厦门市区家栖鼠形动物的群落结构及数量季节变动研究

厦门市家栖鼠形动物有２目２科３属４种，其群落结构为褐家鼠＋臭　＋黄胸鼠＋小家鼠，４类生物小区的群落结构为：住宅小区与饮食小区均为褐家鼠＋臭　＋黄胸鼠＋小家鼠；食杂小区为褐家鼠＋小家鼠＋黄胸鼠＋臭　；市场小区为褐家鼠＋臭　＋小家鼠。市区家栖鼠形动物全年数量变动曲线呈马鞍形，出现初春与夏末二次数量高峰（３～５月和８～９月）．各类生物小区的捕获率差别较大，即市场小区的捕获率最高，其次为饮食和住宅小区，而食杂小区较低。     

江门市家栖鼠对第一代抗凝血灭鼠剂抗药性研究

目的探讨家栖鼠对抗凝血灭鼠剂的抗药性变化。方法按全国鼠类抗药性监测协作组统一方法,进行无选择性摄毒试验。结果经对江门市城区(蓬江、江海、新会区)内所捕获的129只褐家鼠、37只黄胸鼠、15只小家鼠进行抗药性监测,其抗性率分别为0、10.81%和46.67%,总平均摄药剂量分别为12.00、143.12和582.41 mg/kg,按家栖鼠抗药性检验标准,小家鼠对第一代抗凝血剂杀鼠灵已形成抗药性种群,黄胸鼠有抗药性个体产生。结论以小家鼠为优势种的场所,要考虑使用第二代抗凝血灭鼠剂;而以褐家鼠、黄胸鼠为主的场所,则可继续使用第一代抗凝血灭鼠剂,但应加强对灭鼠药物的敏感性监测,科学、合理用药。     

广州市家栖鼠对第一代抗凝血灭鼠剂抗药性研究

目的探讨家栖鼠对抗凝血灭鼠剂的抗药性变化。方法按全国鼠类抗药性监测协作组统一方法,进行无选择性摄毒试验。结果经对广州市所辖9区内捕获的130只褐家鼠、31只黄胸鼠、18只小家鼠进行抗药性监测,其抗性率分别为8.5%、45.2%和27.8%,总平均摄药剂量分别为17.72、278.46和1164.24mg/kg,按家栖鼠抗药性检验标准,黄胸鼠和小家鼠对第一代抗凝血剂杀鼠灵已形成抗药性种群,褐家鼠有抗药性个体产生。结论以黄胸鼠和小家鼠为优势种的场所,要考虑使用第二代抗凝血灭鼠剂;以褐家鼠为主的场所,则可继续使用第一代抗凝血灭鼠剂,但应加强对灭鼠药物的敏感性监测,科学、合理用药。     

莆田地区家鼠的种类组成,种间关系和群落演替

1987～1989年,在莆田地区农村逐月对家鼠种群进行调查,布放14400笼日,捕鼠2841只,捕获率为19.73%。捕获鼠4种,小家鼠占总数的56.88%,但其组成比有一定的季节变化;有的月份(如8月),褐家鼠数量可接近或超过小家鼠;黄胸鼠为常见种,冬季的组成比较高;黄毛鼠在5月和12月前后偶尔窜入室内。通过相关分析,小家鼠与黄胸鼠、褐家鼠种群数量间相关非常显著或显著,而褐家鼠和黄胸鼠种群数量无相关性。比较50～80年代调查资料,发现家鼠群落处于不断变化中,群落优势种的演替趋势是:黄胸鼠→褐家鼠→小家鼠。     

苏州市家栖鼠的群落结构特征

目的根据苏州市区10年来鼠情监测结果,分析家栖鼠的群落结构特征,为城市鼠害防制提供依据.方法夹夜法.结果苏州市家栖鼠类群落由小家鼠、褐家鼠、黄胸鼠和臭NFDA6NFDA5组成,优势种为小家鼠.特殊场所和重点行业鼠密度较高( 2.34%、 1.41%),居民区最低( 0.41%);城区以褐家鼠为优势鼠种( 73.27%),城郊地区以小家鼠为优势种( 81.25%).结论苏州市不同区域家栖鼠的群落结构相似,不同生境中群落结构略有差别,而密度指数差异具有显著性(χ2＝ 288.97,P＜ 0.001).     

