艾滋病并发非结核分枝杆菌感染的影像表现(附5例报告)

目的 探讨艾滋病(AIDS)并发非结核分枝杆菌感染的影像表现,提高对该疾病的认识.方法 对本院2009-05-2010-06经临床实验室诊断的5例AIDS并发非结核分枝杆菌感染的影像及临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 初诊胸片检查3例异常,2例正常.异常表现包括纵隔增宽3例,同时合并肺内局灶性实变2例和胸膜增厚1例.全部患者进行了胸部CT扫描,异常影像包括纵隔淋巴结受累5例、肺内小结节3例、气腔实变2例、胸膜增厚1例.颈部CT扫描1例,显示颈部多发肿大淋巴结和软组织脓肿,增强后淋巴结结节状强化,脓肿边缘花环状强化.2例治疗后复查的影像显示,纵隔淋巴结进一步加大,肺内病变出现播散并较前进展.结论 AIDS并发非结核分枝杆菌感染的影像表现以纵隔淋巴结增大和肺内小结节灶为主,其他异常表现包括气腔实变、胸膜增厚和软组织脓肿等.     

艾滋病合并腹部病变的影像学表现

讨目的探艾滋病（AIDS）合并腹部病变的影像学表现。方法回顾性分析6例AIDS合并腹部病变影像学表现（包括超声、CT和MR扫描）。全部病例均做了超声和胸腹部CT扫描（其中4例做了腹部CT增强扫描），1例做了胸腹部MR增强扫描。结果6例中腹部结核4例，包括腹腔淋巴结结核3例和胰腺结核1例，皆伴有其他部位结核。腹腔淋巴结结核典型CT表现为增大的腹膜后淋巴结中央低密度改变，增强后呈环状强化；胰腺结核的CT表现为胰头低密度灶，增强后病灶周围轻度强化。播散性卡波西肉瘤1例，胸腹部CT及MR扫描表现为沿增粗的支气管血管束和肝内门静脉周围分布的肿瘤病灶。盆腔恶性肿瘤1例，CT显示盆腔内占位病灶，壁不规则增厚，中央大面积低密度液化坏死区。结论AIDS合并腹部病变可表现为机会性感染和相关的恶性肿瘤，影像表现对诊断非常有帮助。组织活检可确定诊断。     

艾滋病相关淋巴瘤的CT表现

目的探讨艾滋病(AIDS)相关淋巴瘤(ARL)的CT表现。资料与方法回顾性分析5例AIDS合并非霍奇金淋巴瘤(NHL)患者的CT表现,并复习文献总结ARL的影像学表现。结果5例AIDS合并NHLCT示:淋巴结肿大4例,其中腋窝淋巴结肿大2例,腹股沟淋巴结肿大1例,纵隔淋巴结肿大2例,腹腔淋巴结肿大3例。5例均有淋巴结外病变,肝脾肿大2例,肝内多发低密度结节2例,胰腺内多发低密度结节1例,肾上腺病变1例,十二指肠病变2例,胆管扩张2例,骨骼病变1例,软组织肿块2例。结论ARL以NHL为主,广泛累及淋巴结及淋巴结以外器官,淋巴结外病变发生率高、且常多脏器受累是其影像学特点。     

肺部结节病CT特征及误诊分析

目的分析肺部结节病多排螺旋CT的特征性影像学表现。资料与方法回顾性分析经病理证实的42例肺部结节病患者的多排螺旋CT影像资料,总结其特征性CT表现。结果 42例结节病首诊误诊11例(26.19%)。影像学表现:肺门纵隔淋巴结增大28例,仅肺门淋巴结增大12例,仅纵隔淋巴结增大1例,肺门纵隔均无淋巴结增大1例;肺内结节沿支气管血管束及胸膜下分布为主38例;肺内不规则大片状实变区1例;小叶间隔不规则结节样增厚8例;支气管牵拉性扩张3例;肺内纤维索条影13例;胸膜下蜂窝影6例;双肺磨玻璃密度影16例;肺内结节病合并双侧乳腺受累1例;上颌窦受累1例;鼻部皮下结节1例。结论肺部结节病的CT表现有一定特征性,最重要的影像学征象是肺内沿淋巴道分布的小结节以及肺门纵隔淋巴结增大,部分不典型结节病影像学诊断困难,应积极进行穿刺活检。     

