牙龈卟啉单胞菌Hgp44基因的克隆表达与纯化

目的 克隆表达牙龈卟啉单胞菌(Porphyromonas gingivalis,Pg)牙龈素中黏附素区域的Hgp44基因,并纯化目的蛋白.方法 通过聚合酶链反应(PCR)和基因重组技术,克隆得到PgATCC33277的Hgp4基因,插入到克隆载体pMD18-T中并测序鉴定.经过酶切后将目的基因片段与表达载体pET22b相连,构建出表达质粒pET22b-Hgp44.将重组质粒转化到感受态细胞BL21(DE3)中,用异丙基-β-D-硫代半乳糖苷(isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactoside,IPTG)诱导表达融合蛋白,通过SDS聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳及蛋白质印迹法进行分析.用固定化金属亲和层析法对重组蛋白进行分离纯化.结果 目的基因片段约为1100 bp,与预期大小相符,测序结果与GenBank中ATCC33277国际标准菌株的RgpA的等位基因序列U15282一致.IPTG诱导后的菌体经SDS聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳后形成一个以包涵体形式存在的44 000的融合蛋白.蛋白质印迹法检测证实其具有免疫原性.用镍离子金属螯合层析柱纯化出了目的蛋白,最后得到约3.5 mg/L的目的蛋白.结论 成功克隆表达了PgHgp44基因,并纯化出了目的蛋白.     

牙龈卟啉单胞菌菌毛蛋白FimA基因在大肠杆菌中的融合表达和纯化

目的克隆牙龈卟啉单胞菌菌毛蛋白FimA基因,构建原核表达载体,诱导其在大肠杆菌中融合表达,并鉴定、纯化其表达产物。方法克隆牙龈卟啉单胞菌菌毛蛋白FimA基因,构建表达载体pET15b-FimA,转化大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）pLyS感受态细胞;异丙基-β-D-硫代半乳糖苷（IPTG）诱导表达融合蛋白,以抗6×His Tag单克隆抗体为一抗,Western blot鉴定、Co2+柱亲和层析纯化融合蛋白。结果克隆的FimA基因序列及插入表达载体中的FimA序列均与GenBank数据库中的序列呈现100%同源性;IPTG诱导后Western blot鉴定4.1×104处有目的蛋白表达;Co2+柱亲和层析法获得纯化的高浓度FimA蛋白。结论本实验成功构建了牙龈卟啉单胞菌菌毛蛋白FimA基因的原核表达载体pET15b-FimA,并在大肠杆菌中获得成功表达和纯化,为进一步制备牙龈卟啉单胞菌菌毛蛋白单克隆抗体和研制开发预防牙周炎的亚单位蛋白疫苗奠定了实验基础。     

牙龈卟啉单胞菌c-di-AMP代谢相关基因的克隆及表达纯化

目的 克隆牙龈卟啉单胞菌（Porphyromonas gingivalis）中负责c-di-AMP代谢的相关基因,并使其在大肠杆菌中正确表达及高效纯化。方法 通过聚合酶链反应（PCR）克隆牙龈卟啉单胞菌ATCC33277的pgn0523、pgn1187和pgn2003三个基因,经过酶切后将目的基因片段与大肠杆菌表达质粒pET28a连接,分别构建出重组表达质粒pETpgn0523 pETpgn0523、pET-pgn1187和pET-pgn2003。将重组表达质粒转化到大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）中,用异丙基-β-D-硫代半乳糖苷（IPTG）诱导表达重组蛋白,通过十二烷基磺酸钠聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（SDS-PAGE）分析和鉴定。用镍离子金属亲和层析法对重组蛋白进行分离纯化,BCA法检测目的蛋白的浓度。结果 目的基因pgn0523、pgn1187和pgn2003扩增产物条带与预期大小一致。重组表达质粒pET-pgn0523、pET-pgn1187和pET-pgn2003及其PCR产物琼脂糖凝胶电泳验证与预期大小相符,测序结果与GenBank中牙龈卟啉单胞菌ATCC33277国际标准菌株的基因序列100%一致。IPTG诱导后的菌体经SDS-PAGE检测得到3个大小分别为19.5×10³、39.9×10³、66.0×10³的蛋白质增强条带,与预期大小相符。镍离子金属亲和层析柱纯化得到的蛋白与预期目的蛋白分子量一致,BCA法测定目的蛋白的浓度分别为0.708、0.523和0.861 mg·mL^-1。结论 本研究成功克隆并表达纯化了牙龈卟啉单胞菌c-di-AMP代谢相关蛋白,得到了较高浓度和纯度的目的蛋白,为进一步探究牙龈卟啉单胞菌c-di-AMP的生理功能及体内代谢途径奠定了基础。     

