CT扫描对微创经皮肾镜碎石术后疗效的预测价值

目的 探讨临床中术前CT扫描对微创经皮肾镜碎石术后疗效的预测应用价值.方法 采取回顾性方法选取本院2012年1月到2013年12月间的60例微创经皮肾镜碎石术患者的临床资料进行分析,分析手术前CT扫描结石状况,并且依据结石CT值进行分组,观察手术后的效果.结果 ＜750.0HU组患者穿刺次数为(1.0±0.1)次,≥750.0HU组患者穿刺次数为(2.2±0.2)次,＜750.0HU组患者穿刺次数明显的低于≥750.0HU组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).＜750.0HU组患者结石清除率、术后并发症发生率分别为85.7％、3.6％;≥750.0HU组患者结石清除率、术后并发症发生率分别为62.5％、12.5％;＜750.0HU组患者结石清除率高于≥750.0HU组,而＜750.0HU组术后并发症发生率明显的低于≥750.0HU组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 临床中术前CT扫描对微创经皮肾镜碎石术后疗效的预测,在临床中具有较高的应用价值.     

肺癌术后呼吸功能衰竭高危因素临床分析

目的 探讨肺癌术后发生呼吸功能衰竭的高危因素。方法 实验组采用肺癌术后呼吸衰竭21例,并以同期肺癌手术未发生呼衰的84例作为对照组,用x~2检验。结果 术后呼衰组的术前肺功能指标,如肺活量占预计值百分比(VC％)、最大通气量占预计值百分比(MVV％)、第一秒呼气容积(FEV1.0)、第一秒呼气量占用力肺活量百分比(FEV1.0/FVC％)等均明显低于无呼衰组。根据手术方式分析,袖式肺叶切除、肺叶切除组的呼衰发生率均低于全肺切除组。肺癌术后肺部感染亦导致呼衰发生率增高。结论 肺功能下降、术后肺部感染是肺癌术后呼吸功能衰竭的高危因素。肺功能较差的病人应尽量避免全肺切除。     

64层螺旋CT低剂量双相扫描测定肺体积评价慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者肺功能

目的探讨64层CT低剂量双相扫描肺体积测量指标评估慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者肺功能的价值。方法选择经临床肺功能检查确诊的36例COPD患者(COPD组)及30名健康体检者(正常对照组),采用64层CT行深吸气末、深呼气末全肺低剂量(50mAs)及常规剂量(100mAs)吸气末扫描,得出每次扫描的容积CT剂量指数(CTDIvol)和剂量长度乘积(DLP),并换算出有效剂量(ED)。以配对样本t检验比较两组间不同扫描剂量及不同呼吸状态下的CT-DIvol、DLP、ED;应用Fisher确切概率法比较CT图像质量。按扫描层数将全肺分为上、中、下3个肺区,应用Pulmo软件测量和计算COPD组与正常对照组的各体积指标:深吸气末体积(Vin)、深呼气末体积(Vex)、体积差(Vin-Vex)、体积比(Vex/Vin)、体积变化百分比(Vin-Vex)/Vin×100%。于CT检查前后3天完成PFT检查,对比研究指标为第1秒用力肺活量(FEV1)的实测值与预计值的比值(FEV1%)及FEV1与用力肺活量(FVC)的比值(FEV1/FVC)。结果所有图像均成功用于自动分割技术与数据处理。与正常对照组比较,COPD组除各肺区的Vin及上肺区Vin-Vex外,其余各体积指标差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05);Vex、Vex/Vin、(Vin-Vex)/Vin×100%均与FEV1%、FEV1/FVC存在相关性(P<0.01)。结论 64层CT低剂量双相扫描肺体积指标可较好评价COPD患者肺功能,临床应用价值较高。     

