Volume determinations by transrectal ultrasonography in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia: Correlation with removed prostate weight

Estimation of prostate gland volume with transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) provides important information in the evaluation of benign and malignant prostate disease. We evaluated 119 patients with clinically benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) by TRUS. Sixty-eight of these underwent transurethral resection of the prostate (TUR-P), and 51 patients underwent open prostatectomy. In both groups the estimated weight correlated well with the removed prostatic weight (r=0.643, p<0.0001 in TUR-P and r=0.729, p<0.0001 in open prostatectomy). We found that TRUS is a valuable method for estimation of prostatic volume in patients with BPH.     

Determination of prostate volume by transrectal ultrasound

Estimation of prostate gland volume with transrectal ultrasound may provide important information in the evaluation of benign and malignant prostatic diseases. To determine the most accurate means of volume estimation 150 patients underwent transrectal ultrasound with 15 separate methods of volume estimation. All patients underwent subsequent radical prostatectomy or cystoprostatectomy. Prostate specimen weights were compared with the results of each volume estimation method. Step-section planimetry, previously assumed to be the most accurate means of volume measurement, exhibited a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.93. The elliptical volume, widely used as an alternative to planimetry, demonstrated a correlation coefficient of 0.90. The most accurate method to estimate prostate weight (r = 0.94) was a variation of the prolate spheroid formula, expressed as pi/6 (transverse dimension)2 (anteroposterior dimension). When different volume ranges were considered, this prolate spheroid formula provided the closest estimate of weight in glands of less than 40 gm. and those in the 40 to 80 gm. range. The most accurate method to estimate prostates weighing greater than 80 gm. was the formula pi/6 (transverse dimension)3.     

Transrectal biopsy of the prostate guided by transrectal ultrasound

The use of transrectal ultrasound in combination with the Biopty System provides a high accurate, efficient, and safe method for the diagnosis and staging of prostate cancer. Because both diagnosis and staging may be attained easily using one comprehensive procedure, we recommend ultrasound guidance be used for all initial biopsies of the prostate. When transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy of a palpable hypoechoic abnormality is negative for cancer, digitally guided biopsy must subsequently be performed. In some cases, palpable abnormality may not be seen on ultrasound. We advocate the use of our biopsy procedure as an integral extension of transrectal ultrasound of the prostate. In an outpatient setting, biopsy may be performed immediately after finding a suspect lesion on ultrasound. In this way, patients are spared time and anxiety, and society is spared medical costs.     

Correlation of transrectal ultrasound,computer analysis of transrectal ultrasound and histopathology of radical prostatectomy specimen

A system for computerised analysis of ultrasonographic prostate images (AUDEX=Automated Urologic Diagnostic EXpert system) for the detection of prostate carcinoma was developed. The ultimate goal is to develop a system that is reliable and non-observer dependent. Results of an earlier study with a small group were encouraging and this study describes the results of the computerised analysis in a larger group. Sixty-two patients who were scheduled to undergo a radical prostatectomy were prospectively analysed. The radical prostatectomy specimens were step-sectioned in the transverse plane, corresponding to the ultrasound pictures. Malignant regions identified by each study were quantified and compared by computer calculation. No correlation was observed between ultrasound analysis and pathology result. For the AUDEX analysis an overall sensitivity of 85% and a specificity of 18% with only a diagnostic accuracy of 57% was noticed when presence or absence of malignancy was evaluated by octant (total 496). When applying a cut-off value of 0.5 ml the numbers were 71%, 33% and 55%, respectively. Correlation was significantly better for the ventral octants. In this study the earlier results of our AUDEX system could not be confirmed. Although sensitivity was good, specificity and especially diagnostic accuracy were lower than expected. We have to conclude that the current settings are inappropriate for routine clinical use. Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases (2001) 4, 56-62     

Determination of transition zone volume by transrectal ultrasound in patients with clinically benign prostatic hyperplasia: agreement with enucleated prostate adenoma weight

