Eosinophilic gastroenteritis in the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine in a patient with a choking feeling in the esophagus]

A 75-year-old man was admitted to our hospital with the chief complaint of a choking feeling around the esophagus. Laboratory examinations revealed eosinophilia, and high levels of serum immunoglobulin (Ig) E. A computed tomography scan (CT) showed wall thickening of the esophagus and terminal ileum, and ascites around the liver. An endoscopic examination revealed mild mucosal edema in the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine. Biopsy specimens showed diffuse eosinophilic infiltration in the mucosa. We therefore diagnosed eosinophilic gastroenteritis. Oral prednisolone relieved clinical conditions and the CT image improved. This case was considered valuable, because there have been few reports of eosinophilic esophagitis in Japan.     

嗜酸细胞性胃肠炎的诊断和治疗

目的探讨嗜酸细胞性胃肠炎(EG)的诊断要点和治疗预后。方法对7例EG患者的临床特点、实验室检查、内镜表现和治疗随诊情况进行分析。结果(1)粘膜型EG患者常以腹痛和腹泻为首发症状,而浆膜型以腹痛和腹胀为首发症状,可伴恶心呕吐、低热等。(2)外周血和骨髓中嗜酸细胞计数明显增高(45.0%±22.4%和35.5%±2.6%),以成熟型为主,并随症状的有无而增减。(3)血沉、C反应蛋白、纤维蛋白原等指标正常,IgG可下降。(4)腹水为渗出液,可见嗜酸细胞。(5)内镜表现多为粘膜片状糜烂和水肿,以胃窦和回盲部明显,活检可证实大量嗜酸细胞浸润。(6)激素可在1周内迅速缓解症状,并使嗜酸细胞恢复正常。(7)病情可有反复,但预后良好。结论EG临床和内镜表现无特异性,外周血嗜酸细胞、腹水嗜酸细胞,尤其是胃肠粘膜组织中嗜酸细胞增多是诊断的关键。     

An adult case of eosinophilic pyloric stenosis maintained on remission with oral budesonide

We describe an isolated eosinophilic pyloric stenosis in a young female. She was referred for abdominal pain, fever, weight loss and eosinophilia. A sonographic examination revealed a concentric pyloric stenosis, with antral palsy and ascites. The endoscopy confirmed the diagnosis of eosinophilic infiltration of the pylorum. After a short course of systemic steroids, the patient was switched to oral budesonide, which effectively maintained a long-term remission. Eosinophilic gastroenteritis limited to pylorum is exceptional in adults, and in our patient it was not associated with allergic other disorders. This case emphasizes the usefulness of sonografy for diagnosis and monitoring, and the clinical efficacy of oral budesonide.     

A Patient with Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis Presenting with Acute Pancreatitis and Ascites

Eosinophilic gastroenteritis (EGE) is a rare disease characterized by focal or diffuse eosinophilic infiltration of the gastrointestinal tract, especially the stomach and duodenum. EGE has vague, nonspecific symptoms, including nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss, ascites, and malabsorption. Here, we report a patient with EGE presenting with concurrent acute pancreatitis and ascites. A 68-year-old woman was admitted with abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and watery diarrhea. Laboratory findings revealed elevated serum titers of amylase, lipase, and peripheral blood eosinophil count. An abdominopelvic computed tomography scan showed a normal pancreas, moderate amount of ascites, and duodenal thickening. A esophagogastroduodenoscopy showed patchy erythematous mucosal lesions in the 2nd portion of the duodenum. Biopsies from the duodenum indicated eosinophilic infiltration in the lamina propria. The patient was successfully treated with prednisolone and montelukast. Despite its unusual occurrence, EGE may be considered in the differential diagnosis of unexplained acute pancreatitis, especially in a patient with duodenal edema on imaging or peripheral eosinophilia.     

