无垂直瘢痕的下蒂瓣法乳房缩小整形术

目的:介绍一种适用于中、重度乳房肥大的矫正术,探索乳房缩小手术的最佳术式。方法:回顾总结2001年以来对21例中、重度乳房肥大患者采用无垂直瘢痕的下蒂瓣法行乳房缩小整形术的情况,分析其效果。结果:21例患者术后双乳对称,下垂状况纠正,体积缩小,乳头乳晕感觉良好,术后瘢痕隐蔽。2例合并副乳,1例合并乳头内陷的患者同时手术切除矫正。2例乳晕表皮营养不良、部分坏死,经换药愈合。结论:无垂直瘢痕的下蒂瓣法乳房缩小整形术是治疗中、重度乳房肥大症的良好选择。     

A new approach to preexisting vertical midline abdominal scars with crossover DIEP flap breast reconstruction

Breast reconstruction using a free transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap or a deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap is a challenge in patients with a vertical midline abdominal scar due to the poor perfusion of the lower abdominal skin ellipse across the midline. In such patients, only one half of the abdominal skin ellipse can be used with certainty, and this limits the amount of tissue available for reconstructing the breast. Two cases of breast reconstruction in patients with a lower midline abdominal scar are presented using the DIEP flap, in which the poor perfusion across the midline scar was overcome by a technique of crossover anastomoses between the two deep inferior epigastric pedicles. Reliable perfusion of the entire lower abdominal skin ellipse was achieved. This crossover anastomoses technique overcomes the poor perfusion imposed by the vertical midline abdominal scar and enables DIEP flap breast reconstruction to be offered to women with midline abdominal scars. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2010.     

Vertical mammaplasty with a clamp technique

The vertical mammaplasty with a clamp technique is a personal adaptation of the clamp technique that leaves a single vertical scar in addition to the periareolar scar. This technique uses a superior pedicle from the dermal vault technique. There is no need for preoperative markings. The glandular tissue is removed with constant reference to the breast base. The skin is excised around a new clamp, which leaves only a vertical scar. This retrospective study includes 100 patients operated between 1996 and 2000. A total of 96% of the patients have been happy with the final cosmetic result. The best results were obtained when breast ptosis and moderate hypertrophy were present. The complication rate was 4%. This technique is as reliable as other procedures using the superior flap technique. A vertical scar is obtained by using a new clamp that allows a perfect match of the gland to its cutaneous cover. It is also a fast technique to perform (75 minutes).     

Short Scar Mastopexy with Flap Transposition

A personalized technique using a vertical scar mastopexy is described. The breast tissue is utilized as a transposition flap behind the nipple–areolar complex to increase its projection. The inferior pole of the breast can be developed either as a superiorly pedicled or inferiorly pedicled flap for that purpose and the indication for each version is described. The technique has been successfully utilized in 80 patients with pleasing results. Illustrative cases are presented.     

Breast Reduction with Inferior Pedicle Fascial Suspension

The ultimate aim of breast reduction surgery is to reduce breast tissue with long-term maintenance of good breast shape. A technique using interwoven fascial flap suspension of the inferior pedicle through the pectoralis muscle and fascia is described. For this study, 25 patients were followed for 1 year after surgery. The vertical length of the breast between the lower midline of the areola and the new inframammary fold was measured 10 days after surgery and compared with a follow-up measurement 1 year later. These measurements were expressed as a ratio and compared with visual impressions. A ratio of more than 1.3 or a 2-cm difference in length or more was considered representative of breast “bottoming out.” This was the case with two patients, both of whom had put on substantial weight after the procedure. The author contends that a consistently reliable technique that maintains good breast shape with more extensive scarring is preferable to a technique that occasionally “gets it right” with less scarring. Good scar management and variations in technique such as the fascial flap suspension described in this report have been of considerable benefit to the author’s patients undergoing breast reduction surgery.     

Breast autoaugmentation

A technique using a posteriorly based dermoglandular flap as an augmentation of the superior hemisphere of the breast combined with a periareolar mastopexy and vertical mastopexy is presented. The advantages of combining a periareolar mastopexy, in terms of reducing the length of the vertical scar and preventing areolar distortion, are explained.     

Management of infraumbilical vertical scars in DIEP-flaps by crossover anastomosis.

The deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP)-flap continues to be the standard treatment in microsurgical breast reconstruction. Reasons for the popularity of the DIEP-flap include the availability of a large amount of tissue for the reconstruction of large breasts, a reliable vascular anatomy and an aesthetically pleasing donor site scar. However, the DIEP-flap is not considered the optimal choice as the donor tissue in all patients. Previous abdominal surgeries with resulting scars may threaten the success of a free DIEP-flap due to compromised vascularity within the flap. We elaborated a technique to increase the safety of breast reconstruction with the DIEP-flap in the presence of an infraumbilical vertical scar. After raising the DIEP-flap in a traditional manner on one side with harvesting of a considerate length of the inferior epigastric vessels, a segment of the superior epigastric vessels is left attached to the main pedicle. This stump of the superior epigastric vessels is now anastomosed under the microscope to a paraumbilical perforator on the contralateral side of the flap for in-flap microvascular augmentation. The above-mentioned technique was applied in five patients who presented with an infraumbilical vertical scar and were reconstructed with a DIEP-flap because of breast cancer. In three of the five patients there was an additional risk factor present such as smoking or diabetes mellitus. In all five patients no major complication due to marginal perfusion of the contralateral side of the flap was encountered. In two patients there was minor breakdown of fatty tissue that was managed conservatively in both cases. In-flap microvascular augmentation of DIEP-flaps is a valuable tool for the plastic surgeon in microvascular breast reconstruction. It permits usage of the lower abdominal tissue even if perfusion is compromised due to midline scarring. We recommend this technique as a safe alternative in patients seeking autologous breast reconstruction in the presence of a midline abdominal scar.     

Breast conserving surgery using the round block technique combined with partial reconstruction using the latissimus dorsi flap

The round block technique (RBT) is one of the frequently used volume displacement procedures in oncoplastic breast surgery. We report a useful technique which combines RBT with immediate partial breast reconstruction using the latissimus dorsi flap (LD flap) for breast-conserving surgery (BCS). A wide oval periareolar wound allows both resection of a large amount of a breast tissue and reconstructive procedures using the LD flap, which ultimately results in a minimal periareolar scar and a good cosmetic result. This combined technique may provide BCS with increasing indications and better cosmesis.     

The bipedicled free TRAM flap.

Unilateral breast reconstruction with all 4 zones of a free TRAM flap was performed in 2 patients with total or near-total transection of the flap by a vertical midline infraumbilical scar. To permit this, both inferior epigastric pedicles were raised and anastomosed to the thoracodorsal vessels and the serratus collateral. Vein grafts were not required and both flaps perfused in toto. The technique is recommended for reconstruction of the larger breast (i.e. where more than a "hemi-TRAM" flap is required for symmetry) in the presence of extensive midline infraumbilical scarring. Avoidance of epigastric bulge, improved vascularity and vastly reduced abdominal wall donor defect give this technique advantages over the conventional bipedicled TRAM flap.     

The versatility of the inferior dermal flap in implant/expander-based immediate breast reconstruction and its application in augmentation–mastopexy

The inferior dermal flap technique with the Wise pattern skin resection has been used in the authors practice, mainly in patients who required bilateral or unilateral risk-reducing mastectomy for prophylaxis. The versatility of this procedure allowed the senior authors (MPS and PL) to extend its applicability for vertical scar augmentation–mastopexy in asymmetrical breast and for Wise pattern skin resection mastopexy–augmentation in massive weight loss. Between 2006 and 2009, the inferior dermal flap was performed in 18 patients with a total of 34 breasts, 20 of which had the Wise pattern skin resection following risk-reducing mastectomy, two of which were unilateral, six had a Wise pattern skin resection after massive weight loss and six had a vertical skin excision for asymmetrical breasts. No haematoma, infection or seroma were seen with this technique. No breakdown at the T junction was reported. One patient had a capsular contracture which required a capsulectomy and replacement of implants. We report our experience of this technique in patients undergoing unilateral skin-reducing mastectomies for prophylaxis and we demonstrate the versatility of the dermal flap when applied for vertical scar augmentation–mastopexy in the asymmetrical breast and for Wise pattern skin resection mastopexy–augmentation in massive weight loss.     

