隆林县蚤种群分布特征分析

目的掌握隆林县蚤类的种群分布特征,为制定鼠疫防治对策提供依据。方法采用笼捕法捕获鼠,采集鼠体蚤,计算鼠体染蚤率和蚤指数。粘蚤纸法捕获室内游离蚤,计算地面游离蚤指数。结果共捕获蚤5 783只,隶属3科6属6种,印鼠客蚤占种群的79.25%,为优势蚤种。鼠体平均染蚤率为27.99%,平均蚤指数为0.980,印鼠客蚤指数为0.780,地面游离蚤指数为0.045。月均染蚤率与印鼠客蚤指数季节消长趋势基本一致,呈单峰型,而蚤指数的季节消长呈2个峰期,分别是3月和7月。结论根据隆林县鼠疫寄生蚤种群分布和季节消长规律,印鼠客蚤是该县鼠疫控制中的主要防治对象,2～10月是鼠疫监测的重点期。     

广西合浦县媒介蚤种群分布特征分析

目的了解广西合浦县蚤类的种群分布特征，为制定鼠疫防治对策提供依据，方法对1987—2005年广西合浦县鼠疫监测及专题调查查资料进行分析结果共捕获蚤12010匹，隶属3科6属7种，印鼠客蚤为优势蚤种。鼠体平均染蚤率为28.5230％，平均蚤指数为0.8093，印鼠客蚤指数为0.5808，地面游离蚤指数为0．0536。结论印鼠客蚤、伍氏病蚤和人蚤是广西合浦县鼠疫控制中的主要防治对象。     

2001-2010年广西隆林县鼠疫疫区综合处理措施效果分析

目的 评价2001-2010年广西隆林县鼠疫疫区综合处理措施效果.方法 对原疫点进行灭鼠、指示动物调查和疫情线索搜查,采用笼捕法捕获鼠并采集鼠体蚤,计算鼠体染蚤率和蚤指数,应用病原学和血清学检测鼠体等动物的鼠疫感染状况.结果 共捕鼠1008只,其中黄胸鼠占81.65％(823/1008);获鼠体蚤571匹,印鼠客蚤占64.10％(366/571),年平均染蚤率为23.02％(177/769)、蚤指数为0.74;鼠密度由3.99％(859/21 508,灭鼠前)下降到0.96％(149/15 600,灭鼠后),灭鼠率为75.94％.结论 持续采取综合的鼠疫疫区处理措施,可有效降低隆林县鼠疫流行的风险.     

广州市2006～2007年鼠疫宿主动物监测结果分析

目的 了解广州市鼠疫宿主动物的种群构成及数量分布情况.为鼠疫防治T作积累基础资料.方法 采用夜笼法.对捕获鼠类及检获蚤类进行鉴定;计算鼠带(染)蚤率和蚤指数;用鼠疫IHA法检测鼠疫FI抗体.结果 捕获鼠形动物1 709只,分属2目2科4属7种.其中啮齿日动物1 615只,食虫目动物94只,总鼠密度(捕获率)为10.39%,鼠密度(捕获率)为9.83%:在194只鼠形动物中发现染蚤鼠40只,检获蚤84只,鼠体表蚤经鉴定为印鼠客蚤、猫栉首蚤;鼠染蚤率为20.62%,总蚤指数为0.43;黄胸鼠蚤指数为0.56;未查出鼠疫FI抗体.结论 褐家鼠仍是广州市主要鼠种,主要蚤种是印鼠客蚤,未发现鼠间鼠疫流行迹象.     

2000-2009年福建省泉州市鼠疫宿主动物及媒介昆虫监测分析

目的 了解福建省泉州市鼠疫宿主动物及媒介的种群构成及数量分布情况,为鼠疫防治工作积累基础资料。方法 2000 - 2009年在泉州市6个监测点采用笼日法捕鼠,并对捕获鼠类及检获蚤类进行鉴定;取鼠肝和脾匀浆,采用反向间接血凝试验（RIHA法）检测鼠疫F1抗原;取鼠血清,采用间接血凝试验（IHA法）检测鼠疫F1抗体。结果 2000 - 2009年共捕获鼠形动物26 264只,鼠种以褐家鼠和黄胸鼠为主,分别占45.97％( 12 074/26 264)和32.01％（8407/26 264）。2005 - 2009年捕获的鼠类中黄胸鼠占(26.99±2.46)％,2000 - 2004年占(37.03±3.79)％,两者比较差异有统计学意义（t=4.97,P＜0.05）。2000 - 2009年总鼠密度为(6.86±1.44)％,其中山区和沿海地区鼠密度分别为(5.36±1.83)％、(6.81±1.66)％,两者比较差异无统计学意义(t=1.01,P＞ 0.05)。2000 - 2009年鼠体总蚤指数为1.39±0.34,染蚤率为(35.90±5.34)％,印鼠客蚤指数为1.20,游离蚤指数为0.009;2005 - 2009年染蚤率为(32.36±0.96)％,明显低于2000- 2004年[(39.44±0.39)％,t=2.76,P＜ 0.05]。结论 褐家鼠为泉州市主要鼠种,主要蚤种是印鼠客蚤,尚未发现鼠间鼠疫流行迹象。     