清远市家栖鼠对第一代抗凝血灭鼠剂抗药性研究

目的探讨家栖鼠对抗凝血灭鼠剂的抗药性变化。方法按全国鼠类抗药性监测协作组统一方法，进行无选择性摄毒试验。结果经对清远市城区及所辖3个县城区内所捕获的155只褐家鼠、13只黄胸鼠、28只小家鼠进行抗药性监测，其抗性率分别为0．65％、0和50．00％，总平均摄药剂量分别为9．82、84．92和453．70mg／kg，按家栖鼠抗药性检验标准，小家鼠对第一代抗凝血剂杀鼠灵已形成抗药性种群，褐家鼠有抗药性个体产生。结论以小家鼠为优势种的场所，要考虑使用第二代抗凝血灭鼠剂；而以褐家鼠、黄胸鼠为主的场所，则可继续使用第一代抗凝血灭鼠剂，但应加强对灭鼠药物的敏感性监测，科学、合理用药。     

南昌市鼠类种群结构和季节动态变化研究

目的了解南昌市鼠类种群结构和季节动态变化。方法分别采用粉迹法和夹夜法连续4年监测不同生境的鼠情。结果 2007-2010年南昌市平均鼠密度夹夜法为1.24%,粉迹法为5.96%,3月和9月为鼠密度高峰期。捕获鼠中褐家鼠占35.62%,小家鼠占33.38%,黄胸鼠占23.84%;居民区褐家鼠占56.99%,特殊行业褐家鼠占49.84%,小家鼠占27.54%,自然村小家鼠占45.71%,黄胸鼠占30.48%。结论南昌市鼠密度较高,鼠密度季节消长较为明显,优势鼠种由褐家鼠变为小家鼠,不同环境类型优势鼠种不同。     

西藏自治区青藏铁路沿线及其他地区褐家鼠调查

目的 调查青藏铁路沿线代表性地区鼠类种群构成,确定是否有褐家鼠分布.方法 户外用鼠夹法,室内用鼠夹法、鼠笼法和粘鼠板法,分别在拉萨、那曲、林芝地区的居民区室内外、垃圾场、粮库、宾馆饭店等场所捕获鼠类,并进行形态学鉴定,计算鼠密度和鼠种构成.结果 青藏铁路沿线的拉萨、那曲和林芝地区共布放1817个鼠夹(鼠笼、粘鼠板)/夜,捕鼠126只,未捕获褐家鼠.拉萨和林芝地区以黄胸鼠为优势鼠种,分别占84.1%和70.0%,那曲县以小家鼠为主,占98.1%.结论 3个地区的居民区以黄胸鼠和小家鼠为优势鼠种,未发现褐家鼠分布.     

晋东南农村的家鼠及其防制——Ⅰ鼠情调查

这次历时一年的定点调查充分证明,当地家鼠密度处于较高水平,捕获率在30%以上,粉迹阳性率约为50%,毒饵首日消耗率达60%。在家栖鼠中,小家鼠占优势,约占70%,褐家鼠约占25%。偶而进村的大仓鼠约占5%。由于粮食、饲料较多,且保管不善,小家鼠和褐家鼠同户共存现象相当普遍,约在一半住宅中发现。在各类用途的房舍中,厨房的鼠密度常高于卧室,而库房在存粮多时,鼠密度也高。在卧室里,小家鼠所占比重较高,而褐家鼠则更常见于厨房和库房。在调查期间,在村周农田里未捕到褐家鼠,室内也未捕到田野中的黑线姬鼠、长尾仓鼠和达乌尔黄鼠等。只有小家鼠和大仓鼠在室内外均可捕到。     

景德镇市2009-2011年鼠情监测分析

目的根据景德镇城区3年来鼠情监测结果,分析家栖鼠的群落结构特征,为城市鼠类防治提供依据。方法采用夹夜法,晚放晨收,每月监测1次。对2009-2011年景德镇鼠情监测的资料进行分析。结果数据显示3年间共捕鼠4种273只。其中以褐家鼠为优势鼠种,占59.34%,小家鼠和黄胸鼠分别占37.36%和2.93%。全年季节消长的平均数据显示,3年内总鼠密度在6、8月呈现两个双高峰,平均每月捕鼠数量达到9.67只,而1、2、11和12月这4个月份捕获鼠数量明显少于其他月份。结论景德镇市区与农村家栖鼠以褐家鼠和小家鼠为主要防治对象,同时夏季灭鼠工作也应该考虑到。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.