Eosinophilic gastroenteritis presenting as small bowel obstruction： A case report and review of the literature

Eosinophilic gastroenteritis is a rare disease of unknown etiology. It is characterized by eosinophilic infiltration of the bowel wall to a variable depth and symptoms associated with gastrointestinal tract. Recently, the authors experienced a case of eosinophilic gastroenteritis presenting as small bowel obstruction. A 51-year old woman was admitted to our hospital complaining of abdominal pain and vomiting. Physical examination revealed a distended abdomen with diffuse tenderness. Complete blood count showed mild leukocytosis without eosinophilia. Computed tomography confirmed a dilatation of the small intestine with ascites. An emergency laparotomy was performed for a diagnosis of peritonitis due to intestinal obstruction. Segmental resection of the ileum and end to end anastomosis were performed. Histologically, there was a dense infiltration of eosinophils throughout the entire thickness of ileal wall and eosinophilic enteritis was diagnosed. The patient recovered well, and was free from gastrointestinal symptoms at the time when we reported her disease.     

Ileo-ileal invagination – a cause of recurrent mid-gastrointestinal bleeding: Diagnostic and endoscopic therapy by means of push-and-pull enteroscopy

The types of lesions that cause bleeding in the small bowel are similar to those found in other areas in the gastrointestinal tract, such as vascular malformations, ulcers and inflammatory lesions, neoplasms and other less common lesions like Meckel's diverticulum.

This report describes three patients with suspected mid-gastrointestinal bleeding with no significant past medical history. Before presenting to our unit the diagnostic work-up such as oesophagogastroduodenoscopy, colonoscopy and radiological small bowel imaging such as conventional enteroclysis or magnet resonance imaging enteroclysis had been performed without detecting any bleeding source. Capsule endoscopy suspected an angiodysplasia in the terminal ileum in one patient, in the other two patients a polyp in the region of the ileum as the potential bleeding source was diagnosed. In all three patients, a polyp with an ulcerated tip was found with the anal push-and-pull enteroscopy. An endosocpic resection was performed in all three cases without complication with the exception of one. In this patient a perforation occured 3 days after resection and was treated surgically without further complications. Histology revealed in all three cases, a polypoid diaphragmatic invagination of the small bowel with a vast area of chronic ulceration on the tip of this pseudopolyp with infiltration of the muscularis propria.

In summary, the present paper describes the rare cases of erosive pseudopolyps after ileo-ileal invagination treated with endoscopic resection by means of push-and-pull enteroscopy.     

Eosinophilic ascites as an uncommon presentation of eosinophilic gastroenteritis: A case report

BackgroundEosinophilic gastroenteritis (EGE) is defined by the presence of gastrointestinal symptoms, with an abnormal eosinophilic infiltrate of the intestine wall and exclusion of other causes of secondary eosinophilia. EGE has three clinical presentations, depending on the depth of eosinophilic infiltration of the bowel wall. It individualizes into three types, namely mucosal, muscular, and subserosal. Eosinophilic ascites, which is caused by edema and eosinophilic inflammation of the serosal layer of the small bowel wall, is the most uncommon presentation of EGE.Case summaryA 30-year-old Egyptian woman presented with pain in the epigastrium and diffuse abdominal distension. Past medical history comprised allergy to iron injections (for iron deficiency anemia). Clinical examination showed moderate abdominal distention (palpation) and shifting dullness (percussion) suggestive of moderate ascites; mild right pleural effusion was also suspected, but findings were otherwise unremarkable. Abdominal and pelvic examinations by ultrasound and contrast-enhanced computed tomography showed moderate ascites, mild right pleural effusion, and diffuse thickening of the antrum and small bowel loops. Endoscopy of the upper gastrointestinal tract revealed mild diffuse hyperemia of the esophagus, stomach and duodenum, with no relevant findings in the histopathology of biopsy specimens taken from these sites. Laboratory results showed eosinophilia in the peripheral blood and marked increase of eosinophils in the ascitic fluid. Treatment with corticosteroids resulted in normalization of the laboratory test results, and the ascites resolved within a week of initiation of therapy.ConclusionEosinophilic ascites, characterized by increased eosinophils in peripheral blood and ascitic fluid, showed dramatic response to steroid therapy.     