牙龈卟啉单胞菌肽酰精氨酸脱亚氨酶的克隆与表达

目的:构建牙龈卟啉单胞菌外膜蛋白肽酰精氨酸脱亚氨酶(PAD)克隆表达重组子,转化于大肠杆菌BL21中,并在最适宜条件下诱导表达。方法:以牙龈卟啉单胞菌ATCC33277全基因组DNA为模板,利用PCR技术获得目的基因PAD,将扩增得到的PAD基因定向插入线性克隆载体PMD18-T Vector中,得到克隆重组子PMD18-T-PAD。经PCR和双酶切鉴定正确的克隆重组子PMD18-T-PAD与表达载体PET-28a经Xhol和Ncol双酶切后,在一定连接体系下,连接构建表达质粒PET-28a-PAD。鉴定正确的原核重组表达质粒PET-28a-PAD,转化大肠杆菌BL21感受态细胞,在不同浓度异丙基硫代-β-D-半乳糖苷(IPTG)及时间诱导下表达融合蛋白。以抗His Tag单克隆抗体为一抗,Western免疫印迹鉴定。结果:DNA测序结果表明,PAD与NCBI核酸数据库中收录的PAD序列同源性达100%;37℃,IPTG浓度为0.5mmol/L,250r/min振摇培养6h的诱导条件下,PAD可高效表达。结论:本实验成功构建了PAD的克隆表达重组子,并在大肠杆菌中表达了PAD蛋白,为进一步研究PAD的免疫学性能及相应的抗体制备奠定了基础。     

变异链球菌乳酸脱氢酶与霍乱毒素B亚单位嵌合表达质粒的构建和表达

目的:构建含变异链球菌乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和霍乱毒素B亚单位(CTB)嵌合原核表达质粒,并诱导表达融合蛋白。方法:应用PCR技术扩增LDH编码基因ldh和CT编码基因ctxB,定向克隆至原核表达质粒pET32a(+)上,通过限制性内酶切、PCR和序列测定分析鉴定后转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),并经IPTG诱导表达融合蛋白。结果:PCR扩增得到了ldh和ctxB;构建的质粒pET-LDH/CTB经KpnⅠ、XhoⅠ双酶切和目的基因PCR检测,均得到1.4 kb大小的片段,与预计目的基因片段大小相同;质粒pET-LDH/CTB中插入的ldh序列与GeneBank中ldh比较同源性为98%,ctxB的同源性达99%,插入的相位正确;经IPTG诱导表达了约70×103的蛋白。结论:成功构建了变异链球菌LDH和CTB嵌合表达质粒pET-LDH/CTB,并正确表达融合蛋白。     

牙龈卟啉单胞菌精氨酸牙龈素催化结构域基因的克隆及其在大肠杆菌中的表达

目的 克隆牙龈卟啉单胞菌精氨酸牙龈素催化结构域（RgpAcd）基因,并将其置于大肠杆菌中作融合表
达。方法 利用PCR技术和基因重组技术,克隆牙龈卟啉单胞菌RgpAcd,然后插入中介载体pMD18-T中并测序鉴定。将目的基因片段插入原核表达载体pET-15b来构建表达质粒pET-15b/RgpAcd。重组原核表达质粒经酶切鉴定后转化大肠杆菌BL21感受态细胞,以异丙基硫代-β-D-半乳糖苷（IPTG）诱导表达融合蛋白。结果 核酸序列测定与分析的结果表明,克隆的1 476 bp基因序列与GenBank数据库中的序列呈现100%同源性;IPTG诱导后的菌体经SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳后有一个相对分子质量为5×104的融合表达蛋白产生。结论 本实验成功克隆了牙龈卟啉单胞菌RgpAcd基因,并在大肠杆菌中表达了RgpAcd蛋白,为进一步研制重组活载体疫苗奠定了基础。     

