Radiologic estimation of hematoma volume in intracerebral hemorrhage trial by CT scan

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Therapeutic intervention during the early stages of an intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) might have value in improving clinical outcomes. During the 73-site International Recombinant Activated Factor VII Intracerebral Hemorrhage Trial, CT techniques were used to monitor the change in hematoma volume in response to treatment. The use of CT imaging technology served 3 functions: to provide accurate measurements of the change in hematoma volume, intraventricular volume (IVH), and edema volume; to evaluate the use of CT scans as a predictor of patient outcomes; and to demonstrate that hematoma volume can serve as a surrogate marker for ICH clinical progression. METHODS: The multicenter clinical trial received institutional review board approval and obtained informed consent from the patient or a legally acceptable representative (waived in a few cases of incapacity, according to local and national regulations). CT scans were used to quantify volumes of hemorrhage and to monitor evolution over a 72-hour period in patients with ICH treated with placebo or 40, 80, or 160 microg/kg of recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa). CT image data were transmitted digitally to an imaging laboratory and analyzed by 2 readers masked to patient and treatment data, by using Analyze software, a fully integrated toolkit for interactive display, processing, and measurement of biomedical image data. The use of this software enabled the evaluation of intraclass variability of CT scan interpretations. RESULTS: Interpretations of ICH and IVH volumes of CT scans in patients treated in this study showed minimal intraclass variability. Variability was greatest for interpretations of edema volume. CONCLUSION: These CT assessments of lesions could have value in future early hemostatic interventions in ICH patients.     

Lacunar syndrome and intracerebral hemorrhage: Clinico-computed tomographic correlations

We examined case of intracerebral hemorrhage presenting as lacunar syndrome. Of 115 cases, 10 presented with a lacunar syndrome: 3 presented with pure motor hemiparesis, 1, pure sensory stroke, 1, ataxic hemiparesis, 5, sensorimotor stroke, and, none, dysarthria-clumsy hand syndrome. The sites of hemorrhage were capsular in 1, pontine in l, thalamic in 4, and putaminal in 4. In these 10 patients, 9 were hypertensive, and the signs characteristics of parenchymal hemorrhage, e.g., headache, nausea, vomiting, and stiffness of neck, were absent or rare.     

Organized hematoma of the maxillary sinus: CT findings

OBJECTIVE: Organized hematoma of the maxillary sinus is rare. It occurs by organization of the hematoma in an unaerated maxillary sinus. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the CT features of this lesion. CONCLUSIONS: Organized hematoma should be included in the differential diagnosis when patients have recurrent epistaxis and an expansile mass in the maxillary sinus.     

CT血管成像原始图像上"点征"在预测急性脑出血血肿增长的应用

目的 探讨CT血管成像(computed tomography angiography,CTA)检查原始图像上血肿内的小点状强化("点征")表现对急性脑出血血肿增长的预测价值.方法 前瞻性研究112例连续性急性自发性脑出血患者,症状发生6 h以内,均进行了CT平扫及CTA检查.影像资料经2位有经验的神经放射医师进行观察评估.根据患者是否出现"点征"分为2组.将临床资料和影像资料相对应分组,对"点征"对脑出血血肿增长预测进行多变量评估分析.结果 112例患者中,CTA原始图像(computed tomography angiography source images,CTA-SI)上出现强化灶24例(21.4%).强化组与无强化组的基线临床数据相同,经复查证实脑出血增长患者28例(25.0%).CTA"点征"阳性的患者中,17例(70.8%)表现为脑血肿增长,而7例(29.2%)无血肿增长."点征"预测脑内血肿增长的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为60.7%、91.7%、70.8%和87.5%,Kappa值为0.550(P＜0.001).观察者间的一致性高(k=0.92).经单因素及多因素回归分析,CTA"点征"是具有独立的预测脑内血肿增长的影像征象,其中单因素OR值为17.000(5.753~50.232),P＜0.000 1;多因素分析OR值为17.801(5.312~59.649),P＜0.000 1.结论 CTA-SI中的"点征"与急性脑出血血肿增长有关,是可用于临床指导进一步加强治疗及监护的有意义的影像学征象.与临床预后转归的预测能力仍需进一步病例研究与证实.     