艾滋病合并马红球菌肺部感染影像学表现

目的探讨获得性免疫缺陷综合征(AIDS)合并马红球菌肺部感染的影像学表现.资料与方法回顾性分析6例临床确诊的 AIDS 合并马红球菌肺部感染患者的影像资料,其中5例行胸部 CT 平扫,1例加做胸部增强扫描;1例行 DR 胸部正侧位摄片.结果6例患者影像学表现呈多样性,其中2例表现为单一结节肿块影,1例为斑片渗出影,3例合并浸润实变影、斑片状模糊影.6例中出现结节及团块实变影4例,空洞2例;斑片状渗出影4例,间质样改变2例,支气管扩张3例,纵隔淋巴结肿大2例,肺门淋巴结肿大1例,胸膜腔积液3例.结论结节肿块影、浸润实变影伴空洞、斑片状模糊影是 AIDS合并马红球菌肺部感染的常见影像表现.     

艾滋病合并播散性马尔尼菲青霉菌病的腹部CT表现

目的 观察艾滋病(AIDS)合并播散性马尔尼菲青霉菌病(PSM)的腹部CT表现.方法 回顾性分析35例AIDS合并播散性PSM的腹部CT扫描表现.结果35例AIDS合并播散性PSM腹部CT示腹腔淋巴结肿大27例(77.1%);肝脾肿大18例(51.4%);肝脾实质病变共11例(31.4%),其中肝内多发低密度结节3例(8.6%),脾内多发低密度结节5例(14.3%),肝密度弥漫减低5例(14.3%)及肝脏强化不均匀5例(14.3%);肠壁增厚3例(8.6%);腹水4例(11.4%);胰腺炎1例(2.9%).结论AIDS合并播散性PSM腹部常多脏器受累,腹腔淋巴结肿大、肝脾肿大、肝脾实质病变是其最常见的腹部CT影像表现.     

艾滋病肺门纵隔淋巴结结核的影像学表现

目的探讨获得性免疫缺陷综合征(AIDS)合并肺门和纵隔淋巴结结核的影像学表现。方法回顾性分析9例AIDS合并肺门和纵隔淋巴结结核的影像学表现(包括胸部平片、CT和MR扫描)。全部病例均作了胸部平片、CT扫描，5例作了增强CT扫描，1例作了MR检查。结果AIDS合并肺门和纵隔淋巴结结核时，增大的淋巴结主要位于7区9／9例，4R区7／9例，2R区5／9例。结论AIDS合并肺门和纵隔淋巴结结核的影像学表现为多组淋巴结增大，可相互融合及出现淋巴结外侵犯表现，CT和MR扫描对本病的诊断有重要意义。     

AIDS并发播散性结核~(F-18)FDG PET/CT表现

目的：探讨F-18FDG PET/CT在AIDS合并播散性结核（DTB）复杂感染中的应用价值。方法：回顾性分析1例AIDS合并全身播散性结核患者的PET/CT影像学表现。结果：F-18FDG PET/CT在头颅、胸部、腹部、盆腔及骨骼系统发现多处高、低放射性摄取病灶。结论：F-18FDG PET/CT可以对AIDS并发播散性结核快速进行全身评估。     

支气管内膜结核的CT表现

目的　分析支气管内膜结核 (EBTB)的CT表现 ,提高对EBTB的认识。资料与方法　回顾分析 18例经纤维支气管镜、病理证实的EBTB的胸部CT表现 ,探讨支气管本身的异常以及肺实质、淋巴结和胸膜改变。结果　共 2 1处支气管受累 ,右肺多于左肺 ,累及下叶最多。支气管壁增厚 16处 ,管腔狭窄 13处 ,累及较长段者 (>3cm) 10处 ,管壁增厚、局部管腔扩大 5处。 5例继发肺不张 ,11例并存支气管播散灶。所有患者肺野内均可见陈旧性肺结核灶 ,8处病灶为活动性 ,15例并发胸膜病变。肺门纵隔淋巴结肿大 9例。结论　较长段的支气管壁中心性增厚为EBTB的主要表现 ,多数并存肺实质和胸膜病变 ,淋巴结环形强化为其特征     