牙龈卟啉菌蛋白酶R重组表达产物在牙周炎中的作用

目的 构建蛋白酶R基因原核表达系统,初步探讨蛋白酶R( gingipain R,Rgp)与慢性牙周炎的关系.方法 构建Rgp原核表达系统,以重组表达的rRgp作用于人单核细胞THP-1株,用流式细胞术检测细胞膜表面CD-14表达的变化,并用酶联免疫吸附测定检测细胞分泌白细胞介素(IL)-1β水平的变化.结果 扩增的Rgp基因与已报道的基因序列进行比较,核苷酸序列和氨基酸序列的同源性均＞97％.THP-1细胞表达CD-14的平均荧光强度为68.97,rRgpAcat或rRgpB作用于THP-1细胞0.5h后,CD-14的平均荧光强度分别减少到45.30、46.47,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),rRgp对THP-1细胞分泌IL-1β的水平也有明显的阻断作用(P＜0.01).结论 成功构建了Rgp基因原核表达系统,rRgp蛋白酶能够降解CD-14,阻断THP-1细胞炎症因子的分泌,从而可能延缓炎症的进程,导致炎症的慢性化.     

牙龈卟啉单胞菌FtsZ第322位的甘氨酸在细胞分裂中的作用

目的：探讨牙龈卟啉单胞菌FtsZ（PgFtsZ）第322位的甘氨酸在细菌细胞分裂过程中的作用。方法：通过site—directed mutagenesis技术,采用megaprimer方法,使用三个引物进行两轮的PCR,构建Pg—FtsZ第322位甘氨酸的点变异型质粒pYW9（ZG322P,携带PgFtsZ第322位甘氨酸由脯氨酸取代的点变异型基因）和pYW10（ZG322H,携带PgFtsZ第322位甘氨酸由组氨酸取代的点变异型基因）,然后将质粒pYW9、pYW10和pEZ1（携带野生型PgFtsZ的基因）分别转化到Escherichia coli BL21（DE3）pLysS中进行表达、分离和纯化目的蛋白质。同时将载体pET3a也转化到E．coli BL21（DE3）pLysS中作为阴性对照。进一步通过免疫印迹法鉴定构建的点变异型ZG322P和ZG322H。E．coli的形态通过显微镜观察。结果：野生型PgFtsZ的过表达导致E．coli细胞分裂的明显抑制,含质粒pEZl的E．coli和仅含有载体作为对照的E．coli相比延长大约20倍。然而点变异型ZG322P和ZG322H的过表达并未引起E．coli细胞分裂的抑制,即含质粒pYW9的E．coli和含质粒pYW10的E．coli表现出正常的形态,与仅含有载体作为对照的E．coli细胞的形态相似。免疫印迹分析表明野生型PgFtsZ、点变异型ZG322P、ZG322H在相同位置出现阳性带,并且表达水平相似。结论：牙龈卟啉单胞菌FtsZ第322位的甘氨酸在细菌细胞分裂中起着重要的作用。     

重组变形链球菌表面蛋白PAc发酵工艺研究

目的:研究表达重组变形链球菌表面蛋白(rPAc)的工程菌pET20b(+)-AP/BL21(DE3)plysS的发酵条件。方法:通过摇瓶培养,进行发酵条件优化,在5L发酵罐中发酵pET20b(+)-AP/BL21(DE3)plysS工程菌,并对发酵产物进行SDS-PAGE、Western印迹分析鉴定。结果:确立了pET20b(+)-AP/BL21(DE3)plysS工程菌的高密度发酵工艺,即LB-2培养基,初始pH值为7.2,溶氧控制为30%以上,补料为10%甘油、5%酵母粉和5%蛋白胨。目的蛋白呈可溶性表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%以上,菌体密度达到44。Western印迹分析显示,rPAc蛋白和抗PAc抗体有良好的结合活性。结论:通过发酵工艺优化,提高了rPAc蛋白的可溶性表达量,为进一步规模化研究和生产奠定了基础。     