Modification of Vertical Scar in Vertical Mammaplasty Technique

Vertical mammaplasty is a simple and safe procedure that relies on an upper pedicle to the areola with lower central breast reduction and glandular shaping. We applied this technique to six patients adding a modification of the vertical scar which distributed skin tension both to the areola and vertical suture line. It prevented an unacceptable puckering vertical scar and enlargement of areola. This modification also provided satisfactory breast shape with a good vertical scar especially at the early postoperative period.     

Transposition technique for correction of a malpositioned nipple-areola complex after reconstruction following a nipple-sparing mastectomy: a case report

We developed a novel transposition technique for the correction of an asymmetric nipple-areola complex (NAC) due to breast mound reconstruction after a nipple-sparing mastectomy. The technique was composed of a rotation flap and an advancement flap. In this study, we describe a case of a 35-year-old woman with a malpositioned NAC located at the upper lateral position with a vertical scar in the lateral area of the breast treated by this technique, with a follow-up period of 12 years. In this case, established techniques were difficult to apply as there were thin underlying subcutaneous tissue and scars near the NAC. This technique may be useful in such a case and is an additional option in the correction of a malpositioned NAC from the upper lateral position to the ideal position on a breast mound.     

Wineglass Pattern for Vertical Mammaplasty

The ideal reduction mammaplasty technique should create a pleasing breast shape with minimal scarring. The long and conspicuous scar associated with the classic inverted ``T' pattern mammaplasty techniques are not acceptable for many patients. Periareolar mammaplasty techniques cause less scarring, but they have major disadvantages such as scar widening, areolar distortion, and insufficient breast projection. We used a new pattern for vertical mammaplasty to overcome the insufficient breast projection caused by the round block technique and applied it to 51 patients during the last 3 years. This method results in a single vertical scar and a periareolar scar, allows sufficient volume reduction, and provides good breast shape and projection; the results are durable. This procedure is safe, causes few complications, and is easy to learn and perform.     

Seventeen Years of Experience with Reduction Mammaplasty Avoiding a Vertical Scar

BACKGROUND: It is important to reshape the breast with the least scar possible. This has led us to develop a technique for large breasts where the vertical scar was eliminated. METHODS: The new nipple is positioned at 19-21 cm. The level of the new inframammary line (IML) is marked 6 cm below the new areola. All the area between the marked IML and the present sulcus is de-epithelialized. The upper flap is undermined beginning from the new IML. The tissue excision is performed medially and laterally leaving a central pedicle that also carries the nipple-areola complex (NAC). The dermoglandular pedicle is shaped conically with breast-shaping sutures. The NAC is passed under the upper apron flap through its new opening. RESULTS: We retrospectively reviewed 145 patients who were operated on over the past 17 years. The mean age of the patients was 41 years. The mean distance preoperatively from midclavicle to nipple was 35.3 cm. The average weight of breast tissue excised was 1073 g per side. Seventeen patients (11%) suffered from minor complications. CONCLUSION: This technique works especially well in breast reduction cases where a large mass excision is required. The horizontal scar is obvious only when the patient is lying down and cannot be seen by the patient herself. There is no risk of destroying the circular feature of the areola, which is pulled inferiorly by the vertical scar in the other techniques.     

The transverse upper gracilis flap: Efficiencies and design tips

The transverse upper gracilis free flap is a well-described option for breast reconstruction. The technique is a secondary choice for autologous breast reconstruction because the abdomen remains the primary donor site for breast reconstruction. However, in appropriately selected patients, the authors believe that the transverse upper gracilis flap remains a reliable flap for breast reconstruction. Its consistent anatomy, potentially reasonable donor site scar, limited functional morbidity and simultaneous two-team surgical approach make this flap a viable option for many patients. The technique, however, is not without drawbacks – known numbness of the medial thigh and the potential for chronic lymphedema of the lower leg, contour deformities of the medial thigh, and widening of the medial thigh scar need to be considered.The current article presents a harvest technique that is reliable, rapid and addresses each of the above-mentioned limitations with specific changes in the traditional technique. The article provides video documentation of the modified harvest technique using only monopolar cautery for the dissection.     