血行播散型结核累及腹部器官的CT强化特征及其优势解剖分布

目的 明确血行播散型结核累及腹部器官的CT强化特征及其优势解剖分布。资料与方法 经临床病理证实的累及腹部器官的血行播散型结核11例，行腹部CT增强扫描，在CT图像上，观察受累淋巴结的大小、形态、强化特征和分布，以及受累肝、脾和肾脏内病灶的大小、形态、密度以及结核灶周边强化特点。结果 血行播散型结核优势地累及小网膜、肠系膜、胰周以及腹主动脉周围上、下部淋巴结。10例(90．9％)受累淋巴结增大呈环状强化，周边强化的淋巴结易形成多房样征象。10例(90．9％)肝脏呈均匀密度增大，11例(100％)脾脏呈不均匀密度增大，内有散在低密度灶，直径0．3～2．5cm，病灶周边有强化。6例(54．5％)肾脏受累(双侧2例，单侧4例)，肾实质内有低密度灶，灶周强化。结论 血行播散型结核累及腹腔、腹膜后淋巴结存在优势解剖分布，同时肝脏多呈均匀密度增大，脾呈不均匀密度增大，这些特征与感染途径及结核灶的病理特点有关。     

Disseminated lymphatic tuberculosis in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: computed tomography findings

There is an increased frequency of disseminated tuberculosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The authors reviewed 6 thoracic and 10 abdominal computed tomography scans from 11 patients who had AIDS and disseminated tuberculosis. All scans demonstrated multiple, large, mediastinal or retroperitoneal lymph nodes, or both; low-density centers within enlarged nodes were identified in seven patients (63%). The scans also showed a diffuse miliary pattern (three patients), pericardial effusion (three patients), mild hepatomegaly (six patients), moderate splenomegaly (seven patients), hypodense splenic lesions (one patient), peritoneal fluid (four patients), bowel involvement (two patients) and dilatation of the biliary tract (two patients). Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis was demonstrated in all cases. The findings of this study show that lymph-node enlargement and nodes with low-density centers in patients who have AIDS are suggestive of disseminated tuberculous infection.     

Tuberculosis versus lymphomas in the abdominal lymph nodes: evaluation with contrast-enhanced CT

OBJECTIVE: Tuberculosis in the abdominal lymph nodes may be difficult to distinguish from lymphomas. This study evaluated specific CT imaging criteria for differentiating these entities. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the anatomic distribution and CT enhancement patterns of disease in 69 patients, 26 (38%) with tuberculosis and 43 (62%) with untreated lymphomas involving abdominal lymph nodes. Of the patients with tuberculosis, five (19%) had disseminated disease and 21 (81%) had nondisseminated disease. Of the patients with lymphomas, 16 (37%) had Hodgkin's disease and 27 (63%) had non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. RESULTS: Disseminated and nondisseminated tuberculosis involved predominantly lesser omental, mesenteric, anterior pararenal, and upper paraaortic lymph nodes. Lower paraaortic lymph nodes were involved more often in Hodgkin's disease (15 patients [94%]), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (24 patients [89%]), and disseminated tuberculosis (five patients [100%]) than in nondisseminated tuberculosis (one patient [5%]). Mesenteric lymph nodes were involved more often in disseminated tuberculosis (four patients [80%]) and nondisseminated tuberculosis (11 patients [52%]) than in Hodgkin's disease (one patient [6%]) (p < .01). Anatomic distribution was not different between disseminated tuberculosis and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Tuberculous lymphadenopathy commonly showed peripheral enhancement, frequently with a multilocular appearance, whereas lymphomatous adenopathy characteristically showed homogeneous attenuation (14 patients [87.5%] with Hodgkin's disease and 19 patients [70%] with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma [p < .01]). CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that the anatomic distribution and specific enhancement patterns of lymphadenopathy seen on contrast-enhanced CT can be useful in differentiating between tuberculosis and untreated lymphomas of the abdominal lymph nodes.     