PURPOSE: Accurately estimating transition zone volume is important for the medical or surgical management of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia and determination of prostate specific antigen density of the transition zone. We evaluated whether preoperative transrectal ultrasound measurements of the transition zone predict enucleated adenoma weight. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We measured transition zone volume preoperatively using transrectal ultrasound and the prolate ellipsoid method in 50 patients with presumed benign prostatic hyperplasia who underwent suprapubic prostatectomy. Transition zone volume corresponds to the adenoma. Enucleated adenoma weight was then correlated with preoperatively determined transition zone volume. RESULTS: As measured by transrectal ultrasound, mean transition zone volume plus or minus standard deviation was 80.88 +/- 37.42 cc (range 31 to 200). Mean enucleated adenoma weight was 68.70 +/- 36.26 gm. (range 18 to 180). There was a statistically significant correlation of estimated transrectal ultrasound volume of the transition zone with enucleated prostate adenoma weight (r = 0.95, p <0.001). However, when prostate adenoma weight was determined using the formula, prostate adenoma weight = -6.00 + 0.92 x transition zone volume, we noted a significant difference in mean prostate adenoma weight and mean transition zone volume (p <0.001). Since the regression coefficient of transition zone volume was significantly different from 1, we identified no agreement of prostate adenoma weight with estimated transrectal ultrasound volume of the transition zone. CONCLUSIONS: These data reveal a significant difference in mean prostatic adenoma weight and mean transition zone volume. Although transition zone volume measurements are well described, clear agreements on such measurements should be obtained to determine transition zone volume more precisely.     

Accuracy of transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy: Histopathological correlation to matched prostatectomy specimens

BACKGROUND: The Gleason grading system is currently the world's most commonly used histological system for prostate cancer. It provides significant information about the prognosis. Therefore, Gleason score is accepted as an important factor in therapeutic decision-making for prostate cancer. This retrospective study assessed the correlation of transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) guided biopsy and radical prostatectomy specimens in terms of Gleason scores. METHODS: We reviewed the records of 103 patients who underwent radical prostatectomy due to clinically localized prostate cancer. The Gleason scores of the TRUS biopsies were compared with the respective Gleason scores of surgical specimen. RESULTS: In 28.7% of cases, the TRUS biopsy score was the same as that of the radical prostatectomy specimen. The most significant discordance was the upgrading of well-differentiated tumors after surgery in 71.7% of cases. However, in 81.8% of cases with high Gleason score on TRUS, biopsy was correlated with poorly differentiated tumor after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Well-differentiated tumors on TRUS biopsy did not correlate with the grades of final pathology in the majority of cases; however, a high Gleason score on TRUS biopsy usually indicated a poorly differentiated tumor on prostatectomy specimen. Therefore, the treatment algorithms for particularly well-differentiated tumors should not be deduced from biopsy histology alone.     

Accuracy and repeatability of prostate volume measurements by transrectal ultrasound

We evaluated six alternative methods of prostate volume determination by transrectal ultrasound, three based on planimetry and three based on measurement of prostate diameters. Prostate volume measurements were made on an average of 6.5 occasions over a 3 y period on 41 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia, using standard techniques. We defined the average of multiple planimetries as the prostate reference volume. Agreement with the reference volume and reproducibility at repeat testing was in the same range for single planimetry and volume determinations based on the formulas height (H) x width (W) x length (L) x pi/6 and W x W x H x pi/6, but was poorer using the formula W x W x W x pi/6. Using the average result of two successive planimetry measurements increased the reproducibility of planimetry, being statistically significantly better than for one single planimetry (P=0.024) or for the formula W x W x H x pi/6 (P=0.048). Our study suggests that the simple formula based methods of prostate volume determination provide results that are only marginally inferior to one single planimetry, but results are improved by performing two planimetry measurements.     