牙龈卟啉菌牙龈蛋白酶K催化结构域的克隆及其在大肠杆菌中的表达

目的 :克隆牙龈卟啉菌蛋白酶K催化结构域 (kgpcd)基因 ,并使其在大肠杆菌中获得表达。方法 :利用PCR方法克隆kgpcd ,并用基因重组融合表达技术获得在大肠杆菌中的表达。结果 :克隆基因测序结果与GeneBank数据库中的序列一致 ,经诱导表达见Mr为 5 6× 1 0 3 的融合蛋白。结论 :成功克隆了kgpcd的基因 ,并在大肠杆菌中表达了KGPcd蛋白 ,为后续研究奠定了基础     

Sequence variations in rgpA and rgpB of Porphyromonas gingivalis in periodontitis

Objective:  The aim of the present study was to determine sequence variations in the active centre of the Arg-X-specific protease encoding genes rgpA and rgpB of clinical Porphyromonas gingivalis isolates and to analyse their prevalence in periodontitis patients before and 3 months after mechanical periodontal therapy.
Background:  Genetic diversity at nucleotides 281, 283, 286 and 331 has been shown to result in amino acid substitutions in the catalytic domain of RgpA and RgpB that affect the substrate specificity and thus may influence the efficacy of Arg-X-protease specific inhibitors.
Methods:  Sequence analysis of rgpA and rgpB genes in clinical P. gingivalis strains isolated from subgingival plaque samples of 82 periodontitis patients before and 3 months after mechanical supra- and subgingival debridement was performed.
Results:  No specific variation within the rgpA sequence was observed. However, the rgpB sequence in the region of the active centre showed five different rgpB genotypes, which were named NYPN, NSSN, NSSK, NYPK and DYPN according to the derived amino acid substitution. Porphyromonas gingivalis genotype NYPN was detected in 27 patients (32.9%) before and in 8 patients (9.8%) after therapy, NSSN in 26 (31.7%) and 10 (12.2%), NSSK in 22 (26.8%) and 2 (2.4%), NYPK in 5 (6.2%) and 1 (1.2%), and DYPN in 1 patient (1.2%) and 0 patients (0%), respectively. Only one patient (1.2%) harboured two P. gingivalis rgpB genotypes (NSSK/NYPN) before treatment; these were no longer detected after therapy.
Conclusion:  The results indicate that five rgpB genotypes are maintained in natural populations of P. gingivalis. These data may be of importance with regard to the development of specific rgpB inhibitors.     

Effect of enamel matrix derivative on periodontal ligament cells in vitro is diminished by Porphyromonas gingivalis

BACKGROUND: Enamel matrix derivative (EMD) has been shown to possess a mitogenic effect to induce effective periodontal regeneration, however, it is unclear whether periodontal pathogens can modulate the effect of EMD. The present study examined the influence of Porphyromonas gingivalis on EMD-stimulated periodontal ligament (PDL) cells. METHODS: P. gingivalis ATCC33277 and its mutants deficient in fimbriae (delta fimA) or gingipains (delta rgpA delta rgpB, delta kgp, and delta rgpA delta rgpB delta kgp) were employed. PDL cells were grown on EMD-coated dishes and infected with P. gingivalis wild strain or a mutant. Cell migration and proliferation were then evaluated with an in vitro wound healing assay. The expression of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) mRNA by PDL cells was examined. Further, the degradation and phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) as well as paxillin in infected PDL cells were estimated using Western blot analysis. RESULTS: P. gingivalis ATCC33277 inhibited the migration and proliferation of PDL cells on EMD-coated dishes, and the mutants delta fimA, delta rgpA delta rgpB, and delta kgp showed the same effects. Further, each of these organisms diminished the expression of TGF-beta1 and IGF-I mRNA, as well as the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 from EMD-stimulated PDL cells. In addition, total paxillin protein was markedly degraded by both the wild-type strain and each of the mutants except for delta rgpA delta rgpB delta kgp, which showed a negligible effect in all of the assays with EMD-stimulated PDL cells. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that P. gingivalis diminishes the effect of EMD on PDL cells in vitro through a cooperative action of gingipains.     