Relationship between transcranial Doppler and CT data in acute intracerebral hemorrhage

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: It would be useful to have a noninvasive test for correlation with CT findings in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). We determined which transcranial Doppler (TCD) variables are related to which CT data in patients with ICH. METHODS: We prospectively included 51 patients (age +/- SD, 66.2 +/- 12.4 years; 30 men, 21 women) with first-ever supratentorial, nontraumatic ICH. CT and TCD examination were performed in the acute stage (less than 12 hours from symptom onset). TCD recordings were obtained from the middle cerebral arteries, and the following variables were analyzed: systolic (Vs), diastolic (Vd), mean (Vm) velocities, and pulsatiliy index from the affected (a) and unaffected (u) hemispheres. RESULTS: PIs obtained for both hemispheres were positively correlated with hematoma volume (aPI, r=0.43, P=.001; uPI, r=0.44, P=.001), volume of hypoattenuation (aPI r=0.64, P <.0001; uPI, r=0.39, P=.005), total volume (aPI, r=0.59, P <.0001; uPI, r=0.48, P <.0001), and midline shift (aPI, r=0.28, P=.04; uPI, r=0.29, P=.03). Both PIs were increased in patients with intraventricular hemorrhage (aPI, P=.01; uPI P=.004). No TCD parameter was correlated with ventricular size. CONCLUSION: Most TCD parameters were correlated with CT data in the acute stage of ICH. An increase in PI probably reflects intracranial hypertension and mass effect. Further studies are needed to determine the clinical application of our findings.     

Unusual renal oncocytomas: pathologic and CT correlations.

The unusual features of nine oncocytomas in five patients are reported herein. These include multiplicity in two, bilaterality in two, calcification in one, and association with renal cell carcinomas in three patients. Radiologists should be aware of these findings for this benign renal neoplasm.     

Case report: chronic expanding hematoma in the adrenal gland with pathologic correlations

We report a case of chronic expanding hematoma in the adrenal gland. Mixed signal intensity in a mosaic pattern was seen on T2-weighted images. A focal area suggesting a subacute hematoma was also noted. The dynamic CT scan showed heterogeneous contrast enhancement in the arterial phase and heterogeneous spread of the enhanced area within the tumor. Awareness of this finding may prevent the misdiagnosis of a tumor as a neoplastic intratumoral hemorrhage.     

Acute spinal subdural hematoma: MR and CT findings with pathologic correlates.

PURPOSETo determine the MR and CT findings that characterize acute spinal subdural hematoma (ASSH).METHODSThe MR, CT, and clinical findings in three patients with surgically proved ASSH were reviewed and also correlated with the postmortem MR, CT, and cryomicrotome findings in three other patients, two with ASSH and one with an acute spinal epidural hematoma.RESULTSImaging findings in ASSH included: (a) hyperdense lesions on plain CT within the dural sac, distinct from the adjacent low-density epidural fat and silhouetted against the lower-density spinal cord and cauda equina, which it compressed; (b) lack of direct continuity with the adjacent osseous structures; (c) clumping, loculation, and streaking of blood within the dural sac on both MR and Ct; and (d) an inhomogeneous and variable signal intensity to the ASSH on all MR pulse sequences, but, nevertheless, a striking low signal intensity on T2-weighted spin-echo or T2-weighted gradient-echo to a major part of the ASSH because of deoxyhemoglobin. Plain CT was most helpful in compartmentalizing the hematoma.CONCLUSIONWhen MR and plain CT are obtained as complementary studies, they provide characteristic findings that allow the prompt diagnosis of ASSH.     

