颞骨岩部的临床应用解剖研究

目的 为经颞骨前岩部(petrous bone,PB)的颅底手术入路中,判断耳蜗位置和岩尖切除范围提供解剖学资料。方法 在12个成人头颅标本上,观测岩内面神经(facial nerve,FN)、耳蜗、颈内动脉(internal carotid artery,ICA)等结构之间的解剖关系。结果 耳蜗位于膝状神经节(geniculate ganglion,GG)的前下方和岩内ICA膝部的后上方,耳蜗覆盖到ICA膝部的上方。提出以棘孔和GG连线的中点、GG、内耳门内侧缘形成的三角定位耳蜗。ICA水平段与ICA膝部和内耳门内侧缘连线的夹角为67.1±4.3°,耳蜗基底圈至ICA膝部的距离为0.302±0.016cm。结论 在耳前-颞下窝斜坡手术入路中,在中颅底,过ICA膝部做与ICA水平段成67.1±4.3°的夹角,在这个夹角内切除岩尖骨质,不会损伤耳蜗。从前向后切除岩尖骨质时,ICA膝部后方的骨质切除不要超过为0.302±0.016cm,否则会损伤耳蜗。     

颞骨岩部入路颅底手术有关的应用解剖

目的:为经岩部入路颅底手术提供解剖学参数.方法:观测成人的100例干燥整颅、20例颅底标本、15例尸头及36侧正常颅底CT资料;观测项目为与经岩部入路颅底手术有关的颞骨表面标志与岩部内重要结构的位置及其间距.结果:整颅及颅底内面各项测量结果左右侧比较U均<1.96,P均>0.05,颞骨内重要结构间及与表面标志间距离测量结果多数项目男女性间比较U均>1.96或>2.58,P<0.05或<0.01;颅中窝入路可以弓状隆起作标志寻认上骨半规管以确认内耳道,也可以岩大神经管裂孔为标志暴露面神经膝状神经节与迷路段确认内耳道底;磨除岩尖部骨质时可以颈动脉管后壁与内耳门内侧缘的连线作为界线.结论:颞骨表面标志点间距及颞骨岩部内重要结构间的位置关系可为经岩部入路颅底手术提供重要参考,有利于术中岩部重要结构的定位与保护.     

颞骨岩部在岩斜区手术入路中的应用解剖

目的 :为颞骨岩部的临床应用提供解剖学依据。方法 :对 15例成人尸头湿标本的颞骨岩部及其周围结构按手术入路分别从前、外、后三个方向进行显微解剖研究。结果 :①磨除颞骨岩部尖 ,可以向下向外移动三叉神经 ;②外展神经是磨除颞骨岩部的内限 ;③面神经分为 5段 :颅内段 (12 .3 2mm)、内耳道段(9 .18mm)、迷路段 (5 .14mm)、鼓室段 (11.82mm)、乳突段 (17.90mm) ;④颈静脉球高度变异较大 ;⑤颈内动脉岩部膝距耳蜗 2 .65mm ,其水平段平行于岩大神经 ;结论 :①岩大神经是从前方磨除颞骨岩部十分重要的标志 ;②岩乙状窦交叉点和内淋巴囊裂是从后外侧磨除颞骨岩部的重要标志     

内耳道邻近结构的测量

<正> 作者解剖了33侧正中矢状切开附有软组织的成人头部标本,对内耳道邻近的重要结构进行了测量。发现有2侧标本的膝状神经节前部无骨质覆盖,部分暴露在硬脑膜深面。测得上半规管与前庭神经上支的夹角平均为30.78°;面神经管距耳蜗、前庭上神经     

颅中窝入路岩部切除中耳蜗定位的解剖学研究

目的:探讨耳蜗的定位方法和定位标志,为颅中窝手术入路中磨除岩尖及耳蜗在颅底外科的临床应用提供解剖学资料。方法:采用10%福尔马林固定的成人头颅湿标本10具(20侧),观察并测量耳蜗及其与周围结构之间的位置关系。结果:耳蜗基底圈的内侧壁至三叉神经孔的距离为(10.36±1.50)mm,下颌神经与岩浅大神经交点和内耳门后缘的连线至三叉神经孔的距离为(8.04±0.99)mm,提出耳蜗的定位四边形。结论:颅中窝手术入路操作中,在下颌神经与岩浅大神经交点和内耳门后缘的连线的内侧磨除岩尖部骨质时,不容易损伤耳蜗。     