2001～2010年广州市鼠疫宿主动物及其媒介种类的监测及评价

目的分析广州市鼠疫宿主动物及其媒介的种群构成及数量分布情况,为制定鼠疫防控策略提供依据。方法采用夜笼法。在广州市12区、县级市设置监测点,对捕获鼠类及捡获蚤类进行鉴定,计算鼠密度;计算鼠带(染)蚤率和蚤指数;用鼠疫IHA法检测鼠疫F1抗体。结果 10年间共捕获鼠形动物8 891只,分属2目2科4属9种。其中啮齿目动物8 285只,食虫目动物606只,总鼠密度(捕获率)为11.25%;在1 185只鼠形动物中发现染蚤鼠243只,捡获蚤811只。发现蚤类4种,主要蚤种为印鼠客蚤;平均鼠染蚤率为20.51%,总蚤指数为0.68;未查出鼠疫F1抗体。结论未发现鼠间鼠疫流行迹象。褐家鼠仍是广州市主要鼠种。主要蚤种是印鼠客蚤。     

1993～2002年广西合浦县鼠疫监测结果分析

目的了解并掌握鼠疫发生的潜在危险.方法对广西合浦县1993～2002年的鼠疫监测结果进行分析.结果室内优势鼠种是臭鼠句鼠青(43.19%),其次是黄胸鼠(14.07%);室外优势鼠种为板齿鼠(21.85%),其次为黄毛鼠(6.97%);平均鼠密度为10.66%,黄胸鼠密度为5.01%,黄毛鼠密度为5.72%;总蚤指数为0.67,印鼠客蚤指数为0.52,室内黄胸鼠体的总蚤指数为1.10,印鼠客蚤指数为0.95;地面平均游离蚤指数为0.007 8.结论室外黄毛鼠体的印鼠客蚤指数有明显上升趋势;地面游离蚤指数波动较大,近年来有明显回升,以人蚤和猫栉首蚤居多.     

1995—1999年云南省龙陵县黄胸鼠体外寄生蚤调查

1　材料来自 1995～ 1999腊勐现史疫区 ,龙山镇历史疫区和龙新、象达、朝阳、平达、木城、勐糯、镇安、郝等、帮迈、河头等地开展鼠疫监测时捕获的黄胸鼠。2　结果( 1)共获活黄胸鼠 75 19只 ,染蚤鼠数 6 2 3只 ,染蚤率为8.2 1% ,获蚤 2 5 5 6只 ,隶属 4科 3亚科 10属 11种 ,以印鼠客蚤和缓慢细蚤为优势种 ,分别占获蚤总数的 12 .0 1%和6 9.13% ,其余 9种蚤占 18.88% ,见表 1。　　表 1　　龙陵县黄胸鼠体外寄生蚤检查结果年份印鼠客蚤缓慢细蚤棕形额蚤致痒蚤猫栉首蚤偏远古蚤无孔微棒蚤野韧棒蚤内曲古蚤绒鼠怪蚤近端远棒蚤1995 82 32 6 0 5 …     

2004～2009年宜良县鼠疫监测分析

目的在鼠疫历史疫区宜良县开展鼠疫监测,为鼠疫防治工作提供参考。方法按照《云南省鼠疫监测方案》等方案,采用笼夹法监测宜良县小型啮齿类动物、并梳检鼠体表面寄生蚤。结果共捕获鼠形动物1 552只,分属2目2科3属,褐家鼠为优势种占68.88%,黄胸鼠次之占25.39%。鼠体检蚤,鼠体染蚤率为36.40%,印鼠客蚤为鼠体优势蚤种占61.68%。6年室内平均鼠密度为2.04%,黄胸鼠鼠密度0.57%,室外平均鼠密度为2.42%,黄胸鼠鼠密度0.55%。平均黄胸鼠鼠体印鼠客蚤指数为0.85,黄胸鼠鼠体印鼠客蚤指数季节消长曲线呈单峰型,峰值为8月份。病原学和血清学监测均为阴性。结论 6年监测显示,主要宿主、主要媒介依然保持较高水平,1997年以后虽未再发现动物间鼠疫线索,但在大的自然环境、鼠种、蚤种的组成未发生根本性改变的情况下,鼠疫始终存在＂复燃＂的可能,我们要不断提高监测发现疫情的能力。     