Mckissock法与无垂直瘢痕下蒂瓣法行重度乳房肥大矫正的综合比较

目的：探讨应用Mckissock法及无垂直瘢痕的下蒂瓣法进行乳房缩小整形术的适应证、手术效果及优缺点进行对比分析。方法：2010年6月至2011年7月,我们采用Mckissock法与无垂直瘢痕的下蒂瓣法行乳房缩小整形术15例,术后患者就症状改善,外形改善,瘢痕,乳头敏感性及总体满意度进行问卷调查。结果：①15例患者术后乳房形态及乳头乳晕均较对称且外观良好;②无垂直瘢痕的下蒂瓣法较Mckissock法术后并发症发生率少,瘢痕隐蔽;③两种方法术后发生乳头乳晕血运障碍及感觉障碍无明显差异;④Mckissock法较无垂直瘢痕的下蒂瓣法切除乳腺的量稍多,术后乳房立体感良好;⑤无垂直瘢痕的下蒂瓣法较Mckissock法总体满意度高。结论：无垂直瘢痕的下蒂法及Mckissock法均适用于治疗中、重度乳房肥大症尤其对于重度乳房肥大症两种方法对乳房形态的重塑较好,总体来讲无垂直瘢痕的下蒂法术后瘢痕小且隐蔽而Mckissock法切除乳腺组织量多,两种方法各有利弊具体临床应用需要个体化分析。     

No-vertical-scar inferior pedicle breast reduction using the dermal suspension sling

Background

The authors previously presented favorable outcomes with the use of the horizontal dermal suspension sling and plication of the inferior pedicle in reduction mammaplasty surgical cases. We propose a modification to this technique tailored to patients with moderate to severe ptosis. The modification avoids the vertical scar inherent to the inverted T pattern.

Methods

The surgical technique utilizes portions of the dermal suspension and plication technique previously described by the authors. Minor modifications were made to take advantage of the vertical excess of skin found in patients with moderate to severe macromastia and ptotic breasts. The modification leads to a superior skin flap that drapes the inferior pedicle and newly constructed breast mound, resulting in a single inframammary scar.

Results

Thirty-eight women have undergone breast reduction using the vertical scarless inferior pedicle with horizontal dermal suspension and plication surgical technique. Breast projection and shape were sustained during follow-up with positive aesthetic results; the median follow–up time was 7 months.

Conclusions

The modifications to our surgical technique allowed for an improved appearance in the postoperative breast scar and in the overall cosmetic outcome in patients who underwent large-volume breast reductions. Level of Evidence: IV, therapeutic study     

Breast reduction: Evolution of a technique—A single vertical scar

In the past 20 years, patients have become more critical about the result of a breast reduction operation. Natural lasting shape and minimal residual scarring are now expected by most of the candidates to that surgery. In 1969 the author described a vertical technique that achieved reduction and good shape but the end of the vertical scar could be seen below the brassiere line. In 1977 the author modified the technique by adding a small horizontal scar that eliminated the yisible part of the vertical scar. In this article the author demonstrates that the same technique he described in 1969 and modified in 1977 can produce a single residual vertical scar if properly used.     

Breast reduction: evolution of a technique--a single vertical scar

In the past 20 years, patients have become more critical about the result of a breast reduction operation. Natural lasting shape and minimal residual scarring are now expected by most of the candidates to that surgery. In 1969 the author described a vertical technique that achieved reduction and good shape but the end of the vertical scar could be seen below the brassiere line. In 1977 the author modified the technique by adding a small horizontal scar that eliminated the visible part of the vertical scar. In this article the author demonstrates that the same technique he described in 1969 and modified in 1977 can produce a single residual vertical scar if properly used.     

Mammoplasty with an L-shaped limited scar and retropectoral dermopexy

In mammoplasty the goal of the surgeon is giving the breast new form and volume and good, durable shape with minimal scarring. This article presents a simple technique of reduction mammoplasty that avoids incisions in the so-called hypertrophic areas of the chest, the medial and the lateral extremities of the submammary fold. The technique is based on nipple transposition on a superior semicircular flap in the new predetermined side, supra-areolar dermopexy. The skin of the inferior pole of the breast is internally de-epithelized to two curvilinear incisions that end near the projection of the anterior axillary line to form an inferior dermal flap for retropectoral dermopexy. The limited residual scar is L-shaped. Ptotic and hypertrophic breasts can be treated with this method.