人工耳蜗植入经颅中窝入路的相关解剖

目的：为经颅中窝进行耳蜗植入术提供解剖资料，同时寻找定位植入点的方法。方法：取成人头颅标本15例（30侧），开颅后在颞骨岩部磨出蜗螺旋管底圈鼓阶最高点和相关结构，观测其与周围重要解剖结构的关系。结果：①颅中窝入路鼓阶植入点位于岩嵴下方，两者间骨质厚度为（8．58&#177;2．28）mm；在内耳道前方，距内耳道底距离为（1．47&#177;0．30）mm；在岩大神经后方，距其距离为（3．88&#177;0．52）mm；在面神经内侧．距其距离为（2．80&#177;0．26）mm；在前半规管内侧，距其距离为（9．46&#177;1.01）mm；②植入点至蜗窗上缘豹鼓阶长度为（12．03&#177;1．26）mm；③颈内动脉的膝部位于耳蜗的内下方，与蜗螺旋管底圈间骨质厚度为（1．54&#177;0．47）mm；耳蜗最高点与颈内动脉膝部埋藏深度相差（6．67&#177;2．07）mm。结论：①岩大神经是手术时重要的定位标志，面神经是手术中需要保护的重要解剖结构。     

床突间隙显微外科解剖及概念的探讨

目的为经床突间隙(CS)进行海绵窦、鞍内、颈内动脉及眼动脉等病变的直接手术提供解剖依据,进一步澄清CS的概念.方法用22例成人头颅标本,在手术显微镜下从翼点和额下入路对前床突及周围结构进行直接解剖、观察和测量.结果CS是磨除前床突后留下的一楔形空间,其顶边宽(2.39±0.18)mm(0.64～4.10 mm),底边宽(5.34±0.16)mm(2 .66～7.00 mm),上内侧边长(7.67±0.33)mm(4.02～14.32 mm),下内侧边长(11.21±0.4 9)mm(4.24～17.06 mm),下侧边长(10.00±0.32)mm(5.6～14.26 mm),底高(7.87±0.35) mm(5.12～16.38 mm),尖端空间完全被颈内动脉(ICA)床突段所占据.ICA的远硬膜环和近硬膜环都不完整,动脉壁外常有海绵窦静脉丛,术中剥离ICA床突段可引起静脉丛出血.结论ICA床突段血管壁外有海绵窦静脉丛,它是海绵窦内结构,所以手术松解ICA床突段最好只剥离其内侧缘的ICA 穴,并为术中暴露CS后的空间大小提供了客观指标.     

扩大颅中窝硬脑膜外经颞骨岩部入路至岩斜区的应用解剖

目的：研究中窝硬膜脑膜外经颞骨岩部入路进行岩斜区直接手术的手术方法，并提供相应的解剖依据。方法：用15例成人尸体头部标本模型颅中窝硬脑膜外经颞骨岩部入路进入岩斜区及其邻近结构的显露和解剖。结果：（1）岩大神经是磨除颞骨岩部十分重要的标志，通过它可以定位岩部颈内动脉、耳蜗和膝状神经节；（2）颅中窝硬脑膜外经颞骨岩部入路可以充分暴露从鞍背到桥延沟的岩斜区。结论：（1）以岩大神经为标志磨除颞骨岩部为安全手术提供了保证；（2）此入路具有暴露好，神经血管损伤的特点，特别适用于骑跨中，后窝的岩斜区病变。     

睫状神经节的形态观测及其临床意义

对３７侧成人睫状神经节的位置，形态，大小和各神经根来源等进行了解剖观测。测量从眶下缘中外１／３交点型神经节的直线距离为４４．７８±３．４４ｍｍ，针与眼耳平面，矢状面，冠状面的夹角各为２６．４±６．２°，２３．２±６．１°，６６．１±７．５°，提出球后麻醉进针深度可增至３０－４０ｍｍ。最后讨论了针刺“球后”穴的解剖学基础。     

