痰液炎性细胞在儿童呼吸道感染后咳嗽与咳嗽变异性哮喘的比较及意义

目的　探讨反映气道炎症状况的痰液炎性细胞测定在慢性咳嗽儿童中的临床应用价值。方法　应用Pin等的诱导痰技术 ,对 70例慢性咳嗽 (感染后咳嗽组 39例 ,咳嗽变异性哮喘组 31例 )和 38例缓解期哮喘儿童的新鲜痰涂片 ,进行迈 格氏加姬姆萨 (May Gr櫣ｎｗａｌｄ’ｓ Gimsa)复染法和巴氏 (Papanicolaou)染色法染色 ,做细胞学分类计数 ,测定痰液炎性细胞百分比 ,同步检测变应原皮肤试验和肺通气功能。结果　感染后咳嗽组中痰液嗜酸细胞和中性粒细胞的中位数分别为 0 8%、5 8 0 % ,与咳嗽变异性哮喘组 (分别为 2 4 0 %、2 3.8% )比较 ,两种细胞的组间差异均有显著性 (均 P <0 0 1)。感染后咳嗽持续或反复发作的迁延时间较咳嗽变异性哮喘组更长 ,差异具统计学意义 (P <0 0 5 )。咳嗽变异性哮喘组痰液嗜酸细胞、肥大细胞水平与咳嗽持续时间呈显著正相关 (r=0 4 13,0 80 5 ,均P <0 0 5 )。两组慢性咳嗽儿童的痰液嗜酸细胞均与肺呼气峰流速占预计值的百分比 (PEF %pred)以及最大呼气中段流速 (MMEF) 75 / 2 5呈显著负相关 (r =- 0 2 71,- 0 32 4 ,均P <0 0 5 )。结论　痰液炎性细胞可能成为反映气道炎症类型、鉴别感染后咳嗽与咳嗽变异性哮喘的一项参考指标。     

诱导痰液与哮喘患儿气道炎症的关系探讨

目的探讨简便有效的诱导痰液及细胞分析方法,了解儿童哮喘发作期气道炎症的特点。方法运用高渗盐水雾化吸入诱导痰液的方法,收集３７例哮喘发作期患儿、４８例正常儿童（对照组）痰液。一部分痰液经二硫苏糖醇（ＤＴＴ）液化后,在血球计数板上行细胞总计数;另一部分痰液涂片经瑞氏、甲苯胺蓝染色行细胞分类计数。结果哮喘组８４％取痰成功,诱导过程中呼气峰流速（ＰＥＦ）未见下降（Ｐ＞００５）。痰液细胞总计数哮喘组为（１１２±８９）×１０９／Ｌ,对照组为（７１±６２）×１０９／Ｌ（Ｐ＜００５）。嗜酸性粒细胞、肥大细胞在哮喘发作期气道中明显升高（Ｐ＜００１）。结论诱导痰液分析、评判哮喘患儿气道炎症是一种安全、可靠的新研究方法;嗜酸性细胞、肥大细胞为哮喘发作的主要效应细胞。     

痰液炎性细胞在婴幼儿哮喘诊断中的价值

目的　 探讨反映气道炎症情况的痰液炎性细胞检测在婴幼儿哮喘早期临床诊断中的价值。 方法 　患儿每次喘息发作时均进行诱导痰液炎性细胞检测 ,共对 3 17例患儿进行了 690例次痰液涂片检测。于患儿 4至 5岁间进行随访调查 ,凡符合儿童哮喘诊断标准者为哮喘组 ( 10 8例 ) ,否则为非哮喘组 ( 2 0 9例 )。 结果 　哮喘组痰液嗜酸性粒细胞中位数为 18 1% ,与非哮喘组 (中位数为 1 3 % )比较 ,两组间差异有非常显著性意义 (u =14 3 6,P <0 0 0 1) ,两组间其他炎性细胞的差异均无统计学意义 ;哮喘组痰液嗜酸粒细胞具有明显随病情进展和发作次数增加而增加之趋势 ( χ2 =10 676,P <0 0 0 5 ) ,但非哮喘组炎性细胞均无明显的随病情进展和发作次数的增加而增加之趋势。 结论 　痰液炎性细胞可能为早期诊断婴幼儿哮喘的一项重要参考指标。     

哮喘患儿支气管诱导痰液中炎细胞变化的临床研究

目的研究支气管哮喘患儿急性发作期及其缓解期支气管诱导痰液中炎细胞变化及临床意义。方法选择2002-02—2002-12在中国医大二院儿童哮喘门诊就诊的哮喘患儿,其中哮喘急性发作期34例;哮喘缓解期30例;健康对照组22例。比较哮喘不同病程之间以及不同病程与正常儿童之间支气管诱导痰液细胞成分的差异。结果哮喘患儿急性发作期支气管诱导痰液中,中性粒细胞占细胞总数的百分比明显高于缓解期及正常对照组(均P<0.01)。哮喘急性发作期、缓解期诱导痰液中嗜酸细胞占总数的百分比均明显高于正常对照组,差异显著(P<0.01)。结论支气管哮喘是一种慢性气道炎症性疾病,在不同发病时期气道内的炎细胞变化不同。     

