跟骨关节内骨折内固定手术临床报告

目的通过对跟骨关节内骨折内固定手术和并发症研究,探讨跟骨关节内骨折内固定手术方法和治疗效果,防治并发症。方法 2004年2月至2010年10月我科采用外侧＂L＂型切口、可塑形跟骨解剖钢板进行开放复位内固定,手术治疗Sanders分型～型跟骨骨折42例45足,必要时行植骨。根据Sanders分型,型3足,型20足,型17足,型5足。术中侧位X线片透视观察Bhler角和Gissane角,Broden位透视观察后关节面的恢复情况。结果术后切口坏死感染3例,腓肠神经损伤1足。采用X轴、侧位摄片和病例随访,Maryland足部评分标准评价手术效果。随访时间2～36个月,平均18个月。本组优27足,良12足,可4足,差2足,优良率86.7%。结论经跟骨外侧＂L＂型切口切开复位内固定治疗跟骨关节内粉碎性骨折,能够获得满意的解剖皮肤复位和临床效果,固定可靠,是治疗跟骨关节内粉碎性骨折的有效方法。术中必须仔细保护切口皮瓣,防治术后切口皮肤坏死、感染等并发症。     

切开复位内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折

目的 探讨切开复位内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折的临床疗效。方法 跟骨外侧L形切口显露跟骨，按后关节面和距下关节→Boehler角和Gissane角→跟骨的长度，宽度和高度的顺序整复跟骨关节内骨折和邻近关节；并用可塑型跟骨钛钢板内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折共35例，38例，其中Sander'sⅡ型8侧，Ⅲ型14侧，Ⅳ型16侧。结果 术后X线片显示骨折愈合时间为5-12周（平均7.1周）；33侧术后获6-22个月（平均12.3个月）随访，按Maryland足部评分系统评价术后功能，其中优18侧，良13侧，可2侧，优良率为93.9%。结论 切开复位和可塑型跟骨钛钢板内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折可获得满意的临床疗效。     

“/\”形小切口钢板螺栓加压内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折

目的 探讨跟部外侧“/\”形小切口钢板螺栓加压内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折的方法及疗效.方法 回顾性分析2010年8月至2011年11月手术治疗并获得随访的130例(140足)跟骨关节内骨折患者资料,男117例(127足),女13例(13足);年龄17～73岁,平均42.3岁.按Sanders分型:Ⅱ型49足,Ⅲ型75足,Ⅳ型16足.手术采用跟部外侧“/\”形小切口,即跟腱前缘直切口和跗骨窦斜切口,使用跟骨解剖钢板螺栓加压固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折.手术前、后摄跟骨轴位、侧位X线片和跟骨CT扫描,测量跟骨B(o)hler角、Gissane角、内翻角、距下关节面骨折移位距离、跟骨高度、中点宽度、长度.根据Maryland足部评分及AOFAS踝-后足评分评价疗效.结果 130例患者均获得随访,随访时间15～31个月,平均20个月;术后平均出血量(194.24±104.17) ml,无一例发生切口皮缘坏死及伤口感染.骨折愈合时间45～86 d,平均(54.51±20.38)d.手术前、后B(o)hler角分别为6.27°±11.81°、27.21°±8.28°,Gissane角分别为108.36°±21.77°、117.47°±12.93°,跟骨中点宽度为(47.35±5.85) mm、(35.96±4.14) mm,高度为(39.79±5.85) mm、(47.64±3.83) mm,长度为(78.30±5.81) mm、(79.41±5.30) mm.Maryland足部评分为42～100分,优71足,良59足,可7足,差3足,优良率92.86％(130/140).AOFAS踝-后足评分为45～100分,优76足,良58足,可5足,差1足,优良率95.71％.术后12足踝关节内外翻活动较健侧受限5°～8°,其中3足于术后1年发生距下关节创伤性关节炎.结论 外侧“/\”形小切口钢板螺栓加压内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折可显著减少伤口并发症,恢复跟骨解剖形态和距下关节面平整,促进骨折早期愈合.     

外侧小切口复位钢板固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折

目的探讨外侧小切口复位钢板内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折的治疗方法和疗效。方法自2004年5月至2007年5月,对22侧跟骨关节内骨折行跟骨外侧小切口复位钢板内固定治疗。结果所有患者术后获6-18个月（平均10个月）随访。按Creighton-Nebraska跟骨骨折疗效评定标准：优15侧,良5侧,可2侧,优良率90.9%。无一例发生切口缘浅表坏死及螺钉断裂。结论外侧小切口复位钢板内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折能避免切口缘浅表坏死等并发症的发生,并可获得满意的临床疗效。     

跟骨骨折切开复位内固定术后疗效及切口并发症分析

目的探讨跟骨关节内骨折切开复位钢板内固定手术治疗的疗效及早期手术切口的并发症。方法采用跟骨外侧延长"L"形切口入路对50例57足跟骨关节内骨折进行切开复位钢板内固定治疗。按Essex-Lopresti进行骨折分类,舌型骨折30足,关节压缩型骨折27足。根据手术前后X线片对跟骨高度、宽度、长度及跟骨B hler角和Gissane角进行评估,并观察术后切口愈合情况。采用Maryland足评分系统评价临床功能疗效。结果所有患者术后获得5～36个月(平均18个月)随访,X线片显示术后跟骨高度、宽度、长度及跟骨B hler角和Gissane角均获得满意恢复,Maryland足部评分系统显示优31足,良20足,可6足,优良率89.5%。术后早期出现切口裂开、坏死及感染共10例,占总病例数17.5%。结论采用跟骨外侧延长"L"形入路切开复位钢板内固定是治疗跟骨关节内骨折的有效方法,但术后早期切口并发症仍难以完全避免。     