经颅中窝入路内耳道的定位研究

目的:探讨经颅中窝入路确认内耳道的定位方法。方法:12例成人头颅湿标本,在手术显微镜下解剖观察,辨认颧弓根后点、棘孔后唇、锤骨头和内耳道间的位置关系。结果:锤骨头的位置相对恒定,其与颧弓根后点和棘孔后唇距离分别为(19.44±1.48)mm和(17.74±1.32)mm。以颧弓根后点和棘孔为原点,分别在颅中窝做内径18mm弧线,两弧交叉处外侧钻5mm骨孔,即可辨认锤骨头。颧弓根后点至锤骨头连线,向内延长则落在内耳门内外侧界之间,在此磨除岩嵴即可打开内耳道内侧份,内耳门距锤骨头约(19.71±1.97)mm。结论:经颅中窝手术时,锤骨头可作为确认内耳道的安全可靠的解剖标志。     

Counterpointing the functional role of the forebrain and of the brainstem in the control of the sleep-waking system

This paper reviews the lifetime contributions of the author to the field of sleep-wakefulness (S-W), reinterprets results of the early studies, and suggests new conclusions and perspectives. Long-term cats with mesencephalic transection show behavioral/polygraphic rapid eye movement sleep (REMS), including the typical oculo-pupillary behavior, even when the section is performed in kittens prior to S-W maturation. REMS can be induced as a reflex. Typical non-rapid eye movement S (NREMS) is absent and full W/arousal is present only after a precollicular section. The isolated forebrain (IF) rostral to the transection exhibits all features of W/arousal and NREMS [with electroencephalographic (EEG) spindles and delta waves], arousal to olfactory stimuli, and including the appropriate oculo-pupillary behaviors. These features also mature normally after neonatal transection. REMS is absent from the IF. After deprivation there is NREMS pressure and rebound in the IF, but the decerebrate cat only shows pressure for REMS. Most IF reactions to pharmacologic agents are within expectations, except for the tolerance/withdrawal effects of long-term morphine use which are absent. In contrast, these effects are supported by the brainstem (i.e. seen in the decerebrate cat). In cats with ablation of the telencephalon, or diencephalic cats, delta waves are absent in the thalamus. EEG thalamic spindle waves are seen triggering S for only 4-5 days after ablation. Therefore, true NREMS is absent in chronic diencephalic cats although pre- and postsomniac behaviors persist. These animals are hyperactive and show a pronounced, permanent insomnia; however, a low dose of barbiturate triggers a dramatic REMS/atypical NREMS rebound. Cats without the thalamus (athalamic cats), initially show a dissociation between behavioral hyperactivity/insomnia and the neocortical EEG, which for 15-20 days exhibits only delta and slower oscillations. Fast, low-voltage W rhythms appear later on, first during REMS, but spindle waves and S postures are absent from the start, such that these cats also display only atypical NREMS. Athalamic cats also show barbiturate-sensitive insomnia. Cats with ablation of the frontal cortices or the caudate nuclei remain permanently hyperactive. They also show a mild, but significant hyposomnia, which is permanent in afrontal cats, but lasts for about a month in acaudates. The polygraphic/behavioral features of their S-W states remain normal. We conclude and propose that: (a) the control of the S-W system is highly complex and distributed, but is organized hierarchically in a well-defined rostro-caudal manner; the rostral-most or highest level (telencephalon), is the most functionally complex/adaptative and regulates the lower levels; the diencephalic/basal forebrain, or middle level, has a pivotal role in inducing switching between S and W and in coordinating the lowest (brainstem) and highest levels; (b) W can occur independently in both the forebrain and brainstem, but true NREMS- and REMS-generating mechanisms exist exclusively in the forebrain and brainstem, respectively; (c) forebrain and brainstem S-W processes can operate independently from each other and are preprogrammed at birth; this helps understanding normal and abnormal polygraphic/behavioral dissociations in humans and normal dissociations/splitting in aquatic mammals; (d) NREMS homeostasis is present in the IF, but only REMS pressure after deprivation persists in the decerebrate cat; (e) the thalamus engages in both NREMS and W; (f) insomnia in diencephalic cats is the result of an imbalance between antagonistic W- and S-promoting cellular groups in the ventral brain (normally modulated by the telencephalon); (g) the EEG waves, which are signature for each S-W state, appear to truly drive the concomitant behaviors, e.g. a hypothetical human IF could alternate between behavioral NREMS and W/arousal/awareness; (h) a role for REMS is to keep the individual sleeping at the end of the self-limiting NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephaling NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephalic S-W processes and downstream control of the lower S-W system levels is emphasized.     

Effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on the behavior of the rat.

The effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on behavior of the rat has been studied. Results may be summarized as follows. An increase in the exploratory behavior in the open field which decreases rapidly; a decrease in the number of defecations in this test and a decrease in time leaving a dark environment for exploration. In the shuttle box test, no facilitation of the acquisition, but a permanent and quite significant increase in the intertrial activity has been found. We conclude that the lesions tend to decrease the emotivity of the subjects. An interpretation on the basis of the species -- specific defensive reactions explains the transitory and permanent effects of the lesions on the spontaneous activity.     

The Beauty of the Network in the Brain and the Origin of the Mind in the Control of Behavior

Behavior is not adequately described as a stimulus-response process. It is initiated by the animal and is generated because of its expected outcome in the future. The outcome can be good or bad for the animal. The brain is in charge of the selection process. This is the basic function of the brain. Taking Drosophila as a study case, this paper discusses initiating activity, several examples of outcome expectations, trying out (the internal search for a suitable behavior), chaining of actions, and the functional roles of chance in action selection. It takes mental processes and states such as goals, intentions, feelings, memories, cognition, and attention as higher levels of behavioral control that have their origin in biological evolution.     

Adequate function of the cell: Interactions between the needs of the cell and the needs of the organism

The continuous maintenance of cell adequate function (cellular stress) is considered to be the main feature which characterizes the activity of a live cell. In accordance with the concept of cellular stress, the transition of the cell to the state of adequate funcitoning represents a dual commitment. The cell must function adequately to respond to the demands of the organism and to provide for its own needs. Thus, it is proposed that two systems exist for the regulation of the adequate function of the cell: one enabling the cell to respond to the demands of the organism, and the other providing for the needs of the cell itself. The hormonal system of the organism represents the first of these mechanisms, and I believe that another system exists for regulation of intracellular needs. Adequate function of the cell is determined by the regulative, controlling and defense mechanisms. The balance between the needs of the cell and of the organism should be a concern of physician, since it provides for the optimal function and health of the organism as a whole.     

On the development of the sympathetic chain and the adrenal medulla in the mouse

Summary The first visible primordia of the sympathetic chain appear in the anterior thoracic region and run caudally through 8 segments in an embryo of 11 gestation days. At 12 gestation days the trunk reaches from the base of the skull into the sacral region. During the following days the trunk develops into ganglia with interganglionic fibers.At 16 gestation days there is a well developed trunk with a cranial ganglion cervicale superior and a ganglion stellatum in the anterior part of the thoracic region. In the remaining sympathetic chain there are segmentally arranged ganglia but in this common pattern large differences are noticed.At the 13th gestation day the first signs of the adrenal medulla and the splanchnic plexus appear in the form of sympathoblasts ventral to the sympathetic chain. The migration of sympathoblasts into the primordia of the adrenal cortex goes on for 3 days while the migration to the splancnic plexus in the mesenchym ventral and lateral to the aorta goes on at least 2 more days.     

Anatomical relationship between the morphology of the styloid process of the ulna and the attachment of the radioulnar ligaments

