Modulation of genes related to the recruitment of immune cells in the digestive tract of trout experimentally infected with infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) or orally vaccinated

There are still many details of how intestinal immunity is regulated that remain unsolved in teleost. Although leukocytes are present all along the digestive tract, most immunological studies have focused on the posterior segments and the importance of each gut segment in terms of immunity has barely been addressed. In the current work, we have studied the regulation of several immune genes along five segments of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) digestive tract, comparing the effects observed in response to an infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) infection to those elicited by oral vaccination with a plasmid coding for viral VP2. We have focused on the regulation of several mucosal chemokines, chemokine receptors, the major histocompatibility complex II (MHC-II) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α). Furthermore, the recruitment of IgM⁺ cells and CD3⁺ cells was evaluated along the different segments in response to IPNV by immunohistochemical techniques. Our results provide evidences that there is a differential regulation of these immune genes in response to both stimuli along the gut segments. Along with this chemokine and chemokine receptor induction, IPNV provoked a mobilization of IgM⁺ and IgT⁺ cells to the foregut and pyloric caeca region, and CD3⁺ cells to the pyloric caeca and midgut/hindgut regions. Our results will contribute to a better understanding of how mucosal immunity is orchestrated in the different gut segments of teleost.     

Autophagy induced by infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus inhibits intracellular viral replication and extracellular viral yields in epithelioma papulosum cyprini cell line

Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) is a common pathogen that causes severe disease in the salmonid aquaculture industry. Recent work demonstrated that autophagy plays an important role in pathogen invasion by activating innate and adaptive immunity. This study investigated the relationship between IHNV and autophagy in epithelioma papulosum cyprini cells. The electron microscopy results show that IHNV infection can induce typical autophagosomes which are representative structures of autophagy activation. The punctate accumulation of green fluorescence-tagged microtubule-associate protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) and the protein conversion from LC3-I to LC3-II were respectively confirmed by confocal fluorescence microscopy and western blotting. Furthermore, the effects of autophagy on IHNV replication were also clarified by altering the autophagy pathway. The results showed that rapamycin induced autophagy can inhibit both intracellular viral replication and extracellular viral yields, while autophagy inhibitor produced the opposite results. These findings demonstrated that autophagy plays an antiviral role during IHNV infection.     

Rapid and sensitive detection of infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus by loop-mediated isothermal amplification combined with a lateral flow dipstick

Infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) is an important shrimp pathogen that causes mortality in Penaeus stylirostris and stunting (called runt deformity syndrome or RDS) in Penaeus vannamei. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) allows rapid amplification of nucleic acids under isothermal conditions. It can be combined with a chromatographic lateral flow dipstick (LFD) for highly specific, rapid and simple visual detection of IHHNV-specific amplicons. Using this protocol, a 30-min amplification followed by 5 min hybridization with an FITC-labeled DNA probe and 5 min LFD resulted in visualization of DNA amplicons trapped at the LFD test line. Thus, 10 min for rapid DNA extraction followed by LAMP combined with LFD detection resulted in a total assay time of approximately 50 min. Detection sensitivity was comparable to other methods used commonly for nested PCR detection of IHHNV but had the additional advantages of reduced assay time, confirmation of amplicon identity by hybridization and elimination of electrophoresis with carcinogenic ethidium bromide.     

人源抗呼吸道合胞病毒基因工程单克隆抗体Fab段基因的筛选和表达

目的采用噬菌体表面呈现和重组抗体技术构建人噬菌体抗体基因库，筛选获得人源抗呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）Fab段基因并在原核细胞中表达。为研制安全、有效的预防和治疗RSV感染的制剂奠定基础。方法从RSV感染患儿恢复期外周血淋巴细胞中提取细胞总RNA，用一组人IgGF出特异性引物，通过RT—PCR扩增得到一组轻链（κ和λ）和重链Fab段基因，并将此轻链和重链基因片段克隆于pComb3噬菌体载体，电转化XL1-Blu菌构建成抗RSV噬菌体抗体基因库。用纯化病毒颗粒作抗原对此抗体库进行了富集筛选，得到了特异性针对RSV的人源单克隆抗体Fab段基因，并在大肠杆菌中获得有效表达。用ELISA方法检测了此Fab抗体的抗原特异性，并对阳性克隆进行了基因序列分析。结果所构建的抗体库库容为108，从此抗体库中筛选得到的阳性克隆所表达的Fab抗体能与RSV纯化抗原特异性结合，保留了对RSV的抗原特异性。核苷酸序列分析证实，所获得的阳性克隆基因为人源IgG基因。结论本实验获得了特异性抗RSVFab抗体基因并在大肠杆菌中获得表达，表达产物能与RSV抗原特异性结合。     

The zebrafish galectins Drgal1-L2 and Drgal3-L1 bind in vitro to the infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) glycoprotein and reduce viral adhesion to fish epithelial cells

The infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV; Rhabdoviridae, Novirhabdovirus) infects teleost fish, such as salmon and trout, and is responsible for significant losses in the aquaculture industry and in wild fish populations. Although IHNV enters the host through the skin at the base of the fins, the viral adhesion and entry mechanisms are not fully understood. In recent years, evidence has accumulated in support of the key roles played by protein-carbohydrate interactions between host lectins secreted to the extracellular space and virion envelope glycoproteins in modulating viral adhesion and infectivity. In this study, we assessed in vitro the potential role(s) of zebrafish (Danio rerio) proto type galectin-1 (Drgal1-L2) and a chimera galectin-3 (Drgal3-L1) in IHNV adhesion to epithelial cells. Our results suggest that the extracellular Drgal1-L2 and Drgal3-L1 interact directly and in a carbohydrate-dependent manner with the IHNV glycosylated envelope and glycans on the epithelial cell surface, significantly reducing viral adhesion.