儿童微量营养素缺乏与微量营养素补充

微量营养素缺乏是增加儿童感染性疾病发病率和死亡率的主要原因之一。在中低收入国家包括我国贫困农村地区患病率仍处于较高水平。24月龄以下是干预的关键时期。寻证依据证明微量营养素补充和在食品中强化微量营养素能有效改善儿童营养状况,降低微量营养素缺乏及其相关疾病的发生,并具有很高的成本效益。     

抗氧化微量营养素对IDDM小鼠抗氧化损伤的实验研究

目的:研究复合抗氧化微量营养素(antioxidative micronutrients,AM)拮抗IDDM小鼠氧化侵袭损害的作用机制。方法:用一次大剂量注射2%四氧嘧啶(alloxan)的方法制备IDDM小鼠模型,联合给予硒(Se)、维生素E(VE)、钒(V)、铬(Cr),测定脾活性氧(ROS)水平以及心、脑、肾中MDA含量和GSH-Px、SOD、GSH-ST活性。结果:IDDM小鼠脾ROS水平以及心、脑MDA含量明显增高(P<0.01),而肾中SOD活性明显降低(P<0.01);联合应用AM可降低IDDM小鼠脾ROS水平及心、脑MDA含量,并提高心GSH-Px、肾SOD及心、肾GSH-ST活性。结论:联合应用AM可在一定程度上拮抗IDDM时的氧化侵袭损害,对防治糖尿病微血管病变以及并发症有重要意义。     

补充微量营养素对儿童营养状况的影响

【目的】　研究补充多种微量营养素对儿童营养状况的影响,为促进儿童健康成长提供理论依据。　【方法】　选择浙江省仙居县某所小学在校9~12岁小学儿童,经常规健康体检,将健康儿童220名,随机分成两组,一组为微量营养素补充组,服用多种微量营养素片,另一组为空白对照组,补充期为6个月。试验前和结束时,测定血清视黄醇和25 (OH)D3 含量,进行维生素B1、维生素B2 和维生素C的4 h尿负荷试验。　【结果】　干预试验前后,补充组与对照组儿童的血清视黄醇含量、维生素A缺乏的发生率差异均无显著性(P均> 0.05)。试验结束时,两组儿童的血清25 (OH)D3 水平都比干预试验前显著降低,但是对照组降低的幅度显著大于补充组(P<0.001),并且补充组试验后的降低值显著低于对照组(P<0.01);补充组儿童的4 h负荷尿中维生素B2 和维生素C排出量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),并且补充组维生素C的增加值非常显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。　【结论】　补充多种微量营养素能维持儿童的血清25 (OH)D3 水平在适宜范围,改善儿童的维生素B2 和维生素C营养状况。     

补充微量营养素对儿童学习认知能力影响的研究

【目的】研究多种微量营养紊对儿童学习认知能力的影响。【方法】选择浙江省某一贫困县农村中心小学在校8～12岁儿童，经过常规健康体检，选择健康儿童220名，随机分成两组，一组为微量营养素补充组，服用多种微量营养索片;另一组为空白对照组．服用外包装与补充组完全相同的安慰剂。补充期为6个月。【结果】试验后，补充多种微量营养素组儿童的阅读速度和工作能力的增加值和平均工作能力显著高于对照组。学习疲劳率低于对照组;试验结束时补充组儿童的数学成绩、语文与数学合计成绩以及在年级排名顺序均显著优于对照组。【结论】补充多种微量营养紊可明显改善儿童的学习认知能力。     

补充多种微量营养素对学龄儿童营养状况的影响

目的:为研究复合微量营养素补充剂对儿童营养状况的影响。方法:将220名8~12岁小学生随机分为2组,一组补充多种微量营养素,另一组服安慰剂。实验采用双盲设计,补充期为6个月,停止补充后1年再随访观察。试验前后和停止补充1年后分别测量儿童的身高、体重、生化等指标。结果:补充组儿童的4h负荷尿中维生素B2、维生素C的排出量,晨尿羟脯氨酸含量及羟脯氨酸与肌酐比值都显著高于对照组;补充组儿童的血清1,25-二羟基维生素D3[1,25(OH)2D3]水平,尺骨中点处的骨矿物质含量和骨密度也显著高于对照组;补充组儿童的阅读速度、学习能力及数学考试成绩均显著优于对照组;停止补充1年后随访观察结果显示,干预组的血红蛋白含量仍显著高于对照组,血清视黄醇含量趋势高于对照组,补充组临界维生素A缺乏发生率显著低于对照组。结论:复合微量营养素补充剂对改善儿童营养状况和学习能力有明显促进作用,长期补充停止后某些有益效果仍将持续存在一段时间。     