嗜酸细胞性胃肠炎的临床特征分析

背景:嗜酸细胞性胃肠炎(EG)的临床表现缺乏特异性,临床和病理医师对此尚未引起足够重视,诊断往往延迟。目的:探讨EG的临床特征。方法:回顾性分析2011年10月-2013年9月复旦大学附属中山医院确诊为EG患者的临床、实验室、内镜、影像学和治疗的资料。结果:10例EG患者的平均年龄41.9岁,4例有过敏史或哮喘史,起病至确诊时间平均25 d。临床均表现为腹痛,伴腹胀、腹泻或呕吐;8例血嗜酸性粒细胞增加,CT示7例胃和小肠壁广泛水肿,分层状肠壁增厚或腹腔积液。内镜检查发现6例胃窦、十二指肠或空肠黏膜充血糜烂。所有病例经胃肠黏膜活检和(或)腹水检查明确嗜酸性粒细胞浸润。7例患者予泼尼松治疗有效,1例停药后复发。结论:EG可能并非罕见,腹痛伴血嗜酸性粒细胞增多,或腹痛患者CT发现胃肠壁均匀水肿或分层状肠壁增厚,或伴腹水,需考虑EG,多部位包括十二指肠降部多点活检行病理学检查发现黏膜嗜酸性粒细胞浸润是确诊的主要手段。激素治疗可有效缓解症状和血嗜酸性粒细胞增多。     

Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis Involving the Entire Digestive Tract

Eosinophilic gastroenteritis, an intlammatory disease of unknown etiology, commonly involves the stomach and small intestine with eosinophilic infiltration. Herein we describe an unusual case of eosinophilic gastroenteritis involving the entire digestive tract. A 24-yr-old woman came to our hospital presenting with diarrhea with marked peripheral eosinophilia. Stool specimens were negative for parasites, ova, bacteria, and fungi. Barium and endoscopic studies showed thickened edematous folds of the duodenum and small intestine. Biopsy specimens of the esophagus, stomach, duodenum, ileum, and colon showed eosinophilic infiltration. A diagnosis of eosinophilic gastroenteritis involving the entire digestive tract was made, and therapy with prednisone was started. Symptoms and peripheral eosinophilia rapidly resolved, and biopsies of the digestive tract demonstrated no eosinophilic infiltration. This case illustrates the expanded spectrum of the disease to the entire digestive tract and emphasizes the diagnostic usefulness of endoscopic biopsies. The initial presentation of patients with eosinophilia requires the evaluation of the entire digestive tract. It is worth noting that eosinophilic gastroenteritis can involve the entire digestive tract.     

Present status and strategy of NSAIDs-induced small bowel injury

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are well known to cause gastroduodenal mucosal lesions as an adverse effect. Recently, the serious problem of NSAID-induced small intestinal damage has become a topic of great interest to gastroenterologists, since capsule endoscopy and balloon enteroscopy are available for the detection of small intestinal lesions. Such lesions have been of great concern in clinical settings, and their treatment and prevention must be devised as soon as possible. The prevalence of NSAIDs-induced small intestinal injury is higher than had been expected. Recent studies show that more than 50% of patients taking NSAIDs have some mucosal damage in the small intestine. The gross appearance of NSAID-induced enteropathy varies, appearing variously as diaphragm-like strictures, ulcers, erosions, and mucosal redness. To investigate NSAID-induced enteropathy, and to rule out other specific enteropathies, other useful methods (in addition to capsule endoscopy and balloon enteroscopy) include such modalities as radiological examination of the small intestine, the permeability test, scintigraphy or the fecal excretion test using ¹¹¹Indium-labeled white blood cells, and measurement of the fecal calprotectin concentration. Diaphragm-like strictures and bleeding from mucosal breaks may be treatable with interventional enteroscopy. Misoprostol, metronidazole, and sulfasalazine are frequently used to treat NSAID-induced enteropathy, but have undesirable effects in some cases. In the experimental model, we confirmed that several existing drugs for gastroduodenal ulcers prevented indomethacin-induced small intestinal injury. Such drugs may be useful for preventing the adverse effects of NSAIDs not only in the stomach but also in the small intestine. We hope to examine these drugs in future clinical studies.     