姜黄素对哮喘小鼠气道炎症和气道高反应性的影响

目的 了解姜黄素对哮喘小鼠气道高反应性及气道炎症的影响.方法 对30只Balb/c小鼠随机分为正常对照组、哮喘组及姜黄素干预哮喘小鼠.应用OVA溶液建立哮喘小鼠模型;对各组小鼠进行肺功能的检测;应用Giemsa染色测定各组小鼠支气管肺泡灌洗液的炎症细胞计数;HE染色及PAS染色对各组小鼠行肺组织病理学检测;ELISA方法检测各组小鼠支气管肺泡灌洗液中的IgE含量.结果 哮喘组小鼠在吸入乙酰甲胆碱(Mch)6.25 g/L浓度后,Penh值显著高于正常对照组,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),而姜黄素干预哮喘组较哮喘组明显降低,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).哮喘组小鼠气道盥洗液白细胞总数及嗜酸细胞数显著高于正常对照组,两者比较差异统计学意义(P＜0.01),而姜黄素干预哮喘组白细胞及嗜酸细胞数量明显较哮喘组减少,两者比较有差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).哮喘组小鼠中BALF的IgE含量较对照组明显升高,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);而姜黄素干预哮喘组中BALF的IgE含量较哮喘组明显降低(P＜0.01).哮喘小鼠肺组织HE染色中可见支气管和血管壁周围有大量的炎性细胞浸润,以嗜酸细胞和淋巴细胞浸润为主,姜黄素干预哮喘组较其减少.PAS染色哮喘组小鼠杯状细胞、黏液分泌明显增多,姜黄素干预哮喘组较其减少.结论 姜黄素可以减轻哮喘小鼠的气道炎症,减轻气道黏液分泌、降低气道高反应性、降低肺泡灌洗液中的IgE含量.     

5～14岁哮喘患儿呼出气一氧化氮检测与气道可逆性相关性研究

目的　探讨哮喘患儿呼出气一氧化氮（FeNO）水平与气道可逆性的相关性及其在哮喘患儿病情评估中的临床意义。方法　选取2014年11月至2015年11月于中国医科大学附属盛京医院小儿呼吸内科门诊就诊的5～14岁哮喘患儿161例,根据病情分为过敏组与非过敏组,2组均进行FeNO及支气管舒张试验测定,分析2组患儿FeNO水平与支气管舒张改善率的相关性。结果　（1）过敏组的哮喘患儿FeNO水平明显高于非过敏组（P＝0.002）。（2）过敏组的哮喘患儿FeNO水平与支气管舒张的改善率呈显著正相关（P＜0.05）,与基础肺功能1秒用力呼气容积占预计值的百分比（FEV1%）、1秒率占预计值的百分比（FEV1/FVC%）、50%用力呼气流速占预计值的百分比（FEF50%）、25%用力呼气流速占预计值的百分比（FEF25%）、中段呼气流速占预计值的百分比（FEF75/25%）呈负相关（P＜0.05）,与用力肺活量占预计值的百分比（FVC%）、用力呼气峰流速占预计值的百分比（PEF%）、75%用力呼气流速占预计值的百分比（FEF75%）无明显相关性（P＞0.05）;（3）非过敏组的哮喘患儿FeNO水平与支气管舒张改善率及基础肺功能均无明显相关性（P＞0.05）。结论　对于存在过敏体质的哮喘患儿,FeNO水平与气道可逆性存在显著正相关,可作为该类哮喘患儿预测气道可逆性及评估哮喘病情的一个良好的无创性指标。而对于无过敏体质的哮喘患儿,FeNO水平则不能有效反映其气道可逆性变化。     

阿奇霉素对哮喘儿童支气管高反应性的影响

目的探讨阿奇霉素对轻、中度哮喘儿童支气管高反应性（BHR）的影响。方法轻、中度哮喘儿童30例，用皮质激素吸入（剂量为轻度哮喘50μg／d，中度哮喘100μg／d）4周后，分为A、B两组，进入试验观察。所有病例继续应用糖皮质激素吸入，剂量同前。A组16例，加用阿奇霉素口服，剂量为每次5mg／kg，每周2次。B组14例。试验期为8周。两组在试验开始和结束时均用诱导痰液进行淋巴细胞百分率、嗜酸粒细胞百分率、中性粒细胞百分率检测。结果A组其诱导痰液的淋巴细胞、中性粒细胞百分率与B组比较，差异均具有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论小剂量阿奇霉素口服8周，并联合吸入糖皮质激素治疗轻、中度哮喘儿童的BHR明显降低。     

非嗜酸细胞性哮喘研究进展

支气管哮喘（哮喘）是由多种细胞[嗜酸性粒细胞（EOS）、肥大细胞、T淋巴细胞、中性粒细胞及呼吸道上皮细胞等]和细胞组分共同参与的呼吸道慢性炎性疾病。以往研究多认为哮喘呼吸道局部改变是以EOS为主的炎性反应,近年来一些诱导痰检查发现部分哮喘呼吸道局部炎性反应并非以EOS为主,而是以其他细胞如中性粒细胞、淋巴细胞、肥大细胞等为主,因此有研究将哮喘分为嗜酸细胞性哮喘（EA）和非嗜酸细胞性哮喘（NEA）两个亚型,前者呼吸道局部以EOS炎性反应为主,后者呼吸道局部则以非EOS炎性反应为主。本文就NEA发病机制及可能病因等进行综述。     