补充微量营养素对艾滋病人免疫状态影响的研究

摘要:目的　研究补充微量营养素对艾滋病人免疫状态的影响。方法　选择艾滋病人,试验组服用复合微量营养素片,对照组服用安慰剂。研究开始及结束时分别进行体格测量、免疫状态的测定。结果　试验前各组对象的身高、体重和微量营养素摄入、细胞免疫及体液各项指标水平均无统计学差异（P＞0.05）。6 个月后,艾滋病人试验组免疫细胞及体液免疫指标均高于对照组,2组差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论　补充微量营养素能增进艾滋病人细胞免疫功能,并能提高艾滋病人体内IgA、IgG、IgM、补体C3水平。     

铁和复合微量营养素改善缺铁性贫血的实验研究

目的 :探讨铁和多种微量营养素改善缺铁性贫血的效果。方法 :用小鼠建立缺铁性贫血动物模型 ,设铁、多种微量营养素 3个补充剂量组和对照组。结果 :铁和复合微量营养素显著提高小鼠的血红蛋白、红细胞压积和血清铁水平 ,并显著降低高剂量组小鼠红细胞内游离原卟啉水平。结论 :在补铁的同时加用铜、锌等多种微量营养素能明显改善缺铁性贫血的症状     

补充复合微量营养素对学龄儿童记忆能力的影响

目的 研究复含微量营养素对学龄儿童记忆能力的影响.方法 采用随机双盲对照实验,选择四川省城乡各一所小学9-11岁儿童为观察对象,将275名儿童以班为单位,随机分为试验组和对照组.试验组儿童服用复含微量营养素咀嚼片,对照组儿童服用安慰剂咀嚼片,干预时间4个月.在干预前、后分别进行记忆能力、智力水平、反应时等指标测定.结果 试验组儿童记忆商及累积计数、视觉再生、触摸测验项目量表分显著高于对照组(P<0.05).农村试验组儿童的记忆商增加值大于农村对照组(P<0.05).试验组和对照组智力水平在补充复合微量营养素前后差异无显著性.结论 复合微量营养素在一定程度上改善了儿童记忆能力.     

健儿宝复合微量营养素制剂促进小鼠生长发育的实验研究

目的 :研究健儿宝复合微量营养素制剂对大鼠生长发育的影响。方法 :参照《国家卫生部保健食品评审办法》促生长发育的有关检测方法进行。结果 :一定剂量健儿宝复合微量营养素制剂可使幼鼠体重显著增加 ,耳廓分离时间、长毛时间和开眼时间显著短于对照组。幼鼠的满月存活率 ,7天、1 4天和 2 8天体重 ,4～ 8周雌雄鼠增重和雄鼠食物利用率均显著高于基础饲料组 ;三次空中翻正试验正确率也明显高于基础饲料组 ;第 1 5天前肢握杆时间显著长于基础饲料组。结论 :健儿宝复合微量营养素制剂具有良好的促生长发育的作用。     

补充微量营养素对2型糖尿病患者细胞免疫功能的影响

[目的]观察补充微量营养素是否改善2型糖尿病患者的细胞免疫功能。[方法]按随机双盲安慰剂对照的研究方法,分别给予196例2型糖尿病患者微量营养素制剂和安慰剂,连续服用6个月。研究开始前和6个月时进行人体测量、血液生化和细胞免疫检查。研究前1个月及研究期间每月进行随访,每2周填写饮食和运动记录表、感染登记表。[结果]研究结束后14人退出研究,脱落率7.1%,获得有效数据者182例。研究开始前两组基本情况及各项指标间均无显著性差异,研究结束后干预组CD4+、CD8+、CD4+/CD8+比例和淋巴细胞计数的变化值均显著高于对照组。[结论]适量补充微量营养素可改善2型糖尿病患者细胞免疫功能。     