Role of capsule endoscopy in inflammatory bowel disease: where we are and where we are going

Capsule endoscopy (CE) is an innovative technological breakthrough that for the first time provides a noninvasive method to obtain high-resolution imaging of the entire small bowel. Since its recent inception, the diagnostic utility of CE has become well established for the evaluation of diverse ulcerative and inflammatory disorders of the jejunum and ileum. The incredible resolution of its lens (0.1 mm) detects focal villous edema or atrophy, denuded, as well as ulcerated mucosal lesions missed by other imaging techniques. CE has been shown by meta-analysis to be a more sensitive method to investigate patients for small bowel Crohn's disease, with an incremental yield above 30% versus other imaging modalities. In patients with indeterminate colitis, CE is useful in distinguishing between ulcerative and Crohn's colitis. Among patients with established Crohn's disease, CE may be employed to determine: (1) the extent and severity of small bowel involvement, (2) postoperative recurrence, (3) post-therapy mucosal healing, and (4) whether active small bowel inflammatory lesions exist in the clinical setting of functional bowel disorder. Complications are rare and include capsule retention at stricture sites. The new patency capsule can diminish the risk of the latter problem in at-risk patients. CE can also serve as a guide to sites that require biopsies or dilatation by push or double-balloon enteroscopy. However, other causes of small bowel lesions may mimic Crohn's disease. A standard terminology system has thus been developed, and a CE Crohn's disease severity scoring index is currently undergoing validation studies.     

嗜酸粒细胞性胃肠炎致血性腹水1例

嗜酸粒细胞性胃肠炎(eosinophilic gastroentertis,EG)是一种不明原因的罕见疾病,以周围血中嗜酸粒细胞增高及胃肠道局部或弥漫性嗜酸粒细胞浸润为特征.本文报道EG致血性腹水1例.患者,男,15岁,以恶心、呕吐、乏力、间断腹泻10d入院.化验检查显示血WBC18.28×109/L,嗜酸粒细胞57.61%.腹水血性,蛋白46g/L,白细胞7040×106/L,嗜酸性粒细胞68%,李凡它试验(+).彩超和CT示腹水和右半结肠管壁增厚.胃镜示重度多灶性红斑渗出性食管炎、胃炎和十二指肠炎,食管下段黏膜色泽晦暗,呈环形色素沉着和颗粒样增生.结肠镜示回肠末段、阑尾开口处及升结肠黏膜呈显著的水肿、肥厚、渗出、颗粒样增生和管腔狭窄等炎性改变.内镜活检病理示大量的嗜酸粒细胞浸润.该患者经强的松治疗症状明显缓解.     

Capsule endoscopy in diagnosis of small bowel Crohn＇s disease

AIM: To evaluate the effectiveness of wireless capsule endoscopy in patients with suspected Crohn‘s disease (CD) of the small bowel undetected by conventional modalities,and to determine the diagnostic yield of M2A Given Capsule.METHODS: From May 2002 to April 2003, we prospectively examined 20 patients with suspected CD by capsule endoscopy. The patients had the following features:abdominal pain, weight loss, positive fecal occult blood test, iron deficiency anaemia, diarrhoea and fever. All the patients had normal results in small bowel series (SBS) and in upper and lower gastrointestinal endoscopy beforethey were examined. Mean duration of symptoms before diagnosis was 6.5 years.RESULTS: Of the 20 patients, 13 (65%) were diagnosed as CD of the small bowel according to the findings of M2A Given Capsule. The findings detected by the capsule were mucosal erosions (2 patients), aphthas (5 patients),nodularity (1 patient), large ulcers (2 patients), and ulcerated stenosis (3 patients). The distribution of the lesions was mainly in the distal part of the small bowel,and the mild degree of lesions was 54%.CONCLUSION: Wireless capsule endoscopy is effective in diagnosing patients with suspected CD undetected by conventional diagnostic methods. It can be used to detect early lesions in the small bowel of patients with CD.     

Eosinophilic gastroenteritis: a clinicopathological study of patients with disease of the mucosa, muscle layer, and subserosal tissues