胸腔镜下肺叶切除术对早期老年肺癌患者的临床效果

目的探讨胸腔镜下肺叶切除术治疗老年早期肺癌患者临床效果及呼吸功能指标的影响。方法回顾分析2013年12月至2019年12月在本院行肺叶切除术患者86例,分两组各43例。对照组采用开胸手术治疗,观察组则行胸腔镜下肺叶切除术。对比两组患者手术前后的手术指标以及肺功能指标。结果对照组患者术中出血量、手术时间、引流液量、住院总时间均高于观察组(P0.05),术前两组患者肺功能指标用力肺活量(FVC)、第1秒用力呼气量(FEV1)及呼气峰值流速(PEF)比较(P0.05),术后观察组与对照组的FVC、FEV1、PEF同手术前相比降低(P0.05),且观察组FVC、FEV 1、PEF水平高于对照组(P0.05)。结论采用胸腔镜下肺叶切除术治疗老年早期肺癌患者疗效较好,呼吸功能影响较小,无明显不良反应及并发症,利于患者术后康复。     

完全电视胸腔镜肺段与肺叶切除术治疗早期肺癌的临床疗效研究

目的 探讨完全电视胸腔镜手术（VATS）治疗早期肺癌的疗效及安全性。方法 回顾性分析2021年1月至2021年12月于本院行VATS的患者74例的临床资料，依据手术方式不同，分为肺段切除组（37例，行VATS肺段切除术）与肺叶切除组（37例，行VATS肺叶切除术），所有患者术中均接受相应护理干预措施。术后3个月，比较两组手术指标、术前与术后肺功能指标[包括最大通气量（MVV）、用力肺活量（FVC）及第1秒钟用力呼气量与用力肺活量比值（FEV1%）]、皮肤受伤程度及并发症发生率。结果 两组患者术后引流量、淋巴结清扫数相比，差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）；肺段切除组患者的手术时间明显长于肺叶切除组，术中出血量、住院时间明显少/短于肺叶切除组，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）；术前，两组MVV、FVC、FEV1%水平相比，差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）；术后，肺段切除组MVV、FVC、FEV1%水平明显高于肺叶切除组，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）；肺段切除组皮肤无反应率高于肺叶切除组，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）；肺段切除组并发症发生率低于肺叶切除组...     

术前肺通气功能与术中肺通气功能和术后呼吸衰竭的关系

目的探讨机械通气时呼吸力学与术前肺功能的关系,确定术前肺通气功能参数能否预测术后呼吸衰竭。方法择期行肺切除术的原发性肺癌病人100例,ASAⅠ级或Ⅱ级,术前测定常规肺功能：第1秒用力呼气容量（FEV1）、用力肺活量（FVC）、第1秒用力呼气量与用力肺活量之比（FEV1/FVC）、最大肺活量（VC）、最大通气量（MVV）、75%肺活量位用力呼气流速（FEF75）、最大中期呼气流速（MMEF75/25）、功能残气量（FRC）和残气量与肺总量之比（RV/TLC）;脉冲震荡肺功能参数：共振频率（Fres）、呼吸总阻抗（Zres）、中心阻力（Rc）、5 Hz和20 Hz时粘性阻力（R5、R20）。插管后机械通气初始时记录双肺气道峰压和双肺胸肺顺应性,开胸单肺通气肺萎陷时记录单肺气道峰压（Ppeak）和单肺胸肺顺应性（CT）。单肺通气时Ppeak和CT与身高、体重及肺功能的关系采用多元逐步回归。一般情况和术前肺功能与术后呼吸衰竭的关系采用非条件logistic回归分析。根据术后是否发生呼吸衰竭分为2组：呼吸衰竭组（RF）和非呼吸衰竭组（NRF）。结果Ppeak与Zres、身高、体重和FEF75呈线性关系（R^2=0.504,P〈0.01）,CT与Zres、身高、VC和RV/TLC呈线性关系（R^2=0.602,P〈0.01）。与NRF组比较,RF组FEV1、FVC、FEV1/FVC、MVV和MMEF75/25均降低（P〈0.05或0.01）。年龄≥60岁的中老年患者FEV1≤60%、FEV1/FVC≤60%、MVV≤50%、MMEF75/25≤35%时,RF组术后呼吸衰竭发生率高于NRF组（P〈0.05或0.01）。logistic回归表明,年龄和MVV是术后呼吸衰竭的两个主要预测因素。结论术中单肺通气时Ppeak和CT分别与身高、体重和术前肺功能呈线性关系。年龄和MVV是术后呼吸衰竭的两个主要预测因素。     

