RP-HPLC法测定氨酚双氢可待因片中对乙酰氨基酚、酒石酸双氢可待因的含量

目的建立高效液相色谱法测定氨酚双氢可待因片中对乙酰氨基酚、酒石酸双氢可待因两组分的含量。方法采用双波长测定上述两种成分,采用Hypersil C185μ(4.6mm×250mm)(大连依利特公司)色谱柱;乙腈-磷酸盐缓冲液(1%磷酸二氢铵和0.01mol.L-1辛烷磺酸钠溶液,用磷酸调pH3.0)(15∶85)为流动相;检测波长为280nm(对乙酰氨基酚);209nm(酒石酸双氢可待因)。结果线性范围分别为对乙酰氨基酚40.192μg.mL-1~401.92μg.mL-1(r=0.9999)、酒石酸双氢可待因0.8359μg.mL-1~8.3592μg.mL-1;平均回收率分别为对乙酸氨基酚100.1%(RSD=0.65%);酒石酸双氢可待因99.4%(RSD=0.33%)。结论本方法精密度好,结果准确可靠,适用于该复方制剂的质量控制。     

双波长高效液相色谱法测定人血清中维生素A、E的含量

目的:建立双波长高效液相色谱同时测定人血清中维生素A、E(VitA、VitE)浓度的方法。方法:移取血清,加入乙腈乙醇混合溶液及正己烷,旋涡混合、离心,分离正己烷层氮气吹干,残渣用流动相溶解后进样。流动相为甲醇-水(92∶8);流速1mL·min-1;柱温30℃,紫外检测器在325nm和292nm检测VitA和VitE。结果:VitA保留时间为2.63min,浓度线性范围50~800μg·L-1,r2=0.9995,平均回收率为97.3%(RSD<5%),最低检出量0.4ng(S/N>3);VitE保留时间为7.61min,浓度线性范围2~16mg·L-1,r2=0.9999,平均回收率为96.2%(RSD<6%),最低检出量2ng(S/N>3)。40例健康成人血清VitA平均值为(389.0±138.0)μg·L-1,VitE平均值为(10.2±2.5)mg·L-1。结论:双波长HPLC检测血清中VitA和VitE浓度的方法灵敏度高,回收率和重现性良好,操作快速、简便。     

酒石酸双氢可待因/对乙酰氨基酚片在健康人体内的生物等效性

目的:研究对乙酰氨基酚/酒石酸双氢可待因片在健康志愿者中的生物利用度和生物等效性。方法:22例健康志愿者随机单盲、单剂量、双周期两制剂交叉口服国产制剂(试验制剂)与进口制剂(参比制剂),剂量为酒石酸双氢可待因20 mg,对乙酰氨基酚1000 mg,用高效液相色谱法测定10个时间点的血药浓度,采用3P97程序计算主要药代动力学参数和相对生物利用度,并评价两种制剂生物等效性。结果:单剂量口服试验制剂与进口标准参比制剂后,血浆中双氢可待因的AUC0-12分别为399.51 ng·h·ml-1±67.94 ng·h·ml-1和415.10 ng·h·ml-1±68.31 ng·h·ml-1,Cmax分别为78.08 ng·ml-1±28.18 ng·ml-1和79.73 ng·ml-1±24.35 ng·ml-1,Tmax分别为0.98 h±0.61 h和1.20 h±0.64 h。对乙酰氨基酚的AUC0-12分别为59.41μg·h·ml-1±16.78μg·h·ml-1和58.21μg·h·ml-1±17.07μg·h·ml-1,Cmax分别为15.98μg·ml-1±5.25μg·ml-1和15.89μg·ml-1±6.30μg·ml-1,Tmax分别为0.93 h±0.65 h和1.15 h±0.81 h。相对生物利用度分别为97.2%±14.4%和102.7%±8.3%。试验药双氢可待因和对乙酰氨基酚的AUC0-t90%可信限分别为91.5%-101.2%和99.8%-105.1%,Cmax90%可信限分别为85.6%-109.8%和93.8%-111.4%。结论:两种制剂生物等效。     