中国居民微量营养素摄入的地区分布

本文依据１９９２年全国营养调查各省不同年龄居民的膳食情况,详细分析了各省、市、自治区居民微量营养素的摄入情况。分析结果显示烟酸、抗坏血酸和维生素Ｅ的摄入比较充足,大部分省份居民摄入硫胺素、锌和硒较好,而钙、视黄醇当量和核黄素摄入量普遍不足。东北、西北和西南内陆地区是营养素缺乏比较集中的地区。本文分析的结果可以为分区或分省进行微量营养素膳食干预或食物强化提供参考。     

番茄红素对铁负荷大鼠抗氧化功能影响

目的探讨番茄红素对铁负荷大鼠抗氧化功能保护作用。方法36只SD大鼠按体重随机分为空白对照、铁负荷、番茄红素、番茄红素高、中、低剂量干预6组,每组6只,持续饲喂6周后,取血和肝、肾、脾、心和结肠组织测定铁含量,总铁结合力;测定血清和组织中丙二醛(MDA)、总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)及谷胱甘肽-S转移酶(GST)活性。结果高剂量番茄红素干预组大鼠血清、肝、脾、心脏和结肠组织中铁含量分别为(19.06±2.1)μmol/L、(25.67±2.7)μg/g、(38.30±4.8)μg/g、(17.30±2.6)μg/g和(12.08±2.9)μg/g,与铁负荷组比较,高剂量番茄红素干预组大鼠组织中铁含量明显下降,血清总铁结合力明显增加,MDA含量明显下降,T-SOD活性明显上升,血清、心脏、肝和结肠CAT、GST活性明显上升(P<0.05)。结论番茄红素能有效清除体内自由基,增强机体抗氧化能力。     

Micronutrient Supplementation in Adult Nutrition Therapy: Practical Considerations

Preexisting micronutrient (vitamins and trace elements) deficiencies are often present in hospitalized patients. Deficiencies occur due to inadequate or inappropriate administration, increased or altered requirements, and increased losses, affecting various biochemical processes and resulting in organ dysfunction, poor wound healing, and altered immune status with deleterious sequelae. Guidelines for the 13 essential vitamins and 10 essential trace elements have been established. These recommendations, however, are applicable to healthy adults and not to critically ill patients, in whom decreased serum levels may indicate actual deficiencies or a deficiency due to redistribution. Benefits of supplementation over and above the daily requirements, which may not result in increased serum levels, are also unclear and may, in fact, be detrimental. Vitamin requirements are increased in disease states, but a similar recommendation for trace elements has not been initiated except for selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn). In practice, a multivitamin preparation and a multiple trace element admixture (containing Zn, Se, copper, chromium, and manganese) are added to parenteral nutrition formulations. Most enteral nutrition preparations also contain adequate amounts of vitamins and trace elements, although bioavailability may be an issue. Detailed information about individual micronutrient use specifically in hospitalized adult patients receiving nutrition therapy will be discussed, emphasizing the practical and clinical aspects. Clinicians are encouraged to think of micronutrients not as nutritional supplements alone but also as therapeutic agents and nutraceuticals.     

产前应激致子代大鼠抑郁样行为的海马体转录组学变化

目的 研究产前应激(PS)诱导的抑郁样子代大鼠大脑海马体的差异表达基因(DEG)及其表达规律和调节机制。方法 2020年3—10月选择SD大鼠建立慢性束缚应激模型进行研究。使用糖水偏好实验测试子代大鼠PS易感性(PS-S),分别采用旷场实验、强迫游泳实验、悬尾实验验证PS模型和糖水偏好实验筛选个体对应激反应的有效性。应用基于高通量测序的转录组学方法来表征PS-S子代大鼠海马体中的基因网络。在数据处理和质量控制之后,使用生物信息学分析筛选差异表达基因并进行分类。结果 鉴定出486个差异表达基因,其中230个上调,256个下调。GO功能富集分析显示,上调的基因中鉴别出20个GO注释,下调的基因中鉴别出17个GO注释。诸如“气体运输”、“血红蛋白复合物”、“氧气运输”、“氧载体活性”等GO注释在DEG中排名靠前。包括“谷氨酸与激酶活性”、“对含氧化合物的反应”和“视黄醇代谢过程”等7个GO注释可同时富集在上调和下调的DEG集。KEGG富集分析表明,这些DEG主要富集于色氨酸代谢、吞噬体、蛋白消化吸收、神经活性配体受体相互作用、果糖和甘露糖代谢等信号通路。分析发现TTR、CRABP2、FABP...     