印鼠客蚤各虫期发育与温度关系的研究

印鼠客蚤(Xenopsylla cheopis)是家鼠鼠疫自然疫源地主要宿主动物黄胸鼠的主要体表寄生蚤,也是鼠疫菌自然感染率最高的蚤种。以往研究证明,印鼠客蚤是云南家鼠鼠疫疫源地内具有二次菌栓形成能力及高效能的主要媒介。为探索该蚤的规范化养殖,了解其生物学特性,于1996年对印鼠客蚤各虫期经不同温度养殖的发育和存活情况进行了观察。1 材料与方法1.1 蚤种 印鼠客蚤系1989年采自大理市黄胸鼠及褐家鼠鼠体,经实验室养殖的纯系品种。1.2 幼虫饲养基质     

2001-2009年三峡水库万州段鼠疫潜在危险因素分析

目的 分析三峡水库万州段鼠疫潜在危险因素,为全区鼠疫防治及预警工作提供科学依据.方法 2001-2009年,在三峡水库万州段的9个镇(乡),采用夹夜法和笼夜法捕鼠,对捕获鼠类及检获蚤类进行鉴定,计算鼠带蚤率和蚤指数;用鼠疫间接血凝试验(IHA)法检测鼠、猫、犬血清鼠疫F1抗体,开展人间及鼠间鼠疫疫情监测.结果捕获鼠形动物隶属1纲2目2科9种.室内环境平均鼠密度为1.16%(961/82 558),野外农区环境平均鼠密度为1.12%(1345/119 671),以褐家鼠为优势种群,占50.37%.2004、2008、2009年室内环境黄胸鼠在鼠形动物种群的构成比分别为3.80%、4.50%、10.12%,呈逐年增多趋势.调查发现有3种鼠染蚤,分别为印鼠客蚤、缓慢细蚤、猫栉首蚤,鼠平均染蚤率为1.18%(82/6959),总蚤指数平均为0.036.检测6959份鼠血清标本和160份猫、犬血清,鼠疫F1抗体检测结果均为阴性.结论三峡水库万州段暂未发生鼠疫,但该地广泛存在家鼠鼠疫菌重要储存宿主黄胸鼠及鼠疫传播媒介印鼠客蚤、缓慢细蚤,黄胸鼠种群数量呈逐年增多趋势.三峡水库万州段存在发生鼠疫的潜在危险.     

2001-2009年三峡水库万州段鼠疫潜在危险因素分析

目的 分析三峡水库万州段鼠疫潜在危险因素,为全区鼠疫防治及预警工作提供科学依据.方法 2001-2009年,在三峡水库万州段的9个镇(乡),采用夹夜法和笼夜法捕鼠,对捕获鼠类及检获蚤类进行鉴定,计算鼠带蚤率和蚤指数;用鼠疫间接血凝试验(IHA)法检测鼠、猫、犬血清鼠疫F1抗体,开展人间及鼠间鼠疫疫情监测.结果捕获鼠形动物隶属1纲2目2科9种.室内环境平均鼠密度为1.16%(961/82 558),野外农区环境平均鼠密度为1.12%(1345/119 671),以褐家鼠为优势种群,占50.37%.2004、2008、2009年室内环境黄胸鼠在鼠形动物种群的构成比分别为3.80%、4.50%、10.12%,呈逐年增多趋势.调查发现有3种鼠染蚤,分别为印鼠客蚤、缓慢细蚤、猫栉首蚤,鼠平均染蚤率为1.18%(82/6959),总蚤指数平均为0.036.检测6959份鼠血清标本和160份猫、犬血清,鼠疫F1抗体检测结果均为阴性.结论三峡水库万州段暂未发生鼠疫,但该地广泛存在家鼠鼠疫菌重要储存宿主黄胸鼠及鼠疫传播媒介印鼠客蚤、缓慢细蚤,黄胸鼠种群数量呈逐年增多趋势.三峡水库万州段存在发生鼠疫的潜在危险.     