经直肠超声造影与经直肠常规超声诊断前列腺癌的比较研究

目的:比较经直肠超声造影与经直肠常规超声诊断前列腺癌的各自优势。方法:选择前列腺癌患者213例,年龄54~83岁,平均71岁。检测PSA为4.12~150.00μg/L,平均22.53μg/L。先行经直肠常规超声检查,再行经直肠前列腺超声造影检查,绘制时间强度曲线(TIC曲线),分别判读常规超声和超声造影结果。随后行12针前列腺系统穿刺活检。结果:213例患者中,常规超声诊断前列腺癌123例,超声造影诊断前列腺癌113例,穿刺活检病理确诊前列腺癌99例。常规超声与病理检查的诊断符合率为53.52%,超声造影与病理检查的诊断符合率为80.28%。两种诊断方法敏感度、特异度、假阳性率、假阴性率、漏诊率、病理检查符合率差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:经直肠超声造影可灵敏显示前列腺血流分布情况,对前列腺癌的诊断有较高的准确性,值得推广使用。     

经直肠B超测量前列腺体积与TURP手术的相关性研究

目的 :探讨良性前列腺增生 (BPH)患者前列腺总体积 (PV)及移行区体积 (TZV)与TURP手术时间、术中失血量、切除前列腺组织重量间的相互关系。方法 :采用经直肠超声 (TRUS)测定 88例BPH患者PV及TZV ,并分别与手术指标及切除标本进行相关回归分析。结果 :TZV与手术时间 ( r=0 .874,P <0 .0 1)、术中失血量 (r =0 .915 ,P <0 .0 1)、切除组织重量 (r =0 .966,P <0 .0 1,误差 =9.9% )均显著相关 ,PV与切除组织重量也有显著相关 ,但误差达 5 5 .9%。TZV≥ 3 0ml者较TZV <3 0ml者手术时间明显延长、术中失血量增加、TURS先兆发生率增高 (P <0 .0 1)。结论 :TRUS可准确估计PV及TZV ;术前测定TZV对BPH的诊治有重要参考价值     

弥散加权磁共振联合经直肠超声定位的前列腺穿刺活检诊断前列腺癌的价值

目的 探讨DWI在前列腺穿刺活检中的运用价值.方法 回顾性分析2009年1月至2010年12月在我院行常规经直肠超声(TRUS)定位下经直肠前列腺穿刺(A组)的410例患者和DWI联合TRUS定位下行前列腺穿刺(B组)的141例患者资料,按前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)＜10μg/L、10 μg/L≤PSA ＜20 μg/L、20 μg/L≤PSA ＜50 μg/L和PSA≥50 μg/L将A、B两组各分为4个亚组,分别比较DWI联合TRUS定位与单纯TRUS定位下经直肠前列腺穿刺活检的诊断率.结果 A组PSA＜ 10 μg/L、10μg/L≤PSA ＜20 μg/L、20 μg/L≤PSA＜ 50 μg/L和PSA≥50 μg/L的患者穿刺诊断率分别为12.1％、31.1％、48.0％和91.2％,B组中对应的患者穿刺诊断率分别为23.7％、35.5％、66.7％和96.3％,两种穿刺方法的诊断率在PSA＜ 10 μg/L的患者中有统计学差异(x2=4.405,P＜0.05).结论 对于PSA＜ 10 μg/L的可疑患者,建议行DWI及TRUS联合定位的可疑病灶加系统穿刺法,从而提高前列腺穿刺的诊断率.     

经直肠超声引导前列腺穿刺活检方案的合理选择

经直肠超声(TRUS)引导前列腺穿刺活检是前列腺癌诊断和制定合理治疗方案的常规手段。制定扩大前列腺系统性穿刺方案时需综合考虑患者的年龄、前列腺体积及健康状况等因素。在系统性穿刺活检的基础上结合靶向性穿刺活检可提高前列腺癌的阳性率。     