The radioulnar ligaments are the major stabilizers of the distal radioulnar joint under dynamic loading; however, anatomical detail regarding their attachment on the middle and distal thirds of the styloid process of the ulna remains unclear. Because previous anatomical studies included only old cadavers, their anatomical findings might not reflect the morphological features of younger and healthy specimens. This study investigated the anatomical features of the distal ulna, particularly the styloid process, to determine the attachment of the radioulnar ligaments to the styloid process and verified their direction and attachment to the styloid process in younger and healthy donors using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We investigated the morphological features of the distal ulna of 12 cadaveric wrists using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). We also visualized and measured the distribution of the cortical bone thickness. We histologically analyzed three specimens in the axial plane and macroscopically analyzed seven specimens to examine the attachment of the radioulnar ligaments to the styloid process. In addition, we evaluated five wrists from living volunteers using 3.0 Tesla MRI. The distal ulna has a ridge on the dorsoradial aspect of the styloid process that corresponds to the attachment of the radioulnar ligaments. Micro-CT images after data processing revealed that the cortical thickness of the dorsoradial quadrant was thicker than that of the other quadrant at the proximal slice of the styloid process (p < 0.01), and that of the dorsoulnar (p = 0.021) and ulnopalmar (p < 0.01) quadrants at the middle slice. Histological analyses showed that the radioulnar ligaments were attached to the middle and distal thirds of the styloid process via chondral-apophyseal entheses. The direction of the fiber was dorsal in the middle third of the styloid process and changed to palmar in the distal third of the styloid process. The direction and attachment of the radioulnar ligaments on the styloid process were confirmed using MRI for younger and healthy participants. The radioulnar ligaments were attached to the dorsoradial ridge of the styloid process, which was confirmed by cortical bone thickening, histology at the attachment sites, and in vivo MR imaging. The directions of the radioulnar ligaments sterically intersected, which would satisfy both slipping stability and rotational mobility. These anatomical findings may provide the basis for biomechanical consideration of distal radioulnar joint stabilization.     

指背腱膜滑动与近侧指间关节屈曲关系及临床意义

目的:探讨指背腱膜滑动距离与近侧指间关节(PIP)屈曲关系,为临床修复提供解剖学基础。方法:男性成人新鲜尸体标本10侧30指(示、中、环指各10指),切除手指皮肤,不破坏腱鞘、屈肌支持带、伸肌支持带、内在肌及外在肌,使肌腱保持正常的生理状态,分别测量各指中央束(CS)、侧束(LB)在PIP屈曲45°和90°时的滑动距离。结果:当PIP屈曲45°时,CS滑动距离为(2.7±0.4)mm,LB滑动距离为(2.8±0.6)mm;当PIP屈曲90°时,CS滑动距离为(4.3±0.7)mm,LB滑动距离为(4.8±0.6)mm。结论:指背腱膜滑动距离减少,严重影响手指的屈曲功能。对于指背腱膜的新鲜性损伤应予以精确修复;对于陈旧性损伤的修复应确保指背腱膜的正常滑动范围。     

On the musculature of the gastro-intestinal tract of the guinea-pig

Summary The small intestine, caecum, colon and part of the stomach of guinea-pigs were studied by light microscopy, using semithin sections of plastic embedded specimens. The muscular coat is thicker in the duodenum than in the rest of the small intestine. The ratio between longitudinal and circular muscle is 1:4.6 in the duodenum and it increases regularly along the small intestine, to reach 1:2 in the terminal ileum. In the caecum, shape and sectional area of the muscle tissue were analyzed along the full length of the taeniae. In the caecal circular muscle there is a characteristic change in the arrangement of the muscle bundles from the regions in the centre of the haustrations to the regions of the grooves between haustrations or to those lying beneath a taenia. The functional significance of the taeniae is discussed in terms of an arrangement allowing reduction of the lumen of the organ (which at the level of the grooves between haustrations acquires a triangular outline) more efficiently than if the longitudinal musculature were spread over the entire surface of the organ. Haustrations are present also on one side of the wall of the ascending colon where there is no longitudinal muscle layer. In the descending colon the structure of the wall is examined in different functional states, namely in the regions between fecal pellets (constricted regions) and in the regions around a fecal pellet (moderately distended regions). The musculature increases considerably in thickness in the constricted regions (both muscle layers being actively contracted), while the mucosa and submucosa are thrown into prominent longitudinal folds. These folds produce occlusion of the lumen when the circular muscle has shortened by about 50%.     

On the origin of the corticotectal projections in the cat

Summary Stereotaxic injection of horseradish peroxidase into the superior colliculus produced retrograde labelling of layer V pyramides in the Clare Bishop area and the lateral bank of the suprasylvian sulcus, in area 17,18 and 19. Single labelled cells were also found scattered in the splenial, the suprasplenial, the lateral and the suprasylvian gyri. In the cruciate sulcus no labelled cells were observed. Autoradiographically, the lateral bank of the suprasylvian sulcus was also shown to give rise to fibres to the superior colliculus.