Early-phase transmission of Yersinia pestis by cat fleas (Ctenocephalides felis) and their potential role as vectors in a plague-endemic region of Uganda

In recent decades, the majority of human plague cases (caused by Yersinia pestis) have been reported from Africa. In northwest Uganda, which has had recent plague outbreaks, cat fleas (Ctenocephalides felis) have been reported as the most common fleas in the home environment, which is suspected to be a major exposure site for human plague in this country. In the past, C. felis has been viewed as only a nuisance-biting insect because limited laboratory studies suggested it is incapable of transmitting Y. pestis or is an inefficient vector. Our laboratory study shows that C. felis is a competent vector of plague bacteria, but that efficiency is low compared with another flea species collected in the same area: the oriental rat flea, Xenopsylla cheopis. On the other hand, despite its low vector efficiency, C. felis is the most common flea in human habitations in a plague-endemic region of Uganda (Arua and Nebbi Districts), and occasionally infests potential rodent reservoirs of Y. pestis such as the roof rat (Rattus rattus) or the Nile rat (Arvicanthis niloticus). Plague control programs in this region should remain focused on reducing rat flea populations, although our findings imply that cat fleas should not be ignored by these programs as they could play a significant role as secondary vectors.     

龙滩水电站广西库区鼠疫自然疫源地调查

目的了解龙滩水电站广西库区沿岸鼠疫主要宿主动物和跳蚤的种类构成,调查该地区鼠疫疫源情况,为预防和控制鼠疫流行提供科学依据。方法采用流行病学方法,在库区8个乡镇的16个村屯展开调查,采用布笼法调查鼠密度,布粘蚤纸法调查蚤指数。同时,采集啮齿动物、指示动物和媒介蚤标本,分离鼠疫杆菌和检测鼠疫F1抗体。结果库区鼠类密度为3.68%,啮齿动物有2目3科7种,以黄胸鼠为优势鼠种;鼠体蚤指数为1.45,室内地面游离蚤指数为0.033,蚤类有6种,以印鼠客蚤为优势蚤种;所有标本鼠疫F1抗体检测均为阴性。结论龙滩水电站广西库区沿岸具备形成黄胸鼠鼠疫自然疫源地的条件,开展鼠疫监测和灭鼠灭蚤是预防和控制鼠疫流行的重要措施。     

Fleas on roof rats in six areas of Los Angeles County, California: their potential role in the transmission of plague and murine typhus to humans

Roof rats (Rattus rattus) in southern California are rarely involved with plague epizootics and murine typhus. Little evidence exists implicating these rodents as sources of human infection. This might be explained by the absence of fleas capable of transmitting these 2 diseases. From February 1981 through January 1982, roof rats were live-trapped and examined for fleas each month in 4 areas of Los Angeles County. Two other areas were trapped for 9 and 3 months respectively. Areas sampled were in or near the suburban-wilderness fringe where plague and murine typhus occur, and where roof rats coexist with a variety of wild and domestic mammals and humans. From 1,206 roof rats, 827 fleas belonging to eight species were collected. Leptopsylla segnis (54%) and Nosopsyllus fasciatus (39%) were the most abundant and together comprised 93% of all fleas. Xenopsylla cheopis was not found. The relative abundance and diversity of fleas on roof rats varied considerably between areas, making it difficult to predict flea diversity and abundance in unsurveyed areas where similar conditions exist. However, the overall low flea indices and the absence of X. cheopis help to explain why roof rats in Los Angeles County are rarely involved with plague and murine typhus.     

云南省耿马县鼠疫疫源地及人间鼠疫调查报告

1990年12月11日～31日,对云南省耿马县首次鼠疫流行进行了现场调查。用血清学及细菌学方法在33个疫点(180km~2)检出了63例腺鼠疫患者和13例隐性感染者,并从人,鼠、蚤分离到49株鼠疫菌。造成鼠间鼠疫流行,主要是黄胸鼠数量及印鼠客蚤指数的急骤增高;人间鼠疫是由于鼠间鼠疫长期流行,地面游离蚤增加,人与蚤类接触频繁所致。结果表明:耿马县以勐撒镇为中心的鼠间及人间鼠疫大面积流行是一次典型的家鼠型鼠疫,其疫源地具有西南山地黄胸鼠鼠疫疫源地的特征。鼠疫在该县(至少在动物间)有可能长期存在。     