超声造影检查在经会阴前列腺穿刺活检中的应用价值

Objective To investigate the clinical significance of contrast-enhanced transrectal ultrasound(CE-TRUS) in the perineal prostate biopsy. Methods A total of 116 patients was undergone prostate biopsy through the perineum under the direction of tansrectal ultrasound. Prostate biopsy standard was based on 2007 CUA revised guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of urological diseases.Color Doppler ultrasonography was used to check the prostate and to learn the prostate focal lesion,size, number and echo color Doppler flow characteristics. Of the 116 cases, 43 patients was undergone contrast-enhanced transrectal ultrasound. Results The biopsy results confirmed the diagnosis of prostate cancer was 64 cases, Benign prostatic hyperplasia was 52 cases. Of 43 cases who undergone contrast-enhanced transrectal ultrasound, Prostate cancer and Benign prostatic hyperplasia were 25 and 18 cases, respectively. CE-TRUS group and TRUS group showed no statistical difference between two groups. Analyzed the cases with PSA≤30 ng/ml, CE-TRUS group had a higher positive rate of biopsy (P=0.046). Conclusion TRUS guided transperineal biopsy of prostate might be an method for the diagnosis of prostate cancer with a higher accuracy rate. CE-TRUS can improve the biopsy positive rate of prostate cancer.     

Computer-aided analysis of transrectal ultrasound images of the prostate

IntroductionProstate cancer is usually diagnosed by transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) biopsy. Nevertheless, suspicious images are frequently not found. Imaging analysis studies aim to identify ultrasound patterns characteristic of apparently hidden conditions.Material and methodsWe digitally recorded 288 TRUS ultrasound guided transrectal biopsies and extracted 3 static images from the puncture-biopsy area. The extraction of the texture characteristics were obtained by “simple mapping” on a gray scale and spatial gray level dependence matrices (SGLDM), also known as Haralick‘s co-occurrence matrices, which study the relationship of each pixel and its neighbors. A pattern recognition software system was developed with two different classification methods: nearest neighbor (k-NN) and Markov's hidden models. Finally, a virtual experiment was carried out in which four urologists compared their diagnostic accuracy for prostate cancer with our system in 408 TRUS images, not in real time.ResultsThe diagnostic capacity (R.O.C. curve) with the simple gray map study was 59.7% with nearest-neighbor classification and 61.6% with Markov's hidden models classification. The co-occurrence matrices showed an area under R.O.C. curve of 60.1% and 60.0% with k-NN and Markov's hidden models classification, respectively. The virtual experiment was conducted with a simple gray map study and k-NN classification. The images processed by our system showed the following diagnostic accuracy: 63.3, 67, 64.3 and 63.7% compared to 61.7, 60.5, 66.2 and 60.7% with the original image.ConclusionsOur pattern recognition system for prostate cancer TRUS images has a limited, yet stable, accuracy.     

超声造影检查在经会阴前列腺穿刺活检中的应用价值

Objective To investigate the clinical significance of contrast-enhanced transrectal ultrasound(CE-TRUS) in the perineal prostate biopsy. Methods A total of 116 patients was undergone prostate biopsy through the perineum under the direction of tansrectal ultrasound. Prostate biopsy standard was based on 2007 CUA revised guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of urological diseases.Color Doppler ultrasonography was used to check the prostate and to learn the prostate focal lesion,size, number and echo color Doppler flow characteristics. Of the 116 cases, 43 patients was undergone contrast-enhanced transrectal ultrasound. Results The biopsy results confirmed the diagnosis of prostate cancer was 64 cases, Benign prostatic hyperplasia was 52 cases. Of 43 cases who undergone contrast-enhanced transrectal ultrasound, Prostate cancer and Benign prostatic hyperplasia were 25 and 18 cases, respectively. CE-TRUS group and TRUS group showed no statistical difference between two groups. Analyzed the cases with PSA≤30 ng/ml, CE-TRUS group had a higher positive rate of biopsy (P=0.046). Conclusion TRUS guided transperineal biopsy of prostate might be an method for the diagnosis of prostate cancer with a higher accuracy rate. CE-TRUS can improve the biopsy positive rate of prostate cancer.     