Suppression of oxidative stress by grape seed supplementation in rats

Polyphenol-rich grape seeds have a beneficial effect on human health. The present study was performed to investigate the effects of grape seeds on antioxidant activities in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into a control diet group (C), a high-fat diet group (HF), a 5% grape seed-supplemented control diet group (G), and a 5% grape seed-supplemented high-fat diet group (HG). Dietary supplementation with grape seeds reduced serum concentrations of lipid peroxides compared with those in the C and HF groups. The hepatic level of lipid peroxides decreased significantly in the grape seed groups compared with that in the C and HF groups. Superoxide dismutase activity in the G group increased significantly compared with that in the C group. Catalase activity tended to be higher by feeding grape seeds. The grape seed diet increased glutathione peroxidase activity in the C group. Glutathione-S-transferase activity increased significantly in the G group compared with that in the C group. Hepatic content of total glutathione increased significantly in the HG group but decreased significantly in the HF group. The ratio of reduced glutathione and oxidized glutathione increased by feeding the grape seed diet. Total vitamin A concentration was significantly higher in HG group than in other groups. Liver tocopherol content of the G and HG groups was significantly higher than that of the control groups. These results suggest that dietary supplementation with grape seeds is beneficial for suppressing lipid peroxidation in high fat-fed rats.     

Iron Supplementation in Pregnancy and Risk of Gestational Diabetes: A Narrative Review

Pregnant women frequently supplement their diets with iron to treat any cryptic anemia, on the assumption that if anemia is not present, there will be no negative consequences. However, in women who are already iron-replete, it has been suggested that this can lead to iron overload and an increased risk of certain pregnancy complications. One such complication is gestational diabetes. Fourteen clinical trials, case–control or cohort studies (found using Pubmed/Scopus/Web of Science) have investigated links between iron supplementation in pregnancy and risk of gestational diabetes, several of them finding significant associations with increased risk. Potential mechanisms include increased oxidative stress leading to insulin resistance and inadequate compensatory insulin secretion. Current evidence suggests that dietary supplementation with iron in pregnancy may increase a pregnant woman’s chance of developing gestational diabetes, although available evidence is somewhat contradictory, and the magnitude of any increased risk appears relatively small. Meta-analyses have suggested the presence of significant heterogeneity in results between studies, urging a degree of caution in interpreting these results. It is currently suggested that advice to pregnant women about whether to supplement their diets with iron or not should consider both their current iron status and their other established risk factors for gestational diabetes.     

Creatinine, diet, micronutrients, and arsenic methylation in West Bengal, India

Background: Ingested inorganic arsenic (InAs) is methylated to monomethylated (MMA) and dimethylated metabolites (DMA). Methylation may have an important role in arsenic toxicity, because the monomethylated trivalent metabolite [MMA(III)] is highly toxic.Objectives: We assessed the relationship of creatinine and nutrition—using dietary intake and blood concentrations of micronutrients—with arsenic metabolism, as reflected in the proportions of InAS, MMA, and DMA in urine, in the first study that incorporated both dietary and micronutrient data.Methods: We studied methylation patterns and nutritional factors in 405 persons who were selected from a cross-sectional survey of 7,638 people in an arsenic-exposed population in West Bengal, India. We assessed associations of urine creatinine and nutritional factors (19 dietary intake variables and 16 blood micronutrients) with arsenic metabolites in urine.Results: Urinary creatinine had the strongest relationship with overall arsenic methylation to DMA. Those with the highest urinary creatinine concentrations had 7.2% more arsenic as DMA compared with those with low creatinine (p < 0.001). Animal fat intake had the strongest relationship with MMA% (highest tertile animal fat intake had 2.3% more arsenic as MMA, p < 0.001). Low serum selenium and low folate were also associated with increased MMA%.Conclusions: Urine creatinine concentration was the strongest biological marker of arsenic methylation efficiency, and therefore should not be used to adjust for urine concentration in arsenic studies. The new finding that animal fat intake has a positive relationship with MMA% warrants further assessment in other studies. Increased MMA% was also associated, to a lesser extent, with low serum selenium and folate.     

