漳州市2014年部分酒店/宾馆中央空调冷却塔/冷凝水嗜肺军团菌污染调查

目的调查2014年漳州市部分酒店(宾馆)中央空调冷却塔水及冷凝水嗜肺军团菌污染情况,为防控军团菌病提供依据。方法采集2014年漳州市15家三星级及以上酒店(宾馆)中央空调冷却塔水及冷凝水27份,进行军团菌分离培养及鉴定。结果 15家酒店(宾馆)中央空调嗜肺军团菌污染率60.0%,27份样品检出率33.3%,其中冷却塔水检出率66.7%,冷凝水检出率6.7%。共检出嗜肺军团菌12株,血清型多为LP1型(41.6%)。结论漳州市酒店(宾馆)中央空调冷却塔水及冷凝水嗜肺军团菌污染情况较严重,需加强监测,预防军团菌病发生。     

呼和浩特市公共场所中央空调冷却水中首次检出军团菌

目的 了解我市公共场所中央空调冷却水军团菌污染情况.方法 于2008年7～8月,对呼和浩特市具有中央空调冷却塔水的酒店、机场进行水样采集监测军团菌的污染情况.结果 随机抽查了呼市8家星级酒店和1家机场,共采集空调冷却水11份,4家单位检出嗜肺军团菌、2家单位检出非嗜肺军团菌.其中共检出军团菌6株,检出率为54.5％,分别检出嗜肺军团菌4株,检出率为36.4％(LP12株、LP2-142株),非嗜肺军团菌2株,检出率为18.2％.每份水样经过滤洗脱后通过三种方法处理,热处理检出率为55.6％,酸处理和未处理检出率均为22.2％.结论 本次调查呼和浩特市中央空调冷却水中军团菌的污染情况值得关注,中央空调系统、冷却塔的消毒是重点.     

钢铁厂冷却塔水嗜肺军团菌分离株分子流行病学研究

目的调查某钢铁企业冷却塔水嗜肺军团菌的污染状况及分子流行病学特征,为预防控制军团菌病的传播提供科学依据。方法 2011年3月—2012年9月,对石家庄市某钢铁厂车间冷却塔水进行监测,分离培养嗜肺军团菌,对得到的菌株进行血清分型、毒力基因检测(lvh、rtxA)和多位点序列分型研究。结果 182份冷却塔水中有67份检出嗜肺军团菌,检出率为36.8%;共分离培养得到菌株84株,包括7种血清型,其中LP1型占63.1%(53/84)、LP6型占19.0%(16/84)。lvh和rtxA基因检测阳性的分别有79株和83株,二者均为阳性的有78株。多位点序列分型可分为32个型,SBT1型占36.9%(31/84),为主要优势型别,有21个型别为首次发现。结论钢铁企业冷却水存在嗜肺军团菌污染,携带有毒力基因,血清型和SBT型呈多样性分布。     

2006年-2010年广州市公共场所军团菌污染状况分析

目的:掌握广州市公共场所中嗜肺军团菌的污染情况和菌型分布,为预防空气传播疾病提供科学依据。方法:于2006年-2010年对广州市部分公共场所进行连续性监测调查,检测集中空调冷却塔水、冷凝水、洗浴用水等样品中嗜肺军团菌,对结果进行分析。结果:连续5年监测的1193件样品,在185份阳性中分离出202株嗜肺军团菌,检出率为15.51%。其中以血清型LP1型为主(45.05%),共检出LP7(20.29%)和LP14(17.32%)等10个血清型。同一份水样同时检出两种不同血清型嗜肺军团菌的占样品量的9.18%。公共交通的集中空调冷却塔水检出率(21.38%)和夏季的检出率(20.43%)最高。结论:广州存在多菌型嗜肺军团菌污染,需加强卫生监督和采取综合措施以保障公共卫生安全。     

贵阳市2014年冷却塔水军团菌污染状况调查

目的:了解贵阳市不同类型公共场所冷却塔水军团菌污染状。方法:随机对贵阳市39家公共场所冷却塔水进行采样,按照《公共场所集中空调通风系统卫生规范》附录B空调系统军团菌的检验方法对水样进行检测。结果:79份冷却塔水军团菌检出率为35.44%(28/79),阳性率以酒店最高,为41.51%(22/53)。军团菌血清LP1型占89.66%(26/29)、LP2型占10.34%(3/29)。冷却水消毒与不消毒、有无藻类生长对军团菌检出差异有统计学意义。结论:贵阳市不同公共场所冷却塔水中存在军团菌的污染,军团菌污染可能与冷却塔水不消毒、有藻类生长有关,可以为控制冷却塔水军团菌污染提供依据。     