超声造影检查在经会阴前列腺穿刺活检中的应用价值

目的 探讨超声造影检查在经直肠超声引导下(CE-TRUS)经会阴前列腺穿刺活检中的临床应用价值.方法 病例选择标准:①直肠指检异常;②PSA>10 ng/ml;③PSA 4～10 ng/ml,f/t PSA异常或PSAD值异常,符合以上之一者即入围此研究.共116例入选者,年龄50～84岁,既往均无前列腺手术病史.行6点系统加异常回声处活检,其中PSA＜10ng/ml者25例,10 ng/ml～者25例,20 ng/ml～者11例,>30 ng/ml者55例.行CF-TRUS经会阴前列腺穿刺活检,彩色多普勒超声检查并记录前列腺局灶性病变部位、回声特征及彩色多普勒血流等情况,其中43例行前列腺超声造影,了解并记录异常血流部位.结果 116例患者穿刺活检证实前列腺癌64例,BPH 52例.43例行超声造影检查后活检者,前列腺癌和BPH分别为25及18例,造影组和非造影组前列腺癌穿刺阳性率比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.622).PSA≤30ng/ml组共61例,其中行超声造影23例,发现前列腺癌8例,未造影组38例中发现前列腺癌5例,造影组穿刺阳性率高于非造影组,2组比较差异有统计学意义(P=0.046);PSA>30 ng/ml患者造影和非造影穿刺阳性率(97.1%与85.0%)比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.095). 结论与B超引导下经直肠前列腺活检相比,CE-TRUS经会阴前列腺穿刺活检并发症少而轻.PSA≤30ng/ml患者结合超声造影检查能提高前列腺癌穿刺阳性率.     

Technical and anatomical essentials for transrectal ultrasound of the prostate

Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) of the prostate is a specific urological examination. This morphological imaging technique is often capable of identifying the cause for raised values of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) or of clarifying hard tissue regions found during rectal palpation. Particulary in view of constantly increasing number of patients undergoing PSA tests, there is a rising need for further prostate diagnostics in otherwise asymptomatic men. Especially in the gray zone between 4 and 10 ng/ml the tissue marker PSA is frequently influenced by benign alterations, so that it is not possible—on the basis of the PSA value alone—to differentiate between benign and malignant causes. Only a clearly increased serum PSA value (>20 ng/ml) indicates the presence of a prostate carcinoma at a very high probability. However, it is necessary that all patients whose PSA is elevated, undergo a bioptical tissue sample procedure in order to try to diagnose prostate cancer. Today, we regard the technique of TRUS-based transrectal prostate biopsy, carried out with a semi-automatic coil spring device and an 18-gauge needle, as the gold standard. The core problem of visual TRUS assessment lies in its lack of specificity, especially if the examiner has only limited experience. There can be low-echo, cancer-suspicious areas that may be histologically either benign or malignant. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), vessels, centers of prostatitis as well as shadows and artefacts can often also be low in echo-density. Only adequate application of this technology and experience with this method can lead to satisfying biopsy and diagnostic results.     

经直肠超声造影监测下前列腺整体射频消融

目的 通过动物实验初步评价经直肠超声造影监测下行前列腺整体射频消融的可行性及安全性,为临床研究提供理论依据.方法 经直肠超声造影监测下对犬前列腺行整体射频消融(n=7),对照病例显示此方法 安全可行,然后应用于前列腺癌患者(n=4)进行临床初步研究.结果 经直肠超声造影可清晰显示消融范围.动物实验中所需前列腺整体消融的平均消融次数4.3 次(3～6 次),平均消融范围96.55%.经直肠超声造影与大体标本显示的消融范围间差别无统计学意义(P=0.583),相关性良好(r=0.94,P=0.002).膀胱和直肠均未发现热损伤,尿道热损伤范围在1/4 周径以内.前列腺癌患者平均消融次数4.5 次(4～6 次),平均消融范围为98.0%(93.5%～100%),未出现严重并发症.结论 经直肠超声造影监测下前列腺整体射频消融安全可行.