Intraabdominal Mycobacterium tuberculosis vs Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infections in patients with AIDS: distinction based on CT findings

Abdominal CT scans of 71 patients with AIDS who had proved disseminated infection due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (27 patients) or Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (44 patients) were reviewed retrospectively to identify radiologic features that can be used to distinguish the two infections. CT findings in patients with disseminated M. tuberculosis included focal lesions in the liver (11%), spleen (30%), kidneys (19%), pancreas (7%), and gastrointestinal tract (15%) and lymph nodes with central or diffuse low attenuation (93%). CT findings in patients with disseminated M. avium-intracellulare included marked hepatomegaly (20%); marked splenomegaly (14%); focal lesions in the liver (9%), spleen (7%), and kidneys (2%); diffuse jejunal wall thickening (18%); lymph nodes with central low attenuation (14%); and enlarged lymph nodes exclusively of homogeneous soft-tissue density (55%). The presence of focal visceral lesions and low-attenuation lymph nodes suggests disseminated M. tuberculosis, whereas marked hepatic and splenic enlargement, diffuse jejunal wall thickening, and enlarged soft-tissue-density lymph nodes suggest disseminated M. avium-intracellulare. Recognition of these CT features can lead to a tentative diagnosis so that appropriate therapy can be instituted before the results of mycobacterial cultures become available.     

艾滋病合并肺结核的CT表现与CD4T淋巴细胞的关系

目的:探讨艾滋病合并肺结核的CT表现与CD4T淋巴细胞的关系。材料和方法:回顾性分析临床确诊的23例艾滋病合并肺结核CT扫描资料,并定期CT复查以及CD4T淋巴细胞的检测,观察其HARRT及抗结核治疗后肺部病灶的动态变化。结果:病灶分布两个肺叶以上10例、中叶(舌叶)及下叶17例。大片状融合实变影9例、斑片状影6例、双肺弥漫性结节影5例和空洞影2例。纵隔及肺门淋巴结肿大15例,主要分布2R、4R区。病灶恶化进展患12例,CD4T淋巴细胞持续降低或衰竭;病灶吸收或缩小11例,早期CD4不同程度降低,3个月后CD4均有不同程度升高。结论:CT扫描能有效显示病变的各种征象,有利于艾滋病合并肺结核的诊断。CD4T淋巴细胞的量值是影响肺结核病变的动态变化及预后的重要因素。     

免疫损害患者肺结核的影像诊断

目的　探讨几种免疫损害疾病并发肺结核患者的X线和CT所见 ,包括糖尿病、肾移植术后及获得性免疫缺陷综合征 (AIDS)。方法　回顾分析合并有肺结核的 2 0例糖尿病患者的胸部CT所见、10例肾移植术后患者的胸部X线片及 2例AIDS患者的CT片。结果　糖尿病并发肺结核的CT表现为 :大片融合性肺实变 (10例 ) ,在单一病变区内有多发小空洞 (9例 ) ,病变不按肺段分布(2例 ) ,多数病变具有卫星灶。肾移植术后并发肺结核的胸部X线表现为 :斑片及大片融合实变(6例 )和粟粒型肺结核 (4例 )。AIDS病合并肺结核的CT表现为 :纵隔淋巴结肿大 (1例 ) ,肺内浸润(1例 )及胸部以外的结核病变 (2例 ) ,包括颈部及腹膜后淋巴结肿大。结论　 3种免疫损害病变患者并发肺结核的主要CT及X线表现为大片融合病变、单一病变内的多发小空洞、粟粒型肺结核、纵隔淋巴结肿大及胸部以外的淋巴结肿大     

Abdominal CT findings of disseminated Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare in AIDS

Disseminated infection from Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (MAI) has recently been recognized as a common and serious complication of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The authors report the computed tomographic (CT) findings of 17 patients with AIDS and disseminated MAI referred for abdominal CT examination. Multiple large retroperitoneal and mesenteric lymph nodes were demonstrated in 14 patients (82%). MAI involvement was confirmed within abdominal lymph nodes in six patients by fine-needle percutaneous aspiration (five patients) or postmortem examination (one patient) and within enlarged peripheral lymph nodes in two other patients. The authors concluded that large, bulky, intraabdominal adenopathy in AIDS patients should suggest the diagnosis of MAI infection as well as other known causes of adenopathy, including lymphoma and metastatic Kaposi sarcoma. The authors recommend percutaneous aspiration of enlarged intraabdominal lymph nodes to establish the correct diagnosis.     

