盐酸戊乙奎醚在高血压冠心病患者非心脏手术中术前药的临床应用（附60例分析）

目的比较盐酸戊乙奎醚、东莨菪碱作为高血压冠心病患者非心脏手术术前用药在静吸复合麻醉中对心率、血压的影响。方法将60例患者随机分为盐酸戊乙奎醚组和东莨菪碱组,均行气管插管、静吸复合麻醉,记录各时点的平均心率、血压。结果与东莨菪碱比较,盐酸戊乙奎醚具有显著的心率稳定作用,气管插管后,盐酸戊乙奎醚的心率稳定作用优于东莨菪碱;同时盐酸戊乙奎醚组病人血压显著低于东莨菪碱,与基础值比较差异有统计学意义。结论选择性抗胆碱药盐酸戊乙奎醚有显著的心血管稳定作用,是高血压冠心病患者行非心脏手术理想的麻醉前用药。     

麻醉前应用戊乙奎醚对冠脉搭桥术患者血流动力学和脑电双频指数的影响

目的观察冠脉搭桥术麻醉前应用戊乙奎醚对麻醉诱导前后患者血流动力学和脑电双频指数(BIS)的影响。方法择期全麻下行冠脉搭桥术患者40例,随机分为2组,每组20例。戊乙奎醚组麻醉诱导前肌内注射(肌注)戊乙奎醚0.01 mg.kg-1,东莨菪碱组肌注东莨菪碱0.006 mg.kg-1。观察比较2组麻醉诱导前后心率、血压、心率收缩压乘积(RPP)和BIS值。结果东莨菪碱组用药后收缩压和RPP无明显变化,用药后20 min患者心率有所上升,用药后10、20 min BIS值有所下降,但高于戊乙奎醚组(P<0.05)。戊乙奎醚组用药后10、20 min,患者心率、血压、RPP和BIS值均降低(P<0.05)。气管插管前后戊乙奎醚组心率、收缩压、RPP和BIS值多低于东莨菪碱组。2组均未见明显不良反应。结论应用戊乙奎醚作为冠脉搭桥术前用药,可降低心肌耗氧量,有利于患者血流动力学平稳和镇静。     

盐酸戊乙奎醚用作小儿氯胺酮全麻术前用药的效果

目的观察比较盐酸戊乙奎醚(phenehyclidime hydrochloride)和阿托品、东莨菪碱用作小儿未插管全麻手术术前用药的临床效果。方法45例小儿下腹部及四肢手术患者根据术前用药情况随机双盲分为盐酸戊乙奎醚组(phe组)、阿托品组(art组)和东莨菪碱组(sco组),各组15例,分别在麻醉开始前30min肌肉注射盐酸戊乙奎醚、阿托品、东莨菪碱0.01mg/kg,记录给药前(T0)及给药后10(T1)、30(T2)、60(T3)和120min(T4)患者的血压、心率、脉搏氧饱和度及患者面红、腺体分泌情况。结果三组患者年龄、性别、体重均无显著性差异(P>0.05);phe组术前注药后心率、血压无明显改变(P>0.05),art组、sco组注药后心率均明显增快(P<0.05),与phe组比较有显著性差异(P<0.05);phe组口干持续时间较atr、sco两组明显延长,与后两组比较,气管拔管时分泌物量明显减少,且面红发生率较低(P<0.05)。结论盐酸戊乙奎醚具有显著的心率稳定作用及强大持久的腺体分泌抑制作用,作为术前用药效果满意,优于阿托品和东莨菪碱,可安全用于小儿全麻醉手术术前给药。     

盐酸戊乙奎醚对比阿托品及东莨菪碱用作小儿气管内插管全麻前用药的临床观察

目的比较盐酸戊乙奎醚、阿托品及东莨菪碱用作气管内插管全麻患儿麻醉前常规肌注用药的效果,观察盐酸戊乙奎醚作为小儿麻醉前抗胆碱药的可行性。方法90例需行气管内插管全麻患儿根据麻醉前用药情况随机双肓分为盐酸戊乙奎醚组（phe组）、阿托品组（art组）和东莨菪碱组（sco组）,各组30例,分别在麻醉开始前30rain于臀大肌注射盐酸戊乙奎醚（0．02mg／kg）、阿托品（0．01mg／kg）、东莨菪碱（0．006mg／kg）,观察并记录给药前（To）、给药后15rain（T1）、给药后30rain（T2）、插管后（T3）及术毕拔管时（T4）患者的心率、体温、血压及呼吸道分泌物等指标。结果i组患儿年龄、性别、体重及手术时间均无显著性差异（P〉0．05）phe组术前注药后各时点的心率（HR）、体温（T）、血压（MBP）无明显改变（P〉0．05）art组、sco组患儿注药后心率均明显加快、体温升高（p〈0．05）,与phe组比较有显著性差异（p〈0．05）,血压无明显变化（P〉0．05）术毕拔管时,phe组患儿的分泌物较art组、seo组明显减少（p〈0．05）。结论盐酸戊乙奎醚具有显著的心率稳定作用及强大持久的腺体分泌抑制作用,作为麻醉前用药效果满意,优于阿托品和东莨菪碱,可安全用于小儿全身麻醉前给药。     

