阿奇霉素、红霉素合用短程序贯治疗小儿支原体肺炎200例疗效观察

目的:探讨阿奇霉素、红霉素合用短程序贯治疗小儿支原体肺炎的临床疗效。方法:将200例随机分成观察组和对照组各100例。观察组采用短程序贯治疗,红霉素20mg/kg.d,分1~2次静脉滴注,同时口服阿奇霉素10mg/kg.d,每晚1次;对照组采用长疗程治疗,红霉素30mg/kg.d,分2次静脉滴注。结果:观察组总有效率为95.65%;对照组总有效率为80.36%。两组疗效有显著性差异。结论:用阿奇霉素、红霉素短程序贯治疗小儿支原体肺炎疗效确切,安全方便,降低治疗费用,值得临床广泛应用。     

阿奇霉素治疗小儿支原体肺炎临床疗效观察

目的探讨阿奇霉素治疗小儿支原体肺炎的临床疗效。方法将109例确诊为支原体肺炎患儿随机分成治疗组59例和对照组50例,治疗组给予阿奇霉素8～10 mg/(kg.d)静脉滴注,每日1次,疗程3～5 d,停4 d,改口服阿奇霉素3d,对照组静脉滴注红霉素25～30 mg/(kg.d)每日2次,疗程10～14 d。结果治疗组痊愈率(71.2%)较对照组(48.0%)高(χ2=6.20,P<0.05),咳止时间、口罗音消失时间、胸片吸收时间及住院时间较对照组短(P<0.05),胃肠道不良反应及局部疼痛出现率较对照组低(P<0.05)。结论阿奇霉素是治疗小儿支原体肺炎的一种安全有效的抗生素,值得临床推广、应用。     

学龄期儿童支原体肺炎中西医结合治疗方法的比较

目的比较红霉素与阿奇霉素在炎琥宁治疗基础上治疗东莞地区学龄期儿童肺炎支原体肺炎的临床疗效.方法 将180例最终确诊为肺炎支原体肺炎的儿童随机分为两组红霉素组90例,红霉素30mg/kg/d静脉滴注10d;阿奇霉素组90例,阿奇霉素10mg/kg /d静脉滴注5d;这两组都接受炎琥宁40mg/d静脉滴注同期治疗,对比两组临床疗效.结果红霉素组与阿奇霉素组临床痊愈率分别为90.0%和84.4%,临床有效率分别为97.8%和94.4%,不良反应发生率红霉素组较阿奇霉素组多,但差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论治疗学龄期儿童肺炎支原体肺炎,在运用炎琥宁的基础上,红霉素与阿奇霉素疗效相仿,但红霉素治愈率与不良反应发生率均稍高于阿奇霉素.     

阿奇霉素序贯治疗小儿支原体肺炎30例疗效观察

目的探讨阿奇霉素序贯治疗小儿支原体肺炎的临床疗效。方法将60例确诊明确的支原体肺炎患儿随机分为对照组和治疗组。对照组用乳糖红霉素注射剂20~30 mg.kg-1.d-1,每日分2次静脉滴注,连用2~4周;治疗组用阿奇霉素序贯治疗。对两组的临床疗效进行对比分析。结果对照组总有效率为83.0%,治疗组总有效率为100.0%。结论阿奇霉素序贯治疗小儿支原体肺炎有效、安全,值得临床推广。     

红霉素和阿奇霉素联合治疗支原体肺炎的临床分析

目的：探讨红霉素治疗支原体肺炎,阿奇霉素治疗支原体肺炎,红霉素和阿奇霉素联合治疗支原体肺炎的疗效、安全性和经济性。方法：将90例支原体肺炎患儿随机分3组,分别使用红霉素粉针剂30mg/（kg·d）、阿奇霉素粉针剂10mg/（kg·d）、红霉素粉针剂30mg/（kg·d）静脉滴注后,阿奇霉素10mg/（kg·d）顿服联合治疗,观察临床疗效、不良反应,进行统计学分析。结果：三组总有效率分别为90.00%,96.67%,96.67%。组间差异无统计学意义。其中红霉素组,阿奇霉素组与红霉素和阿奇霉素联合治疗组临床症状、体征消失时间P〈0.05,不良反应x^2=79.68,P〈0.05。结论：对小儿支原体肺炎的治疗三组均有效,红霉素和阿奇霉素联合治疗更安全、更经济。     