The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinicopathological spectrum of eosinophilic gastroenteritis and identify possible difficulties in establishing the diagnosis. All patients with a diagnosis of eosinophilic gastroenteritis, defined by the presence of gastrointestinal symptoms and eosinophilic infiltration of the gut (38), or a radiological diagnosis with peripheral eosinophilia (two), were identified from the Mayo Clinic records; in none was there evidence of extraintestinal disease. Patients were divided into three groups according to the Klein classification: predominant mucosal (23), muscular (12), or subserosal disease (five). A fourth group of patients (10) for comparison had abdominal symptoms and unexplained peripheral eosinophilia but no proven eosinophilic infiltration of the gut. It was found that a history of allergy was reported by 20 of 40 patients with eosinophilic gastroenteritis. Peripheral eosinophilia was absent in nine of 40. The patients with subserosal disease were distinct from the other groups in presentation (abdominal bloating, ascites), higher eosinophil counts and in their dramatic responses to steroid therapy. Otherwise the patients were similar regarding demographic factors, presenting symptoms (abdominal pain, nausea, weight loss, diarrhoea), and laboratory parameters. The ESR was moderately raised in 10 of 40 patients. The disease may affect any area of the gastrointestinal tract; eosinophilic infiltration was documented in the oesophagus in one patient and in the colon in two cases. Endoscopic biopsies missed the diagnosis in five of 40 presumably because of patchy disease. Eosinophilic gastroenteritis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of unexplained gastrointestinal symptoms even in the absence of peripheral eosinophilia.     

Unusual presentations of eosinophilic gastroenteritis： Case series and review of literature

Eosinophilic gastroenteritis （EG） is an uncommon disease characterized by focal or diffuse eosinophilic infiltration of the gastrointestinal tract, and is usually associated with dyspepsia, diarrhea and peripheral eosinophilia.Diffuse gastrointestinal tract and colonic involvement are uncommon. The endoscopic appearance may vary from normal to mucosal nodularity and ulceration.Gastrointestinal obstruction is unusual and is associated with predominantly muscular disease. We present five unusual cases of EG associated with gastric outlet and duodenal obstruction. Two cases presented with acute pancreatitis and one had a history of pancreatitis.Four cases responded well to medical therapy and onehad recurrent gastric outlet obstruction that required surgery. Four out of the five cases had endoscopic and histological evidence of esophagitis and two had colitis.Two patients had ascites. These cases reaffirm that EG is a disorder with protean manifestations and may involve the entire gastrointestinal tract. Gastric outletand/or small bowel obstruction is an important though uncommon presentation of EG. It may also presentas esophagitis, gastritis with polypoid lesions, ulcers or erosions, colitis and pancreatitis and may mimic malignancy.     

EOSINOPHILIC GASTROENTERITIS WITH PREDOMINANT MUSCULAR LAYER DISEASE: FEATURE OF ENDOSCOPIC ULTRASONOGRAPHY

A 34‐year‐old man was admitted to Kansai‐Denryoku Hospital because of severe epigastric pain and vomiting. Laboratory studies revealed peripheral blood eosinophilia and elevated immunoglobulin E. Endoscopy showed narrowing of the antrum and pylorus with edematous mucosa. Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) demonstrated a transmural circumferential thickening of the antrum predominantly in the muscularis propria. The overall thickness of the antrum was 1.2 cm. Mucosal biopsies of the antrum showed a small number of eosinophilic infiltrations. A diagnosis of eosinophilic gastroenteritis with predominant muscular layer disease was made, and predonisone (40 mg/day) was given. Thereafter, symptoms and peripheral eosinophilia resolved rapidly. Repeated endoscopy showed improvement of the narrowing and EUS revealed that the thickness of the antrum improved to 0.7 cm and 0.5 cm at 1 and 3 months later, respectively. Thus, EUS is valuable in evaluating and diagnosing muscular involvement in eosinophilic gastroenteritis with predominant muscular layer disease.     

Capsule enteroscopy in small bowel transplantation

BACKGROUND: Enteroscopy plays a key role in the post-operative monitoring of patients with small bowel transplantation for the early detection of post-transplant complications and for the assessment of the graft's integrity. Routine surveillance enteroscopies (trans-stomal terminal ileoscopy or jejunoscopy) are invasive, may be unsafe in frail patients, and only allow incomplete exploration of the transplanted graft, which may be unsatisfactory. since the distribution of the lesions is often patchy or segmental. AIMS. To evaluate the potential of capsule enteroscopy, a new, minimally invasive technique which allows complete exploration of the small bowel. in small bowel transplant recipients. METHODS: Five small bowel transplanted patients underwent capsule enteroscopy with the GIVEN endoscopy system. The results of capsule enteroscopy were compared with those of trans-stomal ileoscopy. RESULTS: Capsule enteroscopy was better tolerated than ileoscopy and good quality images of the small bowel were obtained in four patients. The terminal ileum was normal both on ileoscopy and capsule enteroscopy. Mucosal changes in segments not reached by ileoscopy were detected by capsule enteroscopy in three of four patients. CONCLUSIONS: Capsule enteroscopy is better tolerated than ileoscopy, allows complete exploration of the transplanted graft and can detect mucosal changes in segments not reached by ileoscopy.     