CT perfusion mapping of hemodynamic disturbances associated to acute spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage

INTRODUCTION: We sought to quantify perfusion changes associated to acute spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (SICH) by means of computed tomography perfusion (CTP) imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied 89 patients with supratentorial SICH at admission CT by using CTP scanning obtained within 24 h after symptom onset. Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), cerebral blood volume (rCBV) and mean transit time (rMTT) levels were measured in four different regions of interest manually outlined on CT scan: (1) hemorrhagic core; (2) perihematomal low-density area; (3) 1 cm rim of normal-appearing brain tissue surrounding the perilesional area; and (4) a mirrored area, including the clot and the perihematomal region, located in the non-lesioned contralateral hemisphere. RESULTS: rCBF, rCBV, and rMTT mean levels showed a centrifugal distribution with a gradual increase from the core to the periphery (p < 0.0001). Perfusion absolute values were indicative of ischemia in hemorrhagic core, oligemia in perihematomal area, and hyperemia in normal-appearing and contralateral areas. Perihematomal rCBF and rCBV mean levels were higher in small (20 ml) hematomas (p < 0.01 and p < 0.02, respectively). CONCLUSION: Multi-parametric CTP mapping of acute SICH indicates that perfusion values show a progressive improvement from the core to the periphery. In the first 24 h, perihemorrhagic region was hypoperfused with CTP values which were not suggestive of ischemic penumbra destined to survive but more likely indicative of edema formation. These findings also argue for a potential influence of early amounts of bleeding on perihematomal hemodynamic abnormalities.     

CT灌注成像在急性自发性高血压性脑出血中的应用

目的 应用CT灌注成像(CT perfusion,CTP)对急性自发性高血压出血性脑卒中(acute spontaneously hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage,shICH)血肿周围脑血液动力学变化进行定量研究,验证血肿周围是否存在缺血半暗带.方法 对26例(男22例,女4例,年龄33～74岁,平均55.08岁)临床及CT确诊为幕上shICH患者行CTP检查,自发病到灌注扫描的时间为8～19h,平均14.88h.以血肿最大层面为参照,测量血肿内部、血肿周围、远隔区及对侧镜像区脑血流量(CBF)、脑血容量(CBV)、平均通过时间(MTT),并计算相对灌注参数值rCBF、rCBV、rMTT(患侧/健侧).结果 shICH血肿灌注参数伪彩图从血肿中心到外周色差呈阶梯样分布.血肿周围组CBV值为(1.61±1.53)ml·100g-1、CBF值为(16.48±17.38)ml·100g-1·min-1),低于对侧镜像区(ZCBV=-2.603、ZCBF=-4.178,P＜0.05);MTT值为(9.12±2.57)s,较对侧镜像区延长(t=4.747,P＜0.05).方差分析显示血肿内部、血肿周围组及远隔区组灌注参数MTT及相对值rCBF、rCBV、rMTT均数间差异有统计学意义(FMTT=9.043、FrCBV=38.031、FrCBF=25.023、FrMTT=12.486,P＜0.05),进一步LSD分析,血肿周围组与远隔区组MTT、rMTT、rCBF差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),但两组间rCBV值无统计学差异(P＞0.05).且秩和检验显示血肿周围组CBF明显低于远隔区组(Z=2.288,P＜0.05),但两组间CBV均值差异无显著性(Z=-0.357,P＞0.05).结论 CTP可反应shICH血肿周围低灌注状态,但没有证据显示存在缺血半暗带.     

Nontraumatic lobar intracerebral hemorrhage: CT/angiographic correlation

Cerebral angiography in patients with nontraumatic lobar intracerebral hemorrhage may or may not uncover the underlying cause of the disorder. The CT and cerebral angiographic studies of 67 consecutive patients with nontraumatic lobar intracerebral hemorrhage were reviewed to assess the relationship between CT pattern and location of hemorrhage and the frequency of diagnostic angiographic findings. Origins of these hematomas were also determined and correlated with radiographic findings. CT revealed 26 temporal, 18 frontal, 17 parietal, three occipital, and three multiple lobar hematomas. Thirty-three patients had "pure" lobar hematomas, 12 had coexistent intraventricular hemorrhage, 12 had associated subarachnoid hemorrhage, and 10 had both intraventricular and subarachnoid hemorrhage accompanying their lobar hematomas. Angiographic findings were diagnostic in 29 cases (43%). In the presence of accompanying subarachnoid hemorrhage, angiographic findings were diagnostic in 17 (77%) of 22 patients; in its absence, angiography was diagnostic in 12 (27%) of the remaining 45 patients. Diagnostic angiograms were also more frequent in the presence of a frontal or temporal lobar hematoma than with a parietal or occipital lobar hematoma. While CT patterns do influence the frequency of diagnostic angiographic findings, cerebral angiography is recommended in all patients with otherwise unexplained nontraumatic lobar intracerebral hemorrhage.     