红霉素与阿奇霉素序贯治疗儿童支原体肺炎的临床观察

目的 探讨单用阿奇霉素和红霉素、阿奇霉素序贯治疗支原体肺炎的疗效、安全性和经济性.方法 将116例支原体肺炎患儿随机分为两组,治疗组Ⅰ采用30 mg/(kg·d)的红霉素静注,继而10 mg/(kg·d)的阿奇霉素口服;治疗组Ⅱ采用10 mg/(kg·d)的阿奇霉素静注,继而口服相同剂量的阿奇霉素.观察两组的临床疗效、不良反应.结果 治疗组Ⅰ和治疗组Ⅱ总有效率分别为96.6%、89.7%,组间差异无统计学意义,其中治疗组Ⅰ的临床症状、体征消失时间小于治疗组Ⅱ(x2=78.86,P<0.05),两组治疗中不良反应的差异均无统计学意义.结论 红霉素和阿奇霉素序贯治疗的疗效优于单一阿奇霉素序贯治疗,且耐受性更好,更经济.     

阿奇霉素与红霉素治疗小儿支原体肺炎临床疗效观察

目的:观察阿奇霉素与红霉素在治疗小儿支原体肺炎方面的临床疗效。方法:将130例患儿随机分为两组,即阿奇霉素组和红霉素组。阿奇霉素组给予马来酸阿奇霉素8~10 mg.kg-1.d-1加入5%葡萄糖注射液静脉滴注,1次/天,疗程为4~5天,有肺外表现者5~7天。红霉素组给予乳糖酸红霉素20~30 mg.kg-1.d-1加入5%葡萄糖注射液静脉滴注,2次/天,疗程为7~14天。比较两组总有效率、临床症状、不良反应的差异。结果:总有效率阿奇霉素组91.4%,红霉素组78.3%,有统计学差异(P<0.05);两组临床症状比较阿奇霉素组优于红霉素组,不良反应发生方面阿奇霉素组明显低于红霉素组(P<0.05)。结论:阿奇霉素在治疗小儿支原体肺炎方面比红霉素更加安全有效,值得进一步推广应用。     

门冬氨酸阿奇霉素与红霉素治疗支原体肺炎的临床研究

目的:比较门冬氨酸阿奇霉素与红霉素治疗儿童支原体肺炎的临床疗效和不良反应。方法:将54例支原体肺炎患儿随机分为两组,34例采用门冬氨酸阿奇霉素10 mg.kg-1.d-1静脉滴注,用药3 d停4 d(>5岁者停3 d),再用3 d;20例静脉滴注红霉素30 mg.kg-1.d-1,疗程10 d。治疗结束后根据疗效评定标准比较两组疗效和不良反应。结果:门冬氨酸阿奇霉素和红霉素治疗儿童支原体肺炎均有较好的疗效,但门冬氨酸阿奇霉素组临床症状恢复时间、临床痊愈率均优于红霉素(P<0.05),而不良反应发生率低于红霉素(P<0.05)。结论:静脉滴注门冬氨酸阿奇霉素治疗儿童支原体肺炎疗效确切,治疗时间短,不良反应少,患儿依从性好,值得在临床上推广使用。     

阿奇霉素联合利福平治疗儿童支原体肺炎的研究

目的:对比阿奇霉素联合利福平与单用阿奇霉素治疗儿童支原体性肺炎的疗效与不良反应;方法:将86例诊断为肺炎支原体肺炎的患儿随机分为2组,治疗组在按照10mg/kg静点阿奇霉素的同时,予口服利福平10mg/(kg·d),最大剂量0.3g/d。对照组以相同剂量阿奇霉素静点。结论:阿奇霉素联合利福平治疗儿童肺炎支原体肺炎对于缩短发热时间,减轻咳嗽、促进啰音消失,降低平均住院天数均有较好的疗效,且用药安全。     

阿奇霉素治疗小儿支原体肺炎疗效观察

目的观察阿奇霉素治疗小儿支原体肺炎的临床疗效。方法将60例支原体肺炎患儿随机分为二组,二组均在综合治疗基础上,治疗组用阿奇霉素静脉滴注,5d后改阿奇霉素口服序贯治疗;对照组给予红霉素静脉滴注7d后改罗红霉素口服序贯治疗,对二组有效率及不良反应进行比较。结果治疗组总有效率优于对照组(P<0.05);治疗组不良反应少于对照组(P<0.05)。结论阿奇霉素治疗小儿支原体肺炎具有起效快、疗效好、不良反应少等优点,是治疗支原体肺炎的理想药物。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.