氯沙坦通过ERK1/2 MAPK途径抑制高糖诱导小鼠系膜细胞CTGF表达

目的: 研究高糖环境下, 氯沙坦对CTGF的影响以及其作用机制.方法: 体外培养小鼠系膜细胞株(MMCs), 用高糖(25 mmol/L葡萄糖)刺激细胞分别作用24 h、 48 h、 72 h, 用Western blot方法检测磷酸化ERK1/2的表达.再将细胞分为低糖组(5.6 mmol/L葡萄糖), 山梨醇组(5.6 mmol/L葡萄糖+19.4 mmol/L山梨醇), 高糖组(25 mmol/L葡萄糖), 氯沙坦组(25 mmol/L葡萄糖+10-5 mol/L氯沙坦)以及 ERK抑制剂组(25 mmol/L葡萄糖+ 25 μmol/L PD98059), 48 h后采用Western blot方法检测磷酸化ERK1/2的表达, 72 h后采用Real-time PCR方法及Western blot分别检测 CTGF mRNA表达量以及蛋白的表达.结果: 高糖刺激小鼠系膜细胞后, ERK1/2磷酸化的蛋白表达逐渐增高, 呈现一定时间依赖性.与低糖组相比, 高糖组磷酸化ERK1/2、 CTGF的蛋白表达明显增加(P<0.01), 而与高糖组相比, 氯沙坦组以及ERK抑制剂组磷酸化ERK1/2的蛋白表达以及CTGF的蛋白均明显下降有统计学意义(P<0.05).与低糖组相比, 高糖组CTGF mRNA表达量明显增加(P<0.01), 而与高糖组相比, 氯沙坦组以及ERK抑制剂组CTGF mRNA表达量明显下降, 且有统计学意义(P<0.01).结论: 氯沙坦可抑制高糖对CTGF的诱导作用, 其机制可能与抑制ERK1/2 MAPK途径有关.     

高糖时细胞间相互作用对共培养ECV304细胞的影响及茶多酚的干预作用

目的：研究高糖时系膜细胞对体外共培养的ECV304细胞产生活性氧和转化生长因子β1（TGF-β1）的影响以及茶多酚的干预作用。 方法： 建立体外ECV304细胞和系膜细胞不直接接触共培养体系，分为正常对照组、高糖组、茶多酚组、茶多酚干预组，并与两种细胞分别单独培养进行比较，培养36 h后，分光光度比色法测定细胞上清液超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性和丙二醛（MDA）含量，RT-PCR法测定培养ECV304细胞内TGF-β1 mRNA的表达。 结果： 在共培养模型中，高糖抑制SOD活性，促进MDA产生，上调共培养模型中ECV304细胞TGF-β1 mRNA表达，其作用显著高于单独培养的ECV304细胞，茶多酚干预可拮抗高糖时ECV304细胞的上述改变。 结论： （1）高糖环境下系膜细胞和ECV304细胞间存在相互作用，这种作用能促进共培养的ECV304细胞产生活性氧和上调TGF-β1的表达。（2）茶多酚通过干预这种细胞间相互作用，保护ECV304细胞。     

茶多酚对高糖所致人肾小球系膜细胞活性氧和TGF-β1表达的影响

目的 探讨高糖对人肾小球系膜细胞活性氧(ROS)和转化生长因子β1，(TGF-β1)表达的影响及茶多酚的干预作用。方法 培养人肾小球系膜细胞，分为正常对照组、高糖组、茶多酚组和茶多酚干预组，培养0、12、36h后，用分光光度比色法测定细胞上清液超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量，用半定量RT-PCR和免疫细胞化学法检测细胞内TGF-β1，mRNA和蛋白表达的变化。结果 高糖导致系膜细胞SOD活性下降和MDA含量升高，上调TGF-β1，mRNA和蛋白表达，随时间延长更为明显；茶多酚干预可拮抗高糖时系膜细胞的上述改变。结论 高糖能促进人肾小球系膜细胞ROS产生增加，上调TGF-β1 mRNA和蛋白表达，茶多酚能抑制高糖对系膜细胞的作用。     

心肌细胞结缔组织生长因子的表达及TGF-β1对其表达的影响

目的： 研究纯化的心肌细胞中结缔组织生长因子（CTGF）基因及蛋白的表达，并探讨转化生长因子β1（TGF-β₁）对其表达的影响。方法: 分离培养乳鼠心肌细胞，48 h后用流式分选方法（FACS）分选纯化心肌细胞，纯化的心肌细胞继续培养48 h。分为对照组（空白纯化心肌细胞组）和TGF-β₁刺激组，用RT-PCR方法测定两组细胞中TGF-β₁、CTGF、纤维连接蛋白（FN） mRNA的含量， 用Western blotting法检测两组细胞胞浆蛋白中CTGF、FN含量。结果: 心肌细胞中有较低水平的CTGF表达，在予以 TGF-β₁刺激后细胞内CTGF mRNA与蛋白含量分别提高 2.49 倍(P<0.01) 和3.63 倍（P<0.01），FN mRNA与蛋白含量分别提高 1倍(P<0.01)和4.18倍（P<0.01），而TGF-β1mRNA水平减少34%（P<0.01）。结论: 纯化的心肌细胞有CTGF的基础表达，并且TGF-β1可以明显上调其表达，提示心肌细胞主动参与了心肌纤维化过程。     