RP-HPLC法测定重酒石酸氢可酮原料药中有关物质的含量

目的:建立测定重酒石酸氢可酮原料药中8种有关物质吗啡、双氢可待因、可待因、羟考酮、可待因酮、甲基可待因、二苯甲酮和蒂巴因的方法。方法:采用梯度洗脱的反相高效液相色谱法。色谱柱为Inertsil ODS-2,以辛烷磺酸钠-乙腈组成流动相体系进行梯度洗脱,流速为1.5 mL.min-1,检测波长为283 nm,柱温为40℃。检测3批样品中的有关物质。结果:重酒石酸氢可酮与各有关物质分离良好,其中重酒石酸氢可酮、蒂巴因、二苯甲酮检测浓度线性范围分别为1.020 5～20.410 0、0.508 5～20.340、0.10～40.00μg.mL-(1r分别为0.999 7、0.999 9、1.000 0);检测限分别为0.05、0.005、0.005μg。3批样品中均未检出已知杂质峰。结论:本法简便、专属、灵敏,可用于重酒石酸氢可酮原料药有关物质的测定。     

高效液相色谱法测定石杉碱甲微球在大鼠体内的血药浓度及药物残留量

目的:建立石杉碱甲微球大鼠体内血药浓度及注射部位药物残留量的测定方法.方法:采用碱化后有机溶剂提取的方法处理样本,运用高效液相色谱法进行测定.色谱柱为Kromasil-C18(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),血样测定的流动相为乙腈-0.2%三乙胺水溶液(20:100),肌肉匀浆液样品测定的流动相为乙腈-0.2%三乙胺水溶液(25:75),检测波长为310 nm.结果:血浆样品测定的线性范围为2.5～500 μg·L-1,最低定量浓度为2.5μg·L-1.肌肉匀浆液样本测定的线性范围为1.008～201.6 mg·L-1,最低定量浓度为1.008 mg·L-1.两种方法的相对回收率均在85%～115%范围内,RSD小于12%.结论:该法可用于石杉碱甲微球体内缓释效果的评价.     

氨酚双氢可待因胶囊在健康人体的生物等效性

目的研究氨酚双氢可待因胶囊(解热镇痛药)在健康人体的生物等效性。方法健康志愿者20名随机双交叉分别单剂量口服氨酚双氢可待因胶囊(试验制剂)和氨酚双氢可待因片(参比制剂);分别于服药后14 h内,多点抽取静脉血;用高效液相色谱法分别测定血浆中对乙酰氨基酚和双氢可待因的浓度;用DAS程序计算相对生物利用度并评价2种制剂生物等效性。结果单剂量口服氨酚双氢可待因胶囊和片剂后,血浆中对乙酰氨基酚的Cm ax分别为(9.06±2.05),(9.15±2.50)mg.L-1;AUC0-14分别为(34.46±7.49),(35.91±7.01)mg.h.L-1;AUC0-∞分别为(35.66±7.86),(37.24±7.56)mg.h.L-1;相对生物利用度为(97.17±19.09)%。双氢可待因的Cm ax分别为(61.84±9.84),(58.33±6.79)μg.L-1;AUC0-14分别为(289.23±31.30),(281.56±25.91)μg.h.L-1;AUC0-∞分别为(304.83±32.95),(298.45±29.15)μg.h.L-1;相对生物利用度为(103.58±15.09)%。结论 2...     

HPLC法测定人血浆中对乙酰氨基酚浓度

建立测定人血浆中对乙酰氨基酚浓度的HPLC法,并应用于人体药代动力学研究.血浆样品用6%高氯酸沉淀蛋白.色谱柱为Zorbax Eclipse XDB-C18柱,流动相为0.02 mol·L-1甲酸铵溶液(含甲酸0.2%)-甲醇-乙腈(88∶6∶6),流速为1.0mL·min-1,紫外检测波长245nm.血浆中内源性物质对样品测定无干扰.本方法线性范围为0.1～20μg·mL-1 (r=0.9996),最低定量浓度为0.1μg·mL-1,方法回收率为99.0%～100.2%,日内、日间RSD均小于6%.本法简便、准确,适用于对乙酰氨基酚药代动力学的研究.     

高效液相色谱法测定人血浆对乙酰氨基酚浓度

目的建立血浆中对乙酰氨基酚的高效液相色谱检测法.方法经过乙醚为溶剂的液相提取,采用高效液相色谱法和紫外检测.结果血浆中对乙酰氨基酚能很好分离,无血浆内源物干扰,最低检测浓度为0.05 mg·L-1,对乙酰氨基酚在0.05～5.0 mg·L-1范围之间线性良好(r=0.999,P＜0.01),提取回收率在70%以上,相对回收率在90%附近,日间、日内变异系数均小于10%.结论该实验建立的血浆中对乙酰氨基酚HPLC检测法,符合生物样品分析要求.     

