demonstration that HeLa-derived
tachyzoites could be used for the dye test confirms the potential of this in vitro system for use in general hospital laboratories. 相似文献
16.
Radyukhina NV Rutkevich PN Aref'yeva TI Gurskaya TKh Rybalkin IN Shevelyov AY Slinkin MA Vlasik TN Il'yinskaya OP Tararak EM 《Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine》2007,143(6):723-726
We developed a technology of labeling bone marrow precursor cells with the Lin—c-kit+ phenotype in culture by green fluorescent protein gene using a lentivirus vector. The proposed system provides effective
transduction of bone marrow precursor cells and high transgene expression level in vitro (27%). The integration of the transgene into the transduced cell genome in vivo was verified by the method of splenic colonies.
__________
Translated from Byulleten’ Eksperimental’noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 143, No. 6, pp. 667–671, June, 2007 相似文献
17.
A novelin vitro system was developed to examine the effects of traumatic mechanical loading on individual cells. The cell shearing injury
device (CSID) is a parallel disk viscometer that applies fluid shear stress with variable onset rate. The CSID was used in
conjunction with microscopy and biochemical techniques to obtain a quantitative expression of the deformation and functional
response of neurons to injury. Analytical and numerical approximations of the shear stress at the bottom disk were compared
to determine the contribution of secondary flows. A significant portion of the shear stress was directed in ther-direction during start-up, and therefore the full Navier-Stokes equation was necessary to accurately describe the transient
shear stress. When shear stress was applied at a high rate (800 dyne cm−2 sec−1) to cultured neurons, a range of cell membrane strains (0.01 to 0.53) was obtained, suggesting inhomogeneity in cellular
response. Functionally, cytosolic calcium and extracellular lactate dehydrogenase levels increased in response to high strain
rate (>1 sec−1) loading, compared with quasistatic (<1 sec−1) loading. In addition, a subpopulation of the culture subjected to rapid deformation subsequently died. These strain rates
are relevant to those shown to occur in traumatic injury, and as such, the CSID is an appropriate model for studying the biomechanics
and pathophysiology of neuronal injury. 相似文献
18.
B. G. Sengers C. P. Please M. Taylor R. O. C. Oreffo 《Annals of biomedical engineering》2009,37(6):1165-1176
The clinical application of macro-porous scaffolds for bone regeneration is significantly affected by the problem of insufficient
cell colonization. Given the wide variety of different scaffold structures used for tissue engineering it is essential to
derive relationships for cell colonization independent of scaffold architecture. To study cell population spreading on 3D
structures decoupled from nutrient limitations, an in vitro culture system was developed consisting of thin slices of human trabecular bone seeded with Human Bone Marrow Stromal Cells,
combined with dedicated μCT imaging and computational modeling of cell population spreading. Only the first phase of in vitro scaffold colonization was addressed, in which cells migrate and proliferate up to the stage when the surface of the bone
is covered as a monolayer, a critical prerequisite for further tissue formation. The results confirm the model’s ability to
represent experimentally observed cell population spreading. The key advantage of the computational model was that by incorporating
complex 3D structure, cell behavior can be characterized quantitatively in terms of intrinsic migration parameters, which
could potentially be used for predictions on different macro-porous scaffolds subject to additional experimental validation.
This type of modeling will prove useful in predicting cell colonization and improving strategies for skeletal tissue engineering. 相似文献
19.
Mohammad Mahfuz Chowdhury Takeshi Katsuda Kevin Montagne Hiroshi Kimura Nobuhiko Kojima Hidenori Akutsu Takahiro Ochiya Teruo Fujii Yasuyuki Sakai 《Biomedical microdevices》2010,12(6):1097-1105
Pluripotent stem cells are under the influence of soluble factors in a diffusion dominant in vivo microenvironment. In order to investigate the effects of secreted soluble factors on embryonic stem cell (ESC) behavior in
a diffusion dominant microenvironment, we cultured mouse ESCs (mESCs) in a membrane-based two-chambered micro-bioreactor (MB).
To avoid disturbing the cellular environment in the top chamber of the MB, only the culture medium of the bottom chamber was
exchanged. Cell growth in the MB after 5 days of culture was similar to that in conventional 6-well plate (6-WP) and membrane-based
Transwell insert (TW) cultures, indicating adequate nutrient supply in the MB. However, the cells retained higher expression
of pluripotency markers (Oct4, Sox2 and Rex1) and secreted soluble factors (FGF4 and BMP4) in the MB. Inhibition of FGF4 activity
in the MB and TW resulted in a similar cellular response. However, in contrast to the TW, inhibition of BMP4 activity revealed
that autocrine action of the upregulated BMP4, which acted cooperatively with leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), upregulated
the pluripotency markers expression in the MB culture. We propose that BMP4 accumulated in the diffusion dominant microenvironment
of the MB upregulated its own expression by a positive feedback mechanism—in contrast to the macro-scale culture systems—thereby
enhancing the pluripotency of mESCs. The micro-scale culture platform developed in this study enables the investigation of
the effects of soluble factors on ESCs in a diffusion dominant microenvironment, and is expected to be used to modulate the
ESC fate choices. 相似文献
20.
Hongbo Wu Yanqiu Zhao Xiaoqian Mu Huijuan Wu Lijuan Chen Wenjing Liu 《Journal of biomaterials science. Polymer edition》2013,24(6):384-400
In our study, a silica–polymer composite nano system (MB-NSi–p53–CS ternary complexes) composed of methylene blue-encapsulated amine-terminated silica nanoparticles (MB-NSi) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) were successfully developed for tumor-targeted imaging and p53 gene therapy of lung cancer. MB was employed as a NIR probe for in vivo imaging, MB-NSi nanoparticles were served as gene vector, while CS was applied to be a coating and targeting polymer. MB-NSi–p53–CS ternary complexes displayed nanosized diameter, effective p53 condensation ability, efficient p53 protection profile, and superior bovine serum albumin stability in vitro. Experiments on A549 cell line further revealed low cytotoxicity, high p53 transfection, and anticancer efficacy of MB-NSi–p53–CS ternary complexes. In vivo imaging and tumor targetability assays demonstrated that MB-NSi–p53–CS ternary complexes were a preferable system with desirable imaging and tumor-targeting properties. 相似文献