kgp,rgpA, and rgpB DNA Vaccines Induce Antibody Responses in Experimental Peri‐Implantitis

Background: Peri‐implantitis is the key factor for implant failure. This study aims to evaluate kgp, rgpA, and rgpB DNA vaccines to induce an immune response and prevent peri‐implantitis. Methods: The kgp, rgpA, and rgpB genes were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) ATCC 33277 and cloned into the pVAX1 vector. Titanium implants were placed into the mandibular bone of dogs. Three months later, the animals were divided into four groups, immunized with pVAX1‐kgp, pVAX1‐rgpA, pVAX1‐rgpB, or pVAX1. Cotton ligatures infiltrated with Pg were tied around the neck of the implants. Immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgA antibodies were detected by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay before and after immunization. Results: The kgp, rgpA, and rgpB genes were successfully cloned into the pVAX1 plasmid. Animals immunized with pVAX1‐kgp and pVAX1‐rgpA showed higher titers of IgG and IgA antibodies compared to those before immunization (P <0.05) and compared to those that were immunized with pVAX1 and pVAX1‐rgpB, whereas there were no significant differences in the animals treated with pVAX1 and pVAX1‐rgpB. Furthermore, among these, the kgp DNA vaccine was more effective. The bone losses of the groups with pVAX1‐kgp and pVAX1‐rgpA were significantly attenuated. Conclusion: pVAX1‐kgp and pVAX1‐rgpA DNA vaccines enhanced immunity responses and significantly retarded bone loss in experimental peri‐implantitis animal models, whereas pVAX1‐rgpB was ineffective.     

Antibody responses to Porphyromonas gingivalis infection in a murine abscess model--involvement of gingipains and responses to re-infection

BACKGROUND: Porphyromonas gingivalis is one of the most important periodontopathogens. It produces cysteine proteinases named gingipains. We previously examined the effect of gingipains on abscess formation in a murine model. The rgpA rgpB double and kgp mutants induced smaller abscesses than the wild type. Moreover, the rgpA rgpB kgp triple (gingipain-null) mutant hardly showed lesion formation at all under the experimental conditions used, indicating that genes encoding gingipains are important for P. gingivalis virulence. OBJECTIVES: Here, we further report the humoral immune responses induced by P. gingivalis strains. METHODS: After the lesions were apparently cured, sera were collected from the mice and immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses against the whole cell antigens of wild-type P. gingivalis were measured. RESULTS: Wild-type strain was found to induce a strong antibody reaction. On the other hand, the rgpA rgpB kgp triple and kgp mutants induced significantly lower antibody responses compared to the wild type. Western blotting analysis confirmed the differences in antibody production. Next, these mice were re-infected with wild-type strain. Mice that were first infected with wild-type strain showed significantly smaller lesion formation than control mice that were first infected with medium only. On the other hand, mice that were first infected with mutant strains devoid of gingipain activities did not show resistance to re-infection and immunoglobulins directed against gingipains may be protective. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that gingipains play an important role in abscess formation in mice, and humoral immune responses seem to be partly responsible for the resistance to re-infection by P. gingivalis.     

大黄素-8-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷对牙龈卟啉单胞菌唾液酸酶活性及其毒力基因表达影响研究

