RD—PCR技术在酵母基因表达谱研究中的应用

目的 应用RD－PCR技术分离酵母基因。方法 首先提取酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)总RNA，纯化mRNA，然后，转录成双链cDNA，再用限制性内切酶Sau3AI酶切，在酶切片段上加上接头后，用通用引物U进行第一次PCR扩增，以这一产物为模板用选择性引物（在通用引物的3‘端延伸两个碱基）作第二次PCR扩增。5％PAGE胶分离基因片段，选择单带割胶回收，做第三次PCR扩增，与载体连接，最后进行测序分析。结果 采用这种方法分离得到的基因片段，经Blast检索分析，确为来自酿酒酵母基因的cDNA片段或表达序列标签（EST）。结论 RD－PCR技术可以有效地分离EST，可用于酵母基因表达调控的研究。     

HIV—1基因限制性显示片段的克隆与序列分析

目的：克隆并分析经限制性显示－聚合酶链反应（RD－PCR）扩增的HIV－1基因片段。方法：将所有HIV－1基因片段分成10组并进行RD－RCR扩增,纯化各组PCR产物后将之克隆至T载体上并快速鉴定。从阳性克隆中提取质粒,扩增靶片段并测序。结果：序列分析表明,所扩增的片段均属于HIV基因。结论：改良了一种多片段的克隆及鉴定方法并用于限制性显示扩增片段的克隆。     

限制性显示-聚合酶链反应扩增苏云金杆菌基因片段的克隆与分析

目的 运用限制性显示-PCR技术(RD-PCR)扩增苏云金杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis，Bt)基因片段，并进行克隆、测序分析。方法 设计特异性引物扩增长片段Bt基因，对扩增产物进行RD-PCR扩增，扩增后的产物克隆至pMD18-T载体并进行快速鉴定。提取阳性克隆质粒进行测序分析。结果 运用RD-PCR技术，将长片断的基因(2000—3000bp)分为多个短的片段，片段长度较为均一(200～600bp)。测序结果表明，所扩增的片段均属于特异扩增的Bt基因。结论 运用RD-PCR技术可以将长片段基因进行片段化，使其适用于基因芯片的探针。     

大鼠全长OBRb cDNA克隆及真核表达重组体的构建

目的克隆SD大鼠全长长胞内段瘦素受体基因cDNA(OBRb cDNA)及构建其真核表达重组体,为进一步研究该基因打下基础.方法应用RT-PCR方法分段扩增全长OBRb cDNA,再将它们连接起来,并获得载有全长OBRb cDNA的阳性克隆质粒.将上述质粒中全长OBRb cDNA定向插入真核表达质粒pcDNA3中,筛选出阳性克隆.通过限制性内切酶酶切和核苷酸序列测定进行鉴定.结果重组的克隆质粒和真核表达质粒经限制性内切酶酶切后获得的片段大小均与理论值一致.结论成功地克隆了SD大鼠全长OBRb cDNA,并构建了真核表达重组体.     

一个表达序列标签的克隆——应用限制性显示技术

目的：应用限制性显示PCR（resriction display polymerase chain reaction,RD-PCR)技术分离克隆SH－SY5Y细胞的基因片段。方法：从SH－SY5Y细胞中分离提纯mRNA，然后以Oligo(dT18)为锚定引物反转录生成单链cDNA，再以此为模板合成DNA的第二条链；将双链DNA经Sau3AI酶切之后，接上接头，经通用引物和选择性引物扩增后，与载体pMD18相连，克隆，测序。结果：分离出一段cDNA,经Blast分析，发现与基因组17号染色体的一段序列具有高度的相似性，运用GenScan分析这段DNA序列，提示这段表达序列标签（expressed sequence tag,EST)可能是一个未知基因的一部分。结论：RD－PCR技术是一种简便，有效的分离克隆基因片段的方法，运用生物信息学对EST的染色体定位以及下一步的实验可能具有一定的指导意义。     

人过氧化物酶体增殖体激活受体γ2基因克隆及真核表达载体的构建与鉴定

目的克隆人过氧化物酶体增殖体激活受体γ2 ( hPPARγ2)基因及构建其真核表达重组体,为进一步研究该基因打下基础.方法采用RT-PCR方法从中国人网膜脂肪垫总RNA中扩增出hPPARγ2 cDNA全长基因,将全长hPPARγ2cDRA定向插入真核表达载体pcDNA3.1( )中,筛选出阳性克隆.通过限制性内切酶酶切和核苷酸序列测定进行鉴定.结果克隆出全长hPPARγ2cDNA序列与GeneBanK序列相同,真核表达质粒经限制性内切酶酶切后获得的片段大小与理论值一致.结论成功地克隆了hPPARγ2 cDNA,并构建了真核表达重组体.     