Evaluation of deep small bowel involvement by double-balloon enteroscopy in Crohn's disease

OBJECTIVES: Double-balloon enteroscopy (DBE) enables inspection of deep small bowel, and total small bowel examination can be performed by either antegrade or retrograde DBE. The aim of this study was to evaluate ileal involvement, which cannot be achieved using conventional colonoscopy, by DBE in patients with Crohn's disease. METHODS: From December 2003 to September 2005, a total of 44 patients with Crohn's disease underwent 53 examinations using DBE. RESULTS: Forty patients with Crohn's disease, seven women and 33 men, underwent DBE, and the ileum was investigated in 38 patients. There were 25 cases of ileitis, 2 of colitis, and 13 of ileocolitis. Jejunal lesions were found in two and ileal lesions proximal to the terminal ileum were found in 24 patients with Crohn's disease. DBE was superior to radiological study to detect aphthae, erosions, and small ulcers in the ileum. Small bowel stricture was demonstrated in six and nine patients with DBE and small bowel barium study (SBBS), respectively. An additional mucosal finding was demonstrated in one of the eight patients who underwent wireless capsule endoscopy, and one patient had a capsule removed by DBE that had become lodged because of an ileal stricture. One ileal perforation because of overtube balloon pressure occurred in 53 examinations of patients with Crohn's disease (1.9%). CONCLUSION: DBE is useful to evaluate small bowel lesions in patients with Crohn's disease; however, special attention should be paid to mesenteric longitudinal ulcers during insertion and the overtube balloon should not be inflated if a clear intestinal view is not possible.     

Capsule endoscopy in diagnosis of small bowel Crohn′s disease

AIM: To evaluate the effectiveness of wireless capsule endoscopy in patients with suspected Crohn′s disease (CD)of the small bowel undetected by conventional modalities,and to determine the diagnostic yield of M2A Given Capsule.METHODS: From lay 2002 to April 2003, we prospectively examined 20 patients with suspected CD by capsule endoscopy. The patients had the following features:abdominal pain, weight loss, positive fecal occult blood test, iron deficiency anaemia, diarrhoea and fever. All the patients had normal results in small bowel series (SBS)and in upper and lower gastrointestinal endoscopy before they were examined. Mean duration of symptoms before diagnosis was 6.5 years.RESULTS: Of the 20 patients, 13 (65%) were diagnosed as CD of the small bowel according to the findings of M2A Given Capsule. The findings detected by the capsule were mucosal erosions (2 patients), aphthas (5 patients),nodularity (1 patient), large ulcers (2 patients), and ulcerated stenosis (3 patients). The distribution of the lesions was mainly in the distal part of the small bowel,and the mild degree of lesions was 54%.CONCLUSION: Wireless capsule endoscopy is effective in diagnosing patients with suspected CD undetected by conventional diagnostic methods. It can be used to detect early lesions in the small bowel of patients with CD.     

Eosinophilic Mucosal Infiltrate in Infants with Congenital Gastrointestinal Obstruction

Infiltration of the antrum and small bowel with eosinophils has been reported to be the etiologic factor for intestinal obstruction in adults with eosinophilic gastroenteritis. We report a case of a breast-fed 8-month-old infant with eosinophilic gastroenteritis (EGE), who presented with severe hematemesis and congenital obstruction of the duodenum, to emphasize that not all obstructive symptoms associated with EGE are secondary to eosinophilic infiltration. Our patient displayed many of the classic signs and symptoms of EGE, including an elevated absolute eosinophil count and marked eosinophilic infiltration in mucosal biopsies from the duodenum, stomach, and esophagus. At surgery there was marked dilation of the first portion of the duodenum and obstruction of the second portion due to malrotation of the intestine with Ladd's bands, duodenal stenosis, and annular pancreas. The dramatic clinical response to surgical correction of the duodenal obstruction leaves little doubt that this patient's symptoms were related to the anatomical lesion.