含血心脏停搏液对未成熟心肌保护作用的研究

目的探讨婴幼儿体外循环中不同比例含血心脏停搏液与STH、HTK心脏停搏液对未成熟心肌的保护作用,为完善婴幼儿先天性心脏病围手术期的心肌保护提供临床依据。方法选择100例先天性心脏病心内直视手术病例,年龄2个月至3岁。随机分为4:1含血停搏液组(A组)、1:4含血停搏液组(B组)、STH停搏液组(C组)及HTK停搏液组(D组),每组各25例。四组患者分别于体外循环前(t1)、体外循环结束时(t2)、主动脉阻断开放后24 h(t3)、主动脉开放后72 h(t4)采集中心静脉血,测定血浆中BNP、CK、CK-MB、cTnT的含量。结果同一组患者在各时间点心肌损伤指标各不相同,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);同一时间点四组患者于体外循环前组间BNP、CK、CK-MB、cTnT血浆含量,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。在主动脉开放、心肌再灌注后,各组患者在不同时间点心肌损伤指标比较,C组均高于其他三组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);A组、B组、D组之间心肌损伤指标血浆含量差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论两种含血心脏停搏液和HTK液对未成熟心肌的保护效果均优于STH液。对于简单先天性心脏病而言,体外循环时间短,含血心脏停搏液和HTK液对未成熟心肌损伤的保护作用无明显差异。1:4含血心脏停搏液,灌注操作简单方便,更易被临床医生接受,为婴幼儿未成熟心肌的保护提供了新的临床思路。     

雌二醇对幼兔未成熟心肌缺血-再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的　探讨雌二醇对幼兔心肌缺血一再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法　采用离体心脏Langendorff灌注模型。根据停搏液的不同 ,将 32只 3～ 4周龄雌性日本大耳白兔随机分为 4组 (n =8) :①对照组 (C组 ) ,单用StThomasII停搏液 ;②雌二醇组 (E2 组 ) ,StThomasII停搏液中加入 10 -6mol/L 17 β雌二醇 ;③雌二醇受体阻断剂组 (B组 ) ,StThomasII停搏液中加入 10 -6mol/L 17 β 雌二醇受体阻断剂 4 Hydroxy Tamoxifen ;④EB组 ,StThomasII停搏液中加入 10 -6mol/L 17 β 雌二醇和 4 Hydroxy Tamoxifen。心脏停跳 6 0min ,复灌后的不同时间点观察每组心功能各项指标的恢复率、心肌酶等生化指标及心肌超微结构的改变。结果　E2 组冠脉流出量的恢复率从复灌后 6 0min起、左室发展压和左室压最大变化速率的恢复率从复灌后 4 0min起均高于其他 3组 (P <0 .0 1或 0 .0 5 ) ,心肌超微结构改变则较其他 3组轻 ,心肌含水量、MDA含量及冠脉流出液心肌酶含量均低于其他 3组(P <0 .0 5 ) ,E2 组心肌组织ATP含量高于C组和B组 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　雌二醇对幼兔缺血一再灌注损伤心肌有较好的保护作用 ,其保护作用为心肌细胞雌二醇受体介导。     

雌二醇对幼兔未成熟心肌缺血-再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的：探讨雌二醇对幼兔心肌缺血一再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法：采用离体心脏Langendorff灌注模型。根据停搏液的不同,将32只3～4周龄雌性日本大耳白兔随机分为4组(n =8) :①对照组 (C组 ) ,单用StThomasII停搏液 ;②雌二醇组(E2 组 ) ,StThomasII停搏液中加入10 -6mol/L 17 β雌二醇 ;③雌二醇受体阻断剂组 (B组) ,StThomasII停搏液中加入10 -6mol/L 17 β 雌二醇受体阻断剂4Hydroxy Tamoxifen ;④EB组 ,StThomasII停搏液中加入10 -6mol/L 17 β 雌二醇和 4 Hydroxy Tamoxifen。心脏停跳6 0min ,复灌后的不同时间点观察每组心功能各项指标的恢复率、心肌酶等生化指标及心肌超微结构的改变。结果：E2 组冠脉流出量的恢复率从复灌后6 0min起、左室发展压和左室压最大变化速率的恢复率从复灌后 4 0min起均高于其他 3组 (P <0 .0 1或 0 .0 5 ) ,心肌超微结构改变则较其他 3组轻 ,心肌含水量、MDA含量及冠脉流出液心肌酶含量均低于其他 3组(P <0 .0 5 ) ,E2 组心肌组织ATP含量高于C组和B组 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论：雌二醇对幼兔缺血一再灌注损伤心肌有较好的保护作用,其保护作用为心肌细胞雌二醇受体介导。     