Decorin 基因转染抑制高糖培养的大鼠肾系膜细胞细胞外基质mRNA表达

目的： 观察核心蛋白聚糖Ⅱ（DCN）基因转染对高糖培养的大鼠肾系膜细胞（RMCs）细胞外基质（ECM）mRNA表达的影响。方法： 用已构建的AD-DCN腺病毒感染高糖环境培养的大鼠肾系膜细胞，采用半定量RT-PCR测定decorin、转化生长因子β₁（TGF-β₁）、纤维粘连蛋白（fibronectin）和IV型胶原（collagen IV） mRNA水平。结果： 高糖培养的RMCs感染AD-DCN后，DCN mRNA水平显著增高，24 h至第7 d，该组DCN mRNA水平始终显著高于高糖组及AD－LacZ感染组(P<0.05)，decorin mRNA水平增高后表现出对TGF-β₁ mRNA 水平的抑制作用，在mRNA水平，AD-DCN感染的RMCs细胞外基质fibronectin和collagen IV随TGF-β₁ mRNA水平下降而下降。结论： DCN重组腺病毒感染大鼠肾系膜细胞后能高效表达目的基因decorin并拮抗 TGF-β₁ 的生物活性，其下调ECM成分 mRNA水平的作用与使用TGF-β抗体的效果相似。     

霉酚酸酯对高糖培养下人肾小球系膜细胞MCP-1和FN表达的影响

目的:探讨高糖以及霉酚酸酯(MMF)对人肾小球系膜细胞(HMCs)单核细胞趋化蛋白-1(MCP-1)和纤维连接蛋白(FN)表达的影响。方法:将培养的HMCs分为正常对照组(5 mmol/L葡萄糖);高糖组(30 mmol/L葡萄糖);甘露醇渗透压对照组(5 mmol/L葡萄糖+25 mmol/L甘露醇);高糖+MMF-10组(30 mmol/L葡萄糖+10μg/mL MMF);高糖+MMF-100组(30 mmol/L葡萄糖+100μg/mL MMF),采用RT-PCR检测每组不同时间点(24、48、72 h)MCP-1 mRNA的表达,ELISA法检测培养上清液MCP-1及FN蛋白的表达。结果:高糖组HMCs MCP-1 mRNA、蛋白的表达及FN的分泌较正常对照组显著增加(P<0.01),且48 h表达最高;不同浓度的MMF均能下调MCP-1 mRNA、蛋白及FN的表达(P<0.01);不同浓度的MMF对MCP-1 mRNA、蛋白的表达及FN分泌的抑制程度不同,呈时间剂量依赖性(P<0.05)。结论:MMF可以阻抑MCP-1的表达及FN的分泌,可能对延缓肾小球硬化及间质纤维化有一定作用。     

ERK和Smad通路在TGF-β1抑制大鼠血管平滑肌细胞增殖中的作用

目的： 探讨ERK通路是否参与TGF-β/Smad 通路诱导的血管平滑肌细胞增殖及可能的分子机制。方法: 原代培养大鼠胸主动脉平滑肌细胞,细胞分4组：(1)对照组;(2)TGF-β1组;(3)ERK阻断剂(PD98059)组;(4)TGF-β1+ ERK阻断剂(PD98059)组。MTT法测细胞的增殖活性,Western blotting法检测VSMCs中细胞内核增殖抗原(PCNA)、Smad2/3、ERK1/2、Smad7蛋白表达及相关磷酸化蛋白含量,RT-PCR方法测VSMCs中Smad2、3、7mRNA的表达。结果: (1)各组PCNA蛋白表达和MTT法测得A值均低于对照组 (P＜0.05),TGF-β1+ ERK阻断剂组与TGF-β1组相比无显著差异。（2）与对照组相比,TGF-β1组p-Smad2/3、p-ERK1/2蛋白含量和Smad7蛋白表达增高 (P<0.05),ERK阻断剂组则明显降低(P<0.05);与TGF-β1组比,TGF-β1+ERK阻断剂组降低 (P<0.05)。各组间Smad2/3、ERK1/2蛋白表达无显著差异。(3)与对照组相比,TGF-β1组Smad7 mRNA表达增高 (P<0.05),ERK阻断剂组和TGF-β1+ERK阻断剂组降低(P<0.05);与TGF-β1组比,TGF-β1+ERK阻断剂组表达降低(P<0.05)。各组内VSMCs 的Smad2、Smad3 mRNA表达无显著差异。结论: (1)TGF-β1诱导的Smad2/3蛋白磷酸化依赖ERK通路激活,但对TGF-β1的抑制平滑肌细胞增殖的作用无影响,可能有其它信号通路参与此过程。(2)ERK通路可通过蛋白和mRNA水平促进Smad7表达,反过来其又可促进ERK通路激活。(3)ERK通路对Smad2/3蛋白和mRNA水平无影响。     