目的    探讨大黄素-8-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷对牙龈卟啉单胞菌（P. gingivalis）唾液酸酶活性及其毒力基因表达的影响。方法    使用不同质量浓度的大黄素-8-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷（0.2、0.5、2、5、10 mg/mL）处理P. gingivalis W83（实验组）,用未加药物的P. gingivalis W83作对照（对照组）,采用荧光法检测大黄素-8-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷对P. gingivalis唾液酸酶活性的作用。5 mg/mL大黄素-8-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷作用于P. gingivalis W83,Real-time PCR法检测毒力基因fimA、fimR、fimS、kgp、rgpA和rgpB的表达情况。结果    大黄素-8-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷对P. gingivalis唾液酸酶活性产生了抑制作用,当其质量浓度为0.2、0.5、2、5、10 mg/mL时,对唾液酸酶活性的抑制率分别为11.4%、32.23%、40.21%、73.54%、84.31%。与对照组比较,实验组（5 mg/mL大黄素-8-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷处理）的fimA、fimR、fimS、kgp、rgpA和rgpB基因表达均下降,差异均有统计学意义（均P < 0.05）。结论    大黄素-8-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷可有效抑制P. gingivalis唾液酸酶活性,其抑制作用会降低细菌毒力基因表达,有望成为预防及治疗牙周炎的新型药物。     

Mixed infection of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Bacteroides forsythus in a murine abscess model: involvement of gingipains in a synergistic effect

Several microorganisms including Porphyromonas gingivalis and Bacteroides forsythus have been implicated to be etiologically important agents of periodontal disease. In this study, we determined the ability of combinations of periodontopathogenic microorganisms to cause tissue destruction in a murine abscess model. Although all bacterial combinations used in this study produced larger abscesses than did monoinfection of each bacterium, the combination of P. gingivalis and B.forsythus showed a synergistic effect on abscess formation. Since these two bacteria have been frequently found together in lesions of periodontitis, these results suggest the significance of their co-infection in the progression of periodontitis. P. gingivalis produces extracellular and cell-associated cysteine proteinases (gingipains) which appear to be involved in its virulence. The rgpA rgpB double and kgp mutants induced significantly smaller abscesses than the wild type. Moreover, the rgpA rgpB kgp triple (gingipain-null) mutant hardly showed lesion formation at all with the experimental conditions used in this study, indicating that these genes encoding gingipains are important for virulence of P. gingivalis. Mixed infection of these P. gingivalis mutants with B. forsythus showed an additive effect on abscess formation, indicating that the gingipains of P. gingivalis may play an important role in the pathological synergism between P. gingivalis and B. forsythus.     

Arg-gingipain A DNA vaccine prevents alveolar bone loss in mice

One major pathogenic factor of Porphyromonas gingivalis is Arg-gingipain (Rgp), an arginine-specific cysteine proteinase. To clarify the effect of rgpA DNA vaccine, we immunized BALB/c mice via the abdomen with a Gene Gun or via the nasal cavity weekly for 6 weeks. After immunization, the mice were challenged orally with P. gingivalis. Immunization elicited IgG responses against P. gingivalis in both groups. Nasal immunization also induced sIgA against P. gingivalis, although Gene Gun immunization did not. Reduction of alveolar bone loss was observed in both groups at 42 days following initial infection. This effect was more pronounced in the intranasal immunization group than in the Gene Gun group. The results of this study suggest that immunization with rgpA DNA vaccine via the nasal cavity is an effective method for preventing alveolar bone loss incurred by infection with P. gingivalis.     

Unaltered expression of the major protease genes in a non-virulent recA-defective mutant of Porphyromonas gingivalis W83

Porphyromonas gingivalis FLL32, a recA mutant, was isolated during construction of a recA defective mutant of P. gingivalis W83 by allelic exchange mutagenesis. In contrast to W83 and FLL33, the typical recA- mutant previously reported, FLL32 was non-pigmented, lacked beta-hemolytic activity on blood agar and produced significantly less proteolytic activity. The proteolytic activity in FLL32 was mostly soluble. Expression of the rgpA, rgpB and kgp protease genes was unaltered in FLL32 when compared to FLL33 and the wild-type strain. FLL32 exhibited reduced virulence in a murine model and partially protected the animals immunized with that strain against a subsequent lethal challenge by the wild-type strain. These results indicate that the reduced level of proteolytic activity in FLL32 may be due to a defect in the processing of the proteases. Further, immunization with a non-virulent recA defective mutant of P. gingivalis can partially protect against a lethal wild-type challenge. The results from this study suggest that the recA locus may be involved in expression and regulation of proteolytic activity in P. gingivalis.