四氢生物蝶呤抗幼鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤的实验研究

目的　观察四氢生物蝶呤(BH4)对未成熟缺血再灌注心肌的保护作用。方法　建立幼鼠离体全心缺血再灌注动物模型,80 只幼鼠随机分为实验组(BH4 停搏液)和对照组(St.ThomasⅡ液),每组40只。测定缺血前、缺血再灌注30min、缺血再灌注60min、缺血再灌注120min时的冠状动脉流出量。取缺血前、缺血30min、缺血再灌注60min时的心肌测定丙二醛(MDA)含量。测定缺血前、缺血30min、缺血再灌注30min、缺血再灌注60min、缺血再灌注120min心肌的一氧化氮(NO)浓度、心肌细胞内核因子κB(NF κB)表达以及心肌细胞间粘附分子1( ICAM 1)的含量。对比研究BH4停搏液与St.ThomasⅡ液的心肌保护效果。结果　在相应时间点,BH4组冠脉流出量的恢复率和心肌NO的浓度均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);而心肌MDA和ICAM -1含量以及心肌细胞内NF -κB的表达均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论　含BH4 心脏停搏液较St.ThomasⅡ液对未成熟心肌具有更好的保护效果。其机制可能与增加NO的产量,抑制心肌细胞NF -κB表达以及降低心肌ICAM- 1的含量有关。     

自体冷血停搏液对紫绀型先心病婴儿心脏的保护作用

目的：探讨自体冷血停搏液对紫绀型先心病婴儿心脏的保护作用。 方法：96例行体外循环术的紫绀型先心病婴儿随机分为：HTK液组（HTK组,32例）、非自体冷血停搏液组（非自体组,32例）和自体冷血停搏液组（自体组,32例）,阻断前和主动脉开放30 min取右心耳组织,检测ATP的含量及能量储备（EC）;术前和术后即刻取静脉血,测肌酸激酶同工酶（CK-MB）和心肌肌钙蛋白I（cTnI）的浓度;记录术中复跳时间、复跳率、术后 2 h心脏指数（CI）、正性肌力药物依赖情况和左室射血分数、术后24 h心律失常发生率、术后并发症及病死率等。结果：主动脉开放30 min后,3组ATP 和EC含量均显著降低（P<0.05）,其中自体组较HTK组和非自体组高,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。3组术后即刻CK MB和cTnI血清浓度均显著增加（P<0.05）,其中自体组较HTK组和非自体组低,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。自体组在复跳时间、术后2 h正性肌力药物依赖及左心射血分数上优于HTK组和非自体组,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论：在紫绀型先心病婴儿体外循环下,自体冷血停搏液比非自体冷血停搏液与HTK液能更好地保存心肌细胞能量,减轻心肌损伤,对心脏具有较好的保护作用。     

疱疹性咽峡炎患儿血清心肌酶谱与超敏C-反应蛋白检测的临床意义

目的：探讨疱疹性咽峡炎患儿血清心肌酶谱与超敏C-反应蛋白( high sensitive C- reactive protein,hs-CRP)检测的临床意义。方法选择疱疹性咽峡炎患儿共80例,作为观察组,同时选择正常体检的健康儿童50例,作为对照组,检测两组患儿心肌酶谱( AST、LDH、CK、CK-MB)和hs-CRP水平。结果观察组患儿CRP升高45例(56．25%),对照组则为2例(4%),观察组明显高于健康对照组(χ2=31．55, P<0．01)。观察组患儿心肌酶谱异常59例(73．75%),其中 AST 异常51．6%、CK 40．1%、CK-MB 21．4%、LDH 72．2%;对照组患儿心肌酶谱异常6例(12%),其中AST异常16%、CK 10%、CK-MB 4%和LDH 12%,差异均有统计学意义(P<0．01)。结论疱疹性咽峡炎患儿可能存在不同程度的心肌损害,心肌酶谱和hs-CRP可作为心肌损害的有效指标,为临床诊治提供参考。     

先天性心脏病心肌损害临床分析

目的 探讨先天性心脏病(先心病)患儿心肌损害程度与缺氧及心功能的关系,为心肌保护提供理论依据。方法 测定115例先心病患儿心肌酶谱和58例先心病心肌肌钙蛋白I(CTnI)。结果 115例中A、D、E组心肌酶谱改变以乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、乳酸脱氢酶同工酶1(LDH1)、肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)、α-羟丁酸脱氢酶(α-HBDH)增高明显,在各组心肌酶谱结果比较及与正常值比较中,两组有显著差异或非常显著差异(P<0.05或P<0.01);CK-MB／CK>0.05。先心病患儿58例中A、D、E组cTnI检出阳性率明显升高(P<0.05),且A、D、E组中cTnI与LDH、LDH1、CK、α-HBDH阳性率比较,各组间有显著差异(P<0.05),与CK-MB比较,无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论 LDH、LDH1、CK-MB、CK-MB／CK、α-HBDH、cTnI是判断先心病患儿心肌损害重要指标;CK-MB与cTnI是诊断心肌损害的血清金标准。     