北京市朝阳区奥运场馆周边宾馆军团菌污染状况调查与防控措施

目的：为迎接奥运年的来临,调查北京市朝阳区奥运场馆周边四星级以上酒店通风系统和淋浴热水管道系统军团菌污染情况,并以此为依据,提出相应的防控措施。方法：采集在建或竣工奥运场馆周边的四星以上宾馆饭店共10家。其中淋浴水43份、淋浴喷头涂抹24份、集中空调冷却塔冷凝水21份做军团菌污染状况调查。结果：淋浴水检出3株嗜肺军团菌1型（阳性率为6.9%）,空调冷凝塔水中检出8株嗜肺军团菌（阳性率为38.1%）。菌型分布LP19株,LP2-142株。结论：酒店集中空调通风系统和淋浴热水管道系统军团菌污染情况较为严重,应采取清洗消毒、合理设计管道通风系统、定期安排相关人员体检等有效措施进行防控。     

上海奉贤区公共场所嗜肺军团菌污染状况调查

目的 应用PCR技术对奉贤地区部分公共场所空调冷却塔水及其他环境(淋浴设施等)进行军团菌污染状况调查.方法 于2010-05和2010-10,分别采集中央空调冷却塔水样品及环境样品用聚合酶链(PCR)对其进行嗜肺军团菌检测,同时用常规法进行分型鉴定.结果 采集的125份样品中,PCR法检出嗜肺军团菌45份,阳性检出率为36％,水样检出率远高于环境(分别为67.19％和3.28％).在检出的59株军团菌中共鉴定出6种不同菌型,其中LP1为重点菌型,占50.85％.且在同一样品中检出不同菌型有2株以上的占35.29％.结论 奉贤地区中央空调冷却塔及环境中存在军团菌污染.     

温州市部分公共场所集中空调冷却水军团菌污染状况

[目的]了解温州市公共场所集中空调冷却水中军团菌污染状况. [方法]分别于2010年、2011年共抽取温州市区30家公共场所[包括医院、宾馆(酒店)、超市(商场)]集中空调系统的冷却水126份.采用分离病原培养法及荧光定量聚合酶链反应(PCR)法进行军团菌检测. [结果]公共场所冷却塔水的军团菌检出率,2010年为62.50％,2011年为33.93％.共分离56株军团菌菌株,33株为嗜肺军团菌Lp1～15型,以Lp6、Lp1型为优势血清型,其中Lp6型占19.64％(11/56),Lp1型占17.86％(10/56),而且主要分布于医院检出的菌株中.荧光定量PCR法检测结果显示,56株军团菌16S rRNA均为阳性;且有35株mip基因检测阳性,阳性率为62.50％. [结论]温州市公共场所集中空调冷却水存在军团菌污染,以嗜肺军团菌LP6、LP1型为优势菌型.     

广东部分地区空调冷却塔水军团菌污染状况调查

目的了解广东省部分地区军团菌污染情况,为军团菌病的预防控制提供依据。方法对2004-2005年广东省部分地区各种场所空调冷却塔水共116份进行军团菌分离培养与鉴定。结果116份水样中共分离出军团菌73株,水样总阳性率为62.9%。检测出的军团菌以嗜肺军团菌(LP)为主,其中LP1型占42.50%。结论广东省部分地区空调冷却塔水中军团菌污染情况较为严重,需引起重视以防止军团菌病的暴发流行。     

泉州市中央空调冷却/冷凝水军团菌污染调查

目的 调查泉州地区公共场所中央空调系统嗜肺军团菌污染状况,为防控策略提供依据。方法 2008—2014年6~9月,采集泉州地区87家公共场所中央空调系统的冷却水、冷凝水水样,用分离培养、生化反应和微量凝集试验鉴定,荧光定量PCR验证。结果 共采集水样341份,嗜肺军团菌检出率31.4%(107/341)。其中冷却塔水检出率38.1%(104/273),冷凝水检出率4.4%(3/68);医院检出率48.1%(25/52),商场、超市、大型写字楼检出率38.8%(40/103),宾馆、酒店检出率22.6%(42/186);对107株嗜肺军团菌进行菌型鉴定,有6个血清型,以LP1型(37.4%)和LP8型(25.3%)为主,二者占62.6%。结论 泉州市中央空调系统冷却塔水检出率较高,医院和超市商场检出率较高,菌型呈多样性。应加强监测,加强空调系统的清洗、保洁,冷却塔是清洗消毒的重点。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.