2000-2009年广西隆林县鼠疫监测结果分析

目的 研究近10年来广西隆林县鼠疫监测结果,为制订鼠疫防治对策提供依据.方法 收集2000-2009年广西隆林县鼠疫监测结果及鼠疫疫情资料,运用分析流行病学方法进行分析,计算鼠密度、鼠体染蚤率、蚤指数等指标,分析区域内鼠及蚤的构成.结果 2000-2009年,共捕鼠4829只,隶属2目3科11种,年平均鼠密度为3.30%(4829/146 206),以黄胸鼠为优势鼠种(81.92%,3956/4829);共检鼠体蚤4737匹,年平均鼠体染蚤率为27.99%(1351/4827),平均蚤指数为0.98(4737/4827),印鼠客蚤为优势蚤种(79.04%,3744/4737);培养鼠4792只,分离出10株鼠疫杆菌.对2901份鼠血清进行间接血凝试验(IHA),阳性2份;对1691份指示动物血清进行IRA试验,阳性24份.鼠疫累计发生在3个乡(镇)14个行政村的27个自然屯.结论 广西隆林县存在黄胸鼠鼠疫自然疫源地,鼠疫流行的风险仍然较高,应提高鼠疫监测的质量,增加指示动物的监测内容,尝试应用新技术.

Abstract：

Objective To analyze the outcome of surveillance results on plague and to provide the evidences for the policy making in Longlin county Guangxi. Methods The epidemic data and the surveillance results of plague were analyzed and assessed with epidemiology methods in Longlin county Guangxi from 2000 to 2009, and the density of rodents, the rodents infected with flea, flea index and other indicators were calculated. Regional composition of the rats and fleas were analyzed. Results A totally of 4829 rats were captured and 4737 fleas were collected in the past 10 years, Rattus Flavipestus(81.92%,3956/4829) and Xenopsylla Cheopis (79.04%,3744/4737) were dominant species. The annual average density of rodents, the rodents infected with flea, index of flea were 3.30%(4829/146 206), 27.99%(1351/4827) and 0.98(4737/4827), respectively. A totally of 4792 rats were examined and 10 strains Yersinia Pestis were isolated. Indirect hemorrhagic assessed(IHA) was used to test the F1 antibody against plague in the blood serum of the rats and indicator animals, and 3 positive rats and 24 positive animals were found, respectively. Twenty seven natural villages in 3 towns had been involved in the plague. Conclusions The plague foci exists in Longlin county of Guangxi province. The plague foci in the areas have the same feature with the plague foci of Rattus Flavipectus. There is a potential risk for plague in this region, we should improve the quality of surveillance, increase indicator animals of the plague, and try to apply new surveillance method.     

新疆阿拉山口口岸城区鼠类近况调查研究

目的 掌握阿拉山口口岸城区鼠、蚤密度、种群构成、季节消长规律等,为鼠疫防制提供依据.方法 2006年4月～2007年3月采用夹夜法对口岸鼠情进行监测,并利用微量血凝法检测F1抗体及抗原.结果 通过1年的调查,在城区布放有效板夹6 845个,捕获鼠形动物290只,鼠密度为4.2%,居民生活区高于作业区(P＜0.01),经过鉴定隶属2目4科6属6种,优势种为褐家鼠和小家属,分别占41.3%和34.3%;从口岸城区捕获鼠体表采集蚤288只,隶属3科5属6种;捕获鼠平均染蚤率为13.5%,总蚤指数为1.0,其中褐家鼠的染蚤率和印鼠客蚤指数分别为22.5%和2.4;共检测鼠血清52份,鼠脏器材料86份,结果均为阴性.结论 新疆阿拉山口口岸灭鼠灭蚤工作应把重点放在居民区,同时兼顾作业区;加强对城区褐家鼠和印鼠客蚤的监测和控制;密切关注口岸郊区的鼠、蚤情况,这对疫情的早发现、早控制具有现实意义.     

Surveillance of Egyptian fleas for agents of public health significance: Anaplasma, Bartonella, Coxiella, Ehrlichia, Rickettsia, and Yersinia pestis

Serologic surveys in Egypt have documented human and animal exposure to vector-borne bacterial pathogens, but the presence and distribution of these agents in arthropods has not been determined. Between July 2002 and July 2003, fleas were collected from 221 mammals trapped in 17 cities throughout Egypt. A total of 987 fleas were collected, representing four species (Ctenocephalides felis, Echidnophaga gallinacea, Leptopsylla segnis, and Xenopsylla cheopis); 899 of these fleas were X. cheopis from rats (Rattus spp.). Fleas were tested for DNA from Anaplasma spp., Bartonella spp., Coxiella burnetii, Ehrlichia spp., Rickettsia spp., and Yersinia pestis. Rickettsia typhi, the agent of murine typhus, was detected in X. cheopis and L. segnis from rats from nine cities. A spotted-fever group Rickettsia sp. similar to "RF2125" was detected in E. gallinacea, and two unidentified spotted fever group Rickettsia were detected in two X. cheopis. Novel Bartonella genotypes were detected in X. cheopis and L. segnis from three cities. Coxiella burnetii was detected in two fleas. Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, and Y. pestis were not detected.