蛛网膜下腔出血并颅内血肿疑为动脉瘤破裂的手术探查治疗

目的探讨自发性蛛网膜下腔出血并颅内血肿疑为动脉瘤破裂的治疗策略。方法总结2005年5月～2010年8月9例蛛网膜下腔出血并颅内血肿疑为动脉瘤破裂的急诊手术探查治疗,9例入院时均呈昏迷,其中5例一侧瞳孔散大,3例双侧瞳孔散大,3例呼吸不规则;均在入院1～2 h内急诊手术探查。结果 9例中发现前交通动脉瘤2例,后交通动脉瘤3例,大脑中动脉瘤4例,均在显微镜下行血肿清除、动脉瘤夹闭;死亡2例,术后完全清醒6例,植物生存1例。结论对蛛网膜下腔出血并颅内血肿疑为动脉瘤破裂患者入院时病情危重,未行DSA或CTA检查,为争取抢救时间,可急诊手术探查,效果满意。     

Dural arteriovenous malformation associated with subdural and intracerebral hematoma: a CT scan and angiographic correlation

Computed tomography of a case of hemorrhage from a dural arteriovenous malformation depicts an occipital varix with dilated venous channels, an intracerebral hematoma, a subdural hematoma and a subfacial hernation. The angiographic and surgical findings are described.     

Delayed intracerebral hemorrhage as demonstrated by CT scanning

Summary Three patients are presented who developed delayed intracerebral hematomas after head injury. Two patients had essentially negative CT scans on admission and developed intracerbral hematomas within 24 h after injury. They required surgical treatment and had fatal outcomes. The third patient presented with an epidural hematoma on CT scan, developed an intracerebral hematoma 48 h after evacuation of the epidural hematoma, and did well with conservative management.     

CT patterns of intracranial hemorrhage complicating thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction

Computed tomographic (CT) patterns of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) were determined in 1,696 patients undergoing thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction. ICH occurred at 33 sites in 0.77% of patients (n = 13). Thirty-six percent of hemorrhages (n = 12) were intraparenchymal, 33% (n = 11) were subdural, 24% (n = 8) were subarachnoid, and 6% (n = 2) were intraventricular. Eight-four percent (n = 26) of all nonventricular hemorrhages were supratentorial in location. The most common site of ICH was supratentorial and intraparenchymal (10 of 33). In 11 of the 13 patients with ICH, clinical symptoms occurred within 24 hours of the initiation of thrombolytic therapy. A fatal outcome resulted in three of the four patients who had clinical symptoms within 3.5 hours after beginning thrombolytic therapy. The CT findings of multiple intracranial bleeding sites, substantial mass effect with midline shift, and large-volume intraparenchymal hematomas were associated with increased mortality. ICH associated with thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction has a grave prognosis, with 62% of patients dying during hospitalization.     

脑出血患者的CT和临床特征分析

目的探讨头颅CT检查对脑出血患者的临床诊断及治疗的指导意义。方法分析2010年8月—2013年8月在我院行头颅CT检查确诊脑出血患者的CT结果和临床特点。结果 288例患者中,基底节出血203例(占70.48%),脑叶出血22例(占7.64%),脑干出血25例(占8.68%),小脑出血28例(占9.72%),脑室出血或脑实质出血破入脑室的有12例(占4.17%)。康复者128例,症状改善者63例,无明显变化者27例,病情恶化自动出院者16例,死亡54例。结论CT可以迅速而准确的诊断脑出血,并根据动态监测结果,为临床制定治疗方案提供可靠保证。