老年患者麻醉前应用盐酸戊乙奎醚对心率、血压的影响

目的了解不同剂量盐酸戊乙奎醚作为老年患者麻醉前用药对心率和血压的影响。方法老年手术患者60例,分为低剂量盐酸戊乙奎醚组、高剂量盐酸戊乙奎醚组和东莨菪碱组各20例。进手术室后分别肌注盐酸戊乙奎醚0.005mg/kg（低剂量组）、0.01mg/kg（高剂量组）或东莨菪碱0.2～0.3mg。记录入室即刻、注射后20min和40min三个时间的心率和血压。结果两组肌注盐酸戊乙奎醚患者的心率和血压有轻度变化,但差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;东莨菪碱组患者心率明显增加,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论与东莨菪碱相比,盐酸戊乙奎醚对心脏影响轻微,可安全用于老年患者麻醉前给药。     

盐酸戊乙奎醚与阿托品用于小儿麻醉前用药的比较

目的通过对比观察盐酸戊乙奎醚与阿托品麻醉前用药对小儿心率、血压、体温及口干程度的影响,探讨盐酸戊乙奎醚作为小儿麻醉前用药的临床效果。方法择期手术患儿60例,ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级,随机分成2组,Ⅰ组:盐酸戊乙奎醚组;Ⅱ组:阿托品组。两组患儿麻醉前30min分别静脉注射盐酸戊乙奎醚0.01mg/kg或阿托品0.01mg/kg,观察并记录用药前及用药后10、20、30min心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MBP)、心率×收缩压(RPP)、皮温(T1)、口腔温度(T2)及口干程度的视觉模拟评分(VAS)。结果 VAS值两组用药后30min与用药前比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),两组之间各时间点比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);Ⅰ组患儿注射药物后HR、MBP、RPP及体温与用药前比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);Ⅱ组患儿注射药物后HR、MBP、RPP及体温与用药前比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论盐酸戊乙奎醚具有较强的抑制腺体分泌的作用且不影响患儿的心率、血压及体温,不会增加患儿心肌耗氧量,是一种更适合患儿的抗胆碱药。     

盐酸戊乙奎醚用于先天性色素巨痣切除术麻醉前给药的临床观察

目的:探讨盐酸戊乙奎醚、阿托品静脉注射对先天性色素巨痣手术全麻患者的效果.方法:选择60例患者随机分为盐酸戊乙奎醚组和阿托品组,每组30例.两组患者术前分别静脉注射盐酸戊乙奎醚0.01 mg/kg,阿托品0.01 mg/kg.观察并记录给药前、给药后10 min、30 min、术毕拔管后患者心率、血压及呼吸道分泌物等的变化.结果:盐酸戊已奎醚组患者用药后心率、血压无明显变化(P＞0.05);阿托品组用药后心率明显加快,血压明显升高(P＜0.05),术毕盐酸戊已奎醚组呼吸道分泌物较阿托品组明显减少(P＜0.05).结论:盐酸戊乙奎醚用于先天性色素巨痣切除术麻醉前给药临床效果好,不良反应少.     

盐酸戊乙奎醚在小儿麻醉前用药的疗效观察

目的:观察盐酸戊乙奎醚(长托宁)麻醉前用药对患儿术中心率、血压及腺体分泌的影响.方法:将需行手术的患儿60例随机分成2组,每组30例,治疗组给予盐酸戊乙奎醚0.01 mg/kg,对照组给予阿托品0.01 mg/kg.均于手术前30 min肌内注射.记录肌内注射长托宁和阿托品后10min、20 main和30min的血压和心率.结果:治疗组给药后心率、血压变化不明显.对照组手术前心率、血压均有不同程度的升高,术中对照组心率血压升高明显.口腔分泌物量治疗组明显少于对照组.结论:长托宁作为小儿麻醉前用药效果好,值得临床推广.     

盐酸戊乙奎醚作为小儿麻醉前用药的疗效观察

目的观察将盐酸戊乙奎醚作为小儿麻醉前用药时，该药对患儿术中心率﹑血压及腺体分泌的影响。方法将需行手术的患儿90例随机分成3组，每组30例，治疗组给予盐酸戊乙奎醚0.01 mg·kg^-1，对照组1给予东莨菪碱0.008 mg·kg^-1，对照组2给予阿托品0.01 mg·kg^-1。均于手术前30 min肌内注射。观察给药后10，20 ，30 min时患儿心率﹑血压及腺体分泌的变化。结果治疗组给药后心率﹑血压变化不明显。对照组1和对照组2手术前心率﹑血压均有不同程度的升高，其中以对照组2升高较为明显。治疗组和对照组2相比，对照组2心率血压升高明显。3组患儿腺体分泌变化差异无显著性。结论盐酸戊乙奎醚作为小儿麻醉前用药，可使患儿心率﹑血压保持稳定，抑制腺体分泌作用较强，且疗效优于东莨菪碱和阿托品。     

术前应用盐酸戊乙奎醚46例临床观察

目的：探讨盐酸戊乙奎醚（长托宁）在全身麻醉患者术前用药对机体的影响。方法：随机选取本院2008年3月～2009年3月择期手术行全麻且无心、肺、肝、肾疾病的46例患者,平均分为两组,分别于术前使用盐酸戊乙奎醚与阿托品,在不同的时间段内观察两组患者心率、血压及腺体分泌情况,与术前比较。结果：盐酸戊乙奎醚组患者心率、血压变化平稳,腺体分泌明显少于阿托品组;阿托品组心率增快,血压变化与盐酸戊乙奎醚组比较差异无统计学意义。结论：盐酸戊乙奎醚麻醉前用药使血液动力学变化平稳,腺体分泌明显减少,优于阿托品,是麻醉前用药的一种良好选择。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.