小切口复位钢板内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折21例初步报告

[目的]探讨小切口复位钢板内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折治疗方法和疗效。[方法]自2004年5月～2007年10月，对22侧跟骨关节内骨折行跟骨外侧小切口复位钢板内固定治疗。[结果]所有患者术后获6～18个月随访（平均10个月）。按Creighton-Nebraska跟骨骨折疗效评定标准：优15侧，良5侧，可2侧，优良率90．9％。[结论]小切口复位钢板内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折可获得满意的临床疗效。     

解剖型接骨板内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折

目的探讨应用解剖型接骨板内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折的方法和优势。方法采用切开复位解剖型接骨板内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折33例36足,术后足趾早期活动,无需石膏固定,12周内避免负重,12周后X线检查,骨折愈合后方可逐渐负重行走。结果所有患者术后随访3~24个月,平均随访10.6个月,复查X线片示,跟骨解剖结构恢复满意,Gissane角恢复至平均126°,Bhler角恢复至38°,按Maryland足部评分系统评定术后功能,优26足,良7足,可3足,优良率91.7%。结论跟骨骨折是临床常见的复杂骨折之一,过去采用手法复位、克氏针撬拔复位、石膏外固定,治疗效果较差。应用解剖型接骨板内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折,只要把握好手术时机,术前充分准备,术后规范处理,是治疗跟骨关节内骨折的良好方法,适合在基层医院开展。     

跟骨关节内移位骨折微创手术治疗临床疗效分析

目的探讨微创手术治疗跟骨关节内移位骨折的临床疗效。方法自2009-03－2010-10,采用小切口置入跟骨解剖钢板加压螺栓内固定治疗106例（131足）跟骨关节内骨折,其中SandersⅡ型59足,Ⅲ型57足,Ⅳ型15足。术后根据X线片和CT评估骨折复位质量,应用AOFAS评分标准评估患足功能恢复。116足经后足外侧纵形入路治疗,14足行跗骨窦入路。1例SandersⅣ型骨折同时行外侧纵形人路和跗骨窦人路治疗。结果本组手术时间平均83（60～135）min。Bohler角术前平均-1．7°,术后平均29°。骨折复位质量良好者达96．2％。术后24个月84例（95足）获得随访,患足功能恢复优34足,良47足,可11足,差3足,优良率85．3％。结论应用解剖接骨板加压螺栓系统微创内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折可获得满意疗效。     

跟骨插入式钢板的研制及其在跟骨关节内移位性骨折手术中的应用

目的 研制一种适合于经跗骨窦切口经皮插入式的跟骨微创钢板,探讨其在移位性跟骨关节内骨折治疗中的疗效. 方法 自2006年9月至2008年9月经跗骨窦切口入路,采用跟骨经皮插入式钢板治疗跟骨关节内骨折38例(40足),其中SandersⅡ型22足(Ⅱa型6足,Ⅱb型14足,Ⅱc型2足),Ⅲ型18足(Ⅲab型7足,Ⅲac型10足,Ⅲbc型1足).根据X线片对手术前后跟骨高度、宽度、长度及跟骨Bohlers角和Gissanes角进行比较分析,并观察术后切口愈合情况.采用Maryland足部评分系统评价临床功能疗效. 结果 所有患者术后获得3～24个月(平均12个月)随访,X线片示术后跟骨高度、宽度、长度及跟骨Bohlers角和Gissanes角均获得满意矫正,与术前比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01).Maryland足部评分系统显示:优32足,良6足,可2足,优良率95.0%.术后未发现明显并发症. 结论 采用经跗骨窦切口跟骨插入式钢板治疗跟骨关节内移位性骨折不仅可以获得满意的疗效,而且能够有效避免术后并发症的发生.     

3D打印技术辅助跟骨外侧L形切口钢板内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折

目的探讨3D打印技术辅助跟骨外侧L形切口钢板螺钉内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折的临床疗效及意义。方法回顾性分析自2017-01—2019-08采用跟骨外侧L形切口钢板螺钉内固定治疗的21例SandersⅡ~Ⅳ型跟骨关节内骨折,术前将患足CT扫描DICOM数据导入Mimics建模软件重建跟骨STL格式模型并输入3D打印机中,用聚乳酸材料打印等比例跟骨模型。术者详细观察对比3D模型与CT重建图像,确定骨折分型,利用模型模拟手术,确定跟骨钢板型号,设计手术方案,判断是否需要植骨。结果 21例均获得随访,随访时间平均15.3(12~18)个月。术后X线片与CT影像显示跟骨高度、跟骨宽度、Bohler角、Gissane角恢复满意,随访期间未出现感染、骨折不愈合、骨折畸形愈合、内固定断裂等并发症。骨折愈合时间3~5个月,平均3.8个月。术后12个月足踝功能Maryland评分:优10例,良9例,可2例。结论采用3D打印技术辅助跟骨外侧L形切口钢板螺钉内固定治疗SandersⅡ~Ⅳ型跟骨关节内骨折取得满意的效果,骨折复位满意,内固定可靠,可缩短手术时间,术后切口并发症明显减少。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.