急性豆角中毒患儿血清心肌酶谱检测及临床意义

目的 了解急性豆角中毒患儿心肌损害情况.方法 以54例急性豆角中毒患儿为研究对象,根据症状轻重分成2组(轻症组24例,重症组30例),均于中毒后第3天晨起空腹抽静脉血,进行心肌酶谱检测.同时2组患儿均常规进行心电图检查.结果 轻症组血清乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)异常率为54.1%,肌酸激酶(CK)异常率为12.5%,CK-MB异常率为4.2%;而重症组血清LDH异常率为83.4%,CK异常率为55.3%,CK-MB异常率为33.3%;重症组LDH、CK、CK-MB异常率均显著高于轻症组(P＜0.05).结论 救治急性豆角中毒患儿时不能忽视心肌损伤.患儿心肌损害程度与中毒程度有关,心肌酶谱检测和心电图检查可辅助诊断.     

急性豆角中毒患儿血清心肌酶谱检测及临床意义

目的 了解急性豆角中毒患儿心肌损害情况.方法 以54例急性豆角中毒患儿为研究对象,根据症状轻重分成2组(轻症组24例,重症组30例),均于中毒后第3天晨起空腹抽静脉血,进行心肌酶谱检测.同时2组患儿均常规进行心电图检查.结果 轻症组血清乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)异常率为54.1%,肌酸激酶(CK)异常率为12.5%,CK-MB异常率为4.2%;而重症组血清LDH异常率为83.4%,CK异常率为55.3%,CK-MB异常率为33.3%;重症组LDH、CK、CK-MB异常率均显著高于轻症组(P＜0.05).结论 救治急性豆角中毒患儿时不能忽视心肌损伤.患儿心肌损害程度与中毒程度有关,心肌酶谱检测和心电图检查可辅助诊断.     

窒息新生儿心肌损害的动物实验和临床多指标研究

目的 通过临床检测及动物实验探讨心肌酶谱、肌钙蛋白、心功能等多指标对新生儿窒息引起的心肌损害的临床综合诊断价值、敏感性及内在联系。方法将2001年6月一2002年10月住院的30例窒息新生儿分为轻度窒息组、重度窒息组、重度窒息恢复期组,选正常分娩的足月新生儿共30例为正常对照组,分别测心肌酶谱及同工酶、心肌肌钙蛋白T(CTnT),做心电图及测心率,通过心脏超声心动图观察心脏结构和测量心功能。动物实验观察出生3 d的大鼠在不同时间缺氧后心肌细胞的搏动次数、心肌酶变化及心肌细胞微细结构的变化。结果重度窒息组心率显著减慢,心肌酶谱指标均明显升高,CTnT阳性率高。心功能指标均明显下降,A/E倒置;轻度窒息组LDH、CK、CK-MB及HBDH轻度升高,心功能中仅FS和SV轻度下降;重度窒息恢复期组各项指标均恢复正常;各组窒息新生儿心脏结构无明显改变。大鼠缺氧时间越长心肌酶指标升高越明显,心肌细胞搏动越慢,心肌细胞微细结构发生改变。结论 心脏超声心动图对窒息新生儿心肌损害的判断具有重要价值,FS和SV可以作为早期心肌损害的指标;心肌酶谱及同工酶可早期诊断窒息所致的心肌损害、判断严重程度及评估恢复情况;肌钙蛋白对反映心肌损害的敏感性并不高于心肌酶学指标;综合分析CK—MB>40.76或CTnT阳性,EF、FS     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Overcoming surfactant inhibition with polymers

Inhibition of the function of pulmonary surfactant in the alveolar space is an important element of the pathophysiology of many lung diseases, including meconium aspiration syndrome, pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The known mechanisms by which surfactant dysfunction occurs are (a) competitive inhibition of phospholipid entry into the surface monolayer (e.g. by plasma proteins), and (b) infiltration and destabilization of the surface film by extraneous lipids (e.g. meconium-derived free fatty acids). Recent data suggest that addition of non-ionic polymers such as dextran and polyethylene glycol to surfactant mixtures may significantly improve resistance to inhibition. Polymers have been found to neutralize the effects of several different inhibitors, and can produce near-complete restoration of surfactant function. The anti-inhibitory properties of polymers, and their possible role as an adjunct to surfactant therapy, deserve further exploration.     

Understanding infant formula

The World Health organisation recommends breast feeding infants for the first six months of life. When this breast feeding does not occur either through parental choice or medical need, infant formulas will be required. There is a bewildering array of formulas on the UK market for many different requirements. When faced with an unsettled infant many parents (and healthcare professionals) will experiment with the infant formula available and then attend the paediatric clinic looking for help and advice. It is therefore essential that paediatricians understand what milks are available and what the key differences between different products are. This review attempts to provide a simple guide through many of the formulations currently available in the UK; and offers advice for the dietary management of the child with extra calorie requirements, infants with cow's milk protein allergy, gastro oesophageal reflux disease, apparent unresolved hunger and infantile colic. Whatever the underlying condition, there is likely to be an infant formula that is suitable in this generation of ever expanding formulations.