注射用磷酸肌酸钠中的微量钡含量测定研究

目的:建立石墨妒原子吸收法测定注射用磷酸肌酸钠中的微量钡.方法:以石墨炉法对注射用磷酸肌酸钠中微量钡进行测定.结果:方法回收率95.8％ ～98.8％,线性范围0.0～300 μg·L-1,最低检测浓度为1μg·L-1,r=0.999 5,RSD＜6.3％（n=6）.结论:本方法克服了钡的记忆效应,精密度好,线性范围宽,适用于石墨炉原子吸收法测定注射用磷酸肌酸钠中的钡.     

HPLC测定小儿对乙酰氨基酚异丙嗪片的含量

目的 建立测定小儿对乙酰氨基酚异丙嗪片含量的高效液相色谱法.方法以Phenomenex Luna C18(4.6 mm×250mm,5μm)为色谱柱,甲醇-5 mmol·L-1己烷磺酸钠溶液一冰醋酸一三乙胺(6831.30.640.03)为流动相,流速为1.0mL·min-1,检测波长为306nm,进样量20μL.结果对乙酰氨基酚线性范围为0.929 7～4.648 mg·mL-1,r=0.999 9,平均回收率为99.96%(RSD=1.2%,n=9);盐酸异丙嗪线性范围为38.72～193.6 p.g·mL-1,r=0.999 9,平均回收率为99.38%(RSD=1.2%,n=9).结论 本法简便快速、准确可靠,可用于测定小儿对乙酰氨基酚异丙嗪片含量.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfides as cyclooxygenase inhibitors

2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfides are described as selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors, useful for treating inflammation and COX-2-mediated disorders including neoplasia. 2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfide is claimed to be the most potent COX inhibitor in the series with a COX-2 selectivity ratio of 33. This compound is also claimed to be superior to celecoxib (Celebrex^®, Pfizer) in inhibiting cell growth of colorectal carcinoma cells. In this evaluation, the COX inhibitory activity of this compound is compared to that previously disclosed for diarylheterocycles and 2-(acetoxyphenyl)alkyl sulfides. The validity of the DLD-1 cell line in the growth inhibition studies is questioned based on recent literature reports indicating the lack of COX-2 expression in this cell line.     

Sleep-disordered breathing with chronic opioid use

Chronic opioid use for pain relief or as substitution therapy for illicit drug abuse is prevalent in our societies. In the US, retail distribution of methadone and oxycodone has increased by 824 and 660%, respectively, between 1997 and 2003. μ-Opioids depress respiration and deaths related to illicit and non illicit chronic opioid use are not uncommon. Since 2001 there has been an emerging literature that suggests that chronic opioid use is related to central sleep apnoea of both periodic and non-periodic breathing types, and occurs in ～ 30% of these subjects. The clinical significance of these sleep-related abnormalities are unknown. This review addresses the present knowledge of control of ventilation mechanisms during wakefulness and sleep, the effects of opioids on ventilatory control mechanisms, the sleep-disordered breathing found with chronic opioid use and a discussion regarding the future research directions in this area.     

Drug targets for cognitive enhancement in neuropsychiatric disorders

The investigation of novel drug targets for treating cognitive impairments associated with neurological and psychiatric disorders remains a primary focus of study in central nervous system (CNS) research. Many promising new therapies are progressing through preclinical and clinical development, and offer the potential of improved treatment options for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) as well as other disorders that have not been particularly well treated to date like the cognitive impairments associated with schizophrenia (CIAS). Among targets under investigation, cholinergic receptors have received much attention with several nicotinic agonists (α7 and α4β2) actively in clinical trials for the treatment of AD, CIAS and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Both glutamatergic and serotonergic (5-HT) agonists and antagonists have profound effects on neurotransmission and improve cognitive function in preclinical experiments with animals; some of these compounds are now in proof-of-concept studies in humans. Several histamine H3 receptor antagonists are in clinical development not only for cognitive enhancement, but also for the treatment of narcolepsy and cognitive deficits due to sleep deprivation because of their expression in brain sleep centers. Compounds that dampen inhibitory tone (e.g., GABA_A α5 inverse agonists) or elevate excitatory tone (e.g., glycine transporter inhibitors) offer novel approaches for treating diseases such as schizophrenia, AD and Down syndrome. In addition to cell surface receptors, intracellular drug targets such as the phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are known to impact signaling pathways that affect long-term memory formation and working memory. Overall, there is a genuine need to treat cognitive deficits associated with many neuropsychiatric conditions as well as an increasingly aging population.