银杏叶提取物对肝星状细胞增殖及转化生长因子和结缔组织生长因子基因表达的影响

目的: 研究银杏叶提取物对肝星状细胞增殖及细胞因子TGF-β1、CTGFmRNA及蛋白表达的影响，以探讨银杏叶提取物抗肝纤维化的可能机制。方法: 用不同浓度(0、1、10、100、500 mg/L)的银杏叶提取物处理HSC-T6，用MTT及流式细胞仪检测其对肝星状细胞增殖及细胞周期的影响，用RT-PCR及Western blotting检测培养24 h及48 h后各组细胞中TGF-β1、CTGFmRNA及蛋白的表达。结果： 银杏叶提取物10、100、500 mg/L可抑制肝星状细胞的增殖，与空白对照组相比，G0/G1期DNA含量逐渐增加（P<0.05或P<0.01），S期DNA含量则逐渐降低（P<0.01），增殖指数(PI)逐渐降低(P<0.05 或P<0.01)；24 h各组TGF-β1mRNA及蛋白表达较对照组分别低（28±4）%、（39±4）%、（45±3）% (P<0.01)；（27±4）%、（37±4）%、（41±3）% (P<0.01)；48 h组各组TGF-β1mRNA及蛋白表达较对照组分别低（35±4）%、（49±3）%、（54±3）% (P<0.01)；(33±4)%、(48±3)%、(52±3)% (P<0.01)；4 h各组CTGF mRNA及蛋白表达较对照组分别低（29±6）%、（45±4）%、（56±3）% (P<0.01)；（36±4）%、（48±4）%、（49±3）% (P<0.01)；48 h组各组CTGF mRNA及蛋白表达较对照组分别低（48±6）%、（57±4）%、（69±3）% (P<0.01)；(44±6)%、(58±4)%、(62±3)% (P<0.01)。结论: 银杏叶提取物可能通过抑制肝星状细胞的增殖，抑制细胞因子TGF-β1、CTGF基因的表达发挥其抗肝纤维化的作用。     

缺氧和高糖对大鼠肾成纤维细胞ICAM-1mRNA表达的影响

目的:探讨缺氧和高糖对肾成纤维细胞(NRK)细胞间粘附分子-1(ICAM-1)mRNA表达的影响。方法:将大鼠NRK分6组进行体外培养:(1)正常浓度葡萄糖组(常糖组):5.6mmol/L葡萄糖;(2)常糖+缺氧组:5.6mmol/L的葡萄糖+100μmol/L的CoCl2;(3)高糖A组:15mmol/L葡萄糖;(4)高糖+缺氧A组:15mmol/L葡萄糖+100μmol/L的CoCl2;(5)高糖B组:30mmol/L葡萄糖;(6)高糖+缺氧B组:30mmol/L葡萄糖+100μmol/L的CoCl2。分别于24h、48h取各组NRK采用RT-PCR检测ICAM-1mRNA表达水平。结果:与常糖组相比,高糖A组,高糖B组ICAM-1mRNA表达量逐渐升高(P<0.01),常糖+缺氧组、高糖+缺氧A、B组ICAM-1mRNA表达量也升高(P<0.01);高糖+缺氧A、B组ICAM-1mRNA表达量分别比高糖A、B组明显升高(P<0.01);高糖A、B组和常糖+缺氧组、高糖+缺氧A、B组48hICAM-1mRNA表达量均高于24h表达量(P<0.01)。结论:高糖和缺氧均可导致ICAM-1mRNA高表达,缺氧可能进一步增加高糖上调ICAM-1的表达。     

藻黄合剂含药血清体外培养人肾小球系膜细胞结缔组织生长因子的表达

背景：结缔组织生长因子是转化生长因子β1 的下游效应因子,其异常表达在肾小球硬化及纤维化发生、发展中起重要作用。 目的：观察藻黄合剂含药血清对肾小球系膜细胞结缔组织生长因子表达的影响。 方法：血清药理学方法制备藻黄合剂低、中、高剂量,空白对照及海昆肾喜阳性对照大鼠含药血清,分别用体积分数10%各含药血清培养基孵育高糖作用下肾小球系膜细胞48 h,另设低糖组为对照。免疫细胞化学和RT-PCR方法检测各组系膜细胞结缔组织生长因子蛋白及mRNA的表达。 结果与结论：结缔组织生长因子蛋白及mRNA表达在高糖组较低糖组明显升高(P < 0.01);藻黄合剂各剂量组结缔组织生长因子蛋白及mRNA表达均低于高糖组,且具有剂量依赖性;藻黄合剂高剂量组与海昆肾喜组比较结缔组织生长因子蛋白及mRNA表达差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。提示高糖可诱导肾小球系膜细胞中结缔组织生长因子的表达,而藻黄合剂可抑制高糖条件下肾小球系膜细胞中结缔组织生长因子蛋白及mRNA的表达。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.