Pulmonary tuberculosis and other mycobacterial infections in patients with AIDS]

Nowadays, the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is most certainly the major cause of the increased incidence of tuberculosis (TBC). A total of 138 patients (pts) with AIDS were referred to the Department of Infectious Diseases of the Hospital of Pisa, 1990-1991; 14 of them (10.1%) presented pulmonary TBC. In our study, we analyzed the chest films of the latter group of patients. Based on the X-ray patterns, the findings were classified as follows: hilar lymph nodes were observed in 4 pts (28.6%), isolated lymph nodes in 2 cases; associated with parenchymal involvement in 2 pts; acute alveolar TBC was seen in 4 cases (28.6%), with escavations in 3/4 (21.4%). Linear and reticular TBC were found in 4 pts (28.6%), and miliary interstitial involvement in 1 case (7%), extrapulmonary adenopathy in 4 pts (28.6%). In 4 pts (28.6%) chest X-ray findings were negative. All pts underwent serial chest X-rays in the course of therapy. HRCT was performed in 6 patients: our results are in agreement with those reported in literature. Thus, we can conclude that the major diagnostic findings in our series were: frequent isolated involvement of hilar lymph nodes, as observed in primary TBC; the infiltrates are most frequently located in the middle and basal lobes; escavations are uncommon; pleural effusion is unusual; in some pts chest X-ray findings may be negative.     

Imaging of esophageal tuberculosis: a review of 23 cases

PURPOSE: To evaluate the various radiological abnormalities in patients with proven esophageal tuberculosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The case records of 23 patients with proven esophageal tuberculosis were evaluated retrospectively for various radiological abnormalities. Twenty-two patients had secondary involvement of esophagus in the form of direct extension of mediastinal and pulmonary tuberculosis or spinal tuberculosis. Only 1 patient had primary involvement of the esophagus with no evidence of disease elsewhere. The diagnosis was confirmed by endoscopic and CT-guided biopsy/aspiration cytology in 7 and 6 cases, respectively. Diagnosis was made on the basis of surgical biopsy of lymph node and autopsy in 1 patient each. In the remaining 8 patients the diagnosis was based on radiological and endoscopic findings and the response to antituberculous treatment. RESULTS: Chest radiography (CXR) was abnormal in 65% patients. While the findings were non-conclusive for esophageal tuberculosis, characteristic lesions of tuberculosis in lungs or spine were suggestive of tuberculous etiology. In 15 patients, CT of the chest confirmed the corresponding CXR findings and also showed additional findings of mediastinal lymphadenopathy when CXR was normal. Fourteen patients showed mediastinal lymphadenopathy on CT of the chest. In all these patients, more than one group of lymph nodes was involved. The characteristic hypodense center of lymph nodes suggestive of tuberculosis was seen in 12 patients. Radiological abnormalities seen in barium swallow examination were extrinsic compression, traction diverticula, strictures, sinus/fistulous tracts, kinking and pseudotumor mass of esophagus in decreasing order of frequency. The middle third of the esophagus was found to be the most frequent site of involvement.     

新型冠状病毒肺炎儿童高分辨率CT表现

目的 探讨儿童新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)患者高分辨率CT(HRCT)表现。方法 回顾性分析2020年1月25日至2月5日华中科技大学同济医学院附属武汉儿童医院22例经临床及核酸检测确诊为COVID-19患儿的胸部HRCT表现。其中男12例,女10例,年龄2个月~14岁,中位年龄4岁,5岁以下患儿14例。由2名放射科医师共同观察肺部病变分布、形态、密度等特征及有无肺门、纵隔淋巴结肿大及胸膜改变。结果 22例患儿中,3例(3/22)肺部CT正常,19例(19/22)肺部HRCT见病灶浸润,其中单侧肺病变7例,双侧肺病变12例。HRCT表现为:磨玻璃影6例,其中淡磨玻璃影4例、典型铺路石征磨玻璃影2例;4例呈肺实变改变,表现为局限性条索影、斑片状高密度影;6例表现为实变影与磨玻璃影共存,呈斑片状致密影夹杂周围磨玻璃影改变,其中1例呈右侧白肺表现;3例呈类支气管肺炎改变,表现为肺叶内散在点状或斑片状密度不均高密度影。下叶病灶较上叶为重,肺外后带较肺尖部、中央区多见。全部患儿均未见肺门淋巴结增大和胸腔积液,1例见叶间胸膜增厚。结论 儿童COVID-19的HRCT表现多样化,需结合流行病学资料、临床表现及实验室检测综合判断,但肺部CT表现可作为临床早期诊断和防控干预的重要依据。