Supplementation of fenugreek leaves reduces oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Trigonella foenum-graecum, commonly known as fenugreek, is a traditional medicinal plant of the Leguminoseae family in India. The antioxidant effect of fenugreek leaves was evaluated in the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model. The antioxidant effect was evaluated by estimating thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and reduced glutathione and measuring the activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase in liver, heart, and kidney in diabetic rats. Fenugreek leaf powder supplementation significantly lowered lipid peroxidation and significantly increased the antioxidant system in diabetic rats. The effect at a dose of 1 g/kg of body weight of fenugreek leaf powder was similar to that of glibenclamide. Insulin restores all the parameters to near normal values. Thus, fenugreek leaf powder reduces oxidative stress in experimental diabetes.     

营养性肥胖大鼠氧应激水平的改变

目的观察营养性肥胖大鼠氧应激、抗氧化能力的改变。方法20只断乳的SD雄性大鼠(75~80g)随机分两组,每组10只。膳食诱导肥胖组(DIO组)喂饲高脂饲料,对照组喂饲基础饲料,10周后取血及睾周、肾周脂肪组织。用ELISA法检测血浆8-表氧-前列腺素2α(8-epi-PGF2α)、二硫代双硝基苯甲酸法测血浆抗氧化酶GPX(谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶)活性、黄嘌呤氧化酶法测血浆SOD(超氧化物歧化酶)活性,HPLC(高效液相色谱仪)测血浆维生素E并经血脂校正。同时测血浆空腹血糖、胰岛素、三酰甘油(TG)、总胆固醇(TCHL)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)等糖脂代谢指标。结果高脂喂养10周后,DIO组的各项肥胖指标(体重、腹部脂肪/体重、Lee’s指数)均高于对照组(P<0.01);血浆8-epi-PGF2α增高,SOD和GPX活性、经血脂校正后的血浆维生素E水平显著降低(P<0.05)。另有脂代谢紊乱,空腹血糖与胰岛素也显著高于对照组。结论高脂喂养肥胖大鼠模型显示血脂升高并伴有胰岛素抵抗;氧应激水平增高而抗氧化能力下降。     

Effect of protein intake, hyperglycaemia and micronutrients on DNA damage and mitogen responsiveness of peripheral blood lymphocytes

The aim of the study was to comprehensively assess foods differing in protein type (whey vs casein) relative to a low glycaemic index (GI) and high GI carbohydrate (CHO) food for their effects on DNA damage, DNA repair and mitogen response in peripheral blood lymphocytes using the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay two hours after consumption. We also studied the relationship of these parameters with plasma folate, vitamin B12, zinc, magnesium and selenium immediately before the intervention and change in plasma glucose and plasma insulin during the two-hour period after consumption. There was no effect of protein, CHO or GI on genome damage or immune responsiveness except for a small but significant improvement in resistance to radiation-induced DNA damage in the high-GI CHO food relative to the casein food. Mitogen response was significantly and positively correlated with plasma zinc, magnesium, selenium and folate and baseline genome damage significantly negatively correlated with plasma folate and vitamin B12. There was no significant correlation between plasma micronutrients and change in plasma glucose or insulin except for a positive and significant correlation between change in plasma insulin and plasma selenium. The correlation between change in plasma insulin and change in plasma glucose was weaker. It is apparent from these preliminary data that micronutrient status may have a profound effect on genome stability and immune responsiveness while the effects of short-term changes in glycemia and dietary intake of carbohydrate or protein may have only minor effects on these parameters.