轻-中度哮喘患儿气道炎症类型与病情、糖皮质激素疗效的关系

目的探讨轻-中度支气管哮喘患儿初始治疗前气道炎症类型与病情及吸入糖皮质激素治疗反应的关系。方法以87例轻-中度哮喘患儿作为研究对象,在糖皮质激素吸入治疗(ICS)前进行痰液诱导及诱导痰细胞学分析,酶联免疫荧光法测定痰液嗜酸粒细胞阳离子蛋白(ECP)、ELISA法检测痰液IL-8、TGF-β1,儿童肺功能仪检测基础肺功能和小气道通气指标、乙酰甲胆碱(Mch)支气管激发试验测定气道高反应性(AHR)。20例健康体检儿童作为对照组,应用SPSS13.0软件进行统计学分析。结果87例轻-中度哮喘患儿根据诱导痰液EOS%分为嗜酸性粒细胞哮喘组(EA)64例,非嗜酸性粒细胞哮喘组(NEA)23例,EA与NEA组ICS治疗前痰液细胞学构成比、诱导痰上清液ECP、IL-8差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组间FEV1%预测值(FEV1%pred)、PEF%pred、中-重度AHR%、小气道阻塞(%)、痰液TGF-β1水平等指标差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。ICS治疗4周后EA组基础肺功能指标、气道高反应性、小气道通气功能明显改善,而NEA组改善不明显。多元逐步回归分析结果表明初治痰液EOS%、FEV1%预测值、痰液TG...     

哮喘儿童不同时期血清白细胞介素-8、白细胞介素-17及痰液中性粒细胞的变化

目的 探讨白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)-8、IL-17及气道中性粒细胞在儿童哮喘发病中的作用.方法 2007年1月至2009年1月,常州市儿童医院收治的符合儿童哮喘诊断,经过诱导痰液检测的12例非嗜酸粒细胞哮喘患儿为哮喘组;以12例健康儿童为对照组.对哮喘组患儿急性期、恢复期及对照组进行诱导痰的细胞分类检查和ELISA方法检测血清IL-8和IL-17浓度.结果 哮喘急性期患儿血清中IL-8[(357.84 ±215.36) pg/ml]、IL-17[(62.76 ±44.13) pg/ml]及诱导痰的中性粒细胞百分比[(43.14±5.79)％]明显高于缓解期[(164.95 ±60.22) pg/ml、(34.57±11.82) pg/ml、(23.25±3.75)％]及对照组[(88.68±38.76) pg/ml、(20.35±10.02) pg/ml、(13.34±3.21)％],差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);缓解期IL-8、IL-17及诱导痰的中性粒细胞百分比仍高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).结论 IL-8、IL-17趋化中性粒细胞聚集于气道,参与加重支气管哮喘发作.     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

A profile of respiratory symptoms in urban and rural South Australian school children

This report describes the cross-sectional analyses of data from the first year of a longitudinal study using questionnaire and respiratory function data over a 5 year period from a sample of rural South Australian school children. The cumulative or lifetime prevalences of respiratory symptoms were estimated in 825 rural and 1261 urban school children aged between 5 and 15 years in order to determine if the prevalence rates differed between rural and urban school children. The study found the overall cumulative prevalence of asthma and/or wheezy breathing (AWB) to be 24.1% in the rural school children compared to 27.6% in the urban school children. Most children developed AWB symptoms before the age of 7 years, with 20% reporting moderately severe symptoms and 10% having more than one attack per fortnight. The cumulative prevalence of bronchitis, loose/rattly cough (BLRC) differed significantly between the rural school children (34.1%) and urban school children (47.9%). The BLRC symptoms preceded the development of AWB in many cases. Urban school children also reported a higher prevalence of atopic conditions.     

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Hauttemperaturen verschiedener Körperoberflächenareale des Rumpfes bei Säuglingen

Summary In two groups of infants (3–53 weeks old) skin temperatures were controlled in different areas of the trunk—i.e.: regions of sternum, lungs, heart, liver, spleen, kidneys—at different room-temperatures (group I: 21–25°C; group II: 29–32°C). Rectal temperatures of some probands in both groups also had been controlled simultaneously. A definite change in the reaction to heat was proofed in different periods of the first year of life. In higher environmental temperatures the skin temperature was almost constant at every controll-point of the skin, even in older infants. In lower environmental temperatures the skin temperatures lowered continuously with age till 7. to 9. moth. From 10. to 12. month the lowering of skin temperature discontinued. The rectal temperatures were relatively constant in all infants. Only in infants from 7. to 12. month, whose skin temperatures were controlled in lower as well as in higher environmental temperatures, a tendency to higher rectal temperatures was proofed in warmer environmental temperatures.The significance of these results is discussed.

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Untersuchungen mit Unterstützung durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.