精子细胞中基因表达谱的研究

目的 研究成熟精子细胞中的基因表达。方法 采用限制性显示PCR（RD－PCR）获得大量正常和异常精子细胞中基因表达序列标签（EST）并以表达谱图的方式显示出来。结果 通过RD－PCR技术得到大量正常精子细胞和异常精子细胞的EST及部分差异表达EST。结论 RD－PCDR技术既能针对已知基因又能针对未知基因，快速收集大量长度适宜、大小均一、适于芯片制备的EST，较通过cDNA文库等方法得到靶基因片段具有独特的优势。     

限制性显示-聚合酶链反应扩增苏云金杆菌基因片段的克隆与分析

目的运用限制性显示-PCR技术(RD-PCR)扩增苏云金杆菌(Bacillusthuringiensis,Bt)基因片段,并进行克隆、测序分析。方法设计特异性引物扩增长片段Bt基因,对扩增产物进行RD-PCR扩增,扩增后的产物克隆至pMD18-T载体并进行快速鉴定。提取阳性克隆质粒进行测序分析。结果运用RD-PCR技术,将长片断的基因(2 000-3 000 bp)分为多个短的片段,片段长度较为均一(200~600 bp)。测序结果表明,所扩增的片段均属于特异扩增的Bt基因。结论运用RD-PCR技术可以将长片段基因进行片段化,使其适用于基因芯片的探针。     

人PCK1基因克隆及其表达载体的构建

目的构建人PCK1基因的真核表达载体。方法以人内脏脂肪细胞cDNA为模板,聚合酶链反应(PCR)扩增PCK1基因编码区的全部序列,克隆入pGEM-T载体中,经限制性内切酶、DNA序列分析鉴定目的基因后,定向亚克隆到真核细胞表达载体pcDNA3.1( )中,并进行双酶切鉴定。结果PCR扩增的特异性片段长度为1 972 bp,以此构建的pGEM-T-PCK1克隆载体,经限制性内切酶酶切证实载体中带有PCK1基因的目的片段,与GenBank中的人PCK1基因cDNA序列一致。重组质粒pcDNA3.1-PCK1经KpnⅠ/XbaⅠ双酶切后显示5.1 kb和2 000 bp左右的2个条带,证明PCK1基因已成功克隆到了真核细胞表达载体pcDNA3.1( )中。结论成功构建了野生型pcDNA3.1-PCK1重组真核表达载体。     

BDNF基因逆转录表达载体的构建和在淋巴细胞中的表达

【目的】构建含脑源性神经营养因子基因(brain-derived neurotrophic factor，，BDNF gene)逆转录表达载体并了解其在淋巴细胞中的表达，探讨治疗基因的非损伤性脑内转移的新途径。【方法】用RT-PCR方法从大鼠海马组织总RNA中扩增(cDNA)BDNF片段，应用基因重组技术将大鼠(cDNA)BDNF克隆到逆转录病毒载体pLXSN中，用限制性内切酶酶切分析和DNA测序对重组质粒进行鉴定，采用Lipofect AMINE将重组大鼠(cDNA)BDNF导入PA317细胞，获取高滴度的病毒上清转染大鼠淋巴细胞，应用流式细胞仪(FCM)检测大鼠淋巴细胞：BDNF的表达，噻唑蓝(MTT)法检测淋巴细胞培养上清对PCI2细胞增殖的影响。【结果】扩增出大鼠(cDNA)BDNF片段，限制性内切酶酶切和DNA测序证实获得正确的重组质粒pLXSN．BDNF，BDNF基因修饰的大鼠淋巴细胞能高表达：BDNF蛋白，其培养上清能促进PCI2细胞增殖。【结论】成功构建了BDNF’基因逆转录表达载体，BDNF基因修饰的大鼠淋巴细胞能高表达和分泌具有生物活性的BDNF蛋白，为治疗基因的非损伤性脑内转移奠定了一定基础。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.