肺功能测定对胸腹部手术危险性的预测

目的:探讨肺功能检测对胸腹部手术患者手术危险性评估的意义.方法:利用MASTER+APS肺功能测量仪对282例病人进行术前肺功能测定,主要指标包括用力肺活量(FVC)、FVC％,1s用力呼气量(FEV1),FEV1％,每分钟最大通气量(MVV),MVV％.分析肺功能与胸腹部手术危险性的关系(包括术后并发症、住院时间等).结果:随着肺功能的下降,手术危险性增加,并发症的发生率上升,住院天数增加.结论:对接受胸腹部手术的病人进行术前肺功能测定,可以了解病人的呼吸系统功能状况,对病人的手术耐受性和术后并发症做出恰当的判断,制定合理的治疗方案,最大限度的利用肺功能,有效减少术后并发症的发生,缩短手术时间,减少创伤,提高治愈率.     

蛛网膜下腔注射罗哌卡因对剖宫产术后患者肺功能的影响

目的 评价蛛网膜下腔注射罗哌卡因对剖宫产术后患者肺功能的影响.方法 选择拟行剖宫产术患者36例,ASA分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,年龄22 ～ 34岁,体重指数≤35 kg/m2,采用随机数字表法,将患者随机分为2组(n=18):布比卡因组(B组)和罗哌卡因组(R组).于L3,4蛛网膜下腔穿刺成功后,B组和R组分别注射0.5％布比卡因1.8 ml、1.0％罗哌卡因1.4ml,均用脑脊液稀释至3ml,注药时间10 s.于术前1 d(T0)及蛛网膜下腔给药后1 h(T1)、1.5 h(T2)、2 h(T3)时分别测定用力肺活量(FVC)、第1秒用力呼气量(FEV1)以及最大呼气峰流速(PEF),以FVC实测值低于预测值80％且FEV1实测值低于预测值70％为肺功能异常的标准.T1～3时记录运动阻滞评分.结果 与T0时比较,两组T1时FVC、FEV1下降,R组T1时PEF下降(P＜0.05);与T1时比较,两组T2、T3时FVC、FEV1差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),R组T2,3时PEF升高(P＜0.05).与B组比较,R组T1时PEF下降,T3时运动阻滞评分降低(P＜0.05).两组术后均未见肺功能异常发生.结论 对无呼吸合并症的剖宫产术患者而言,蛛网膜下腔注射常规剂量罗哌卡因与布比卡因虽然对肺功能指标有一定的抑制作用,但患者肺功能仍维持在正常范围.     

呼吸训练器在老年病人围术期的应用

将100例行外科手术的老年病人随机分为观察组和对照组各50例,对照组行常规护理,观察组在常规护理的基础上于术前、术后应用呼吸训练器进行呼吸功能锻炼.结果术前观察组1 s呼气量(FEV1)和深吸气量(IC)较锻炼前有明显改善(均P＜0.05),FEV1较对照组明显好转(P＜0.05);手术后观察组肺功能较对照组恢复迅速,术后3 d两组用力肺活量(FVC)、FEV1和IC及PaO2值比较,差异有显著性意义(均P＜0.05).肺部并发症发生率明显低于对照组(P＜0.05).提示应用呼吸训练器于老年病人围术期行呼吸功能锻炼能显著改善肺功能,增加肺功能储备,降低术后肺部并发症.     

单侧、双侧肺减容术后肺气肿兔动脉血气与肺通气功能的变化

目的 比较单侧、双侧肺减容术后肺气肿家兔动脉血气与肺通气功能的变化.方法 60只家兔随机分为正常对照(A组)、肺气肿(B组)、单侧假手术(C组)、单侧肺减容术(D组)、双侧假手术(E组)和双侧肺减容术(F组).除A组外,其余均采用吸烟加气管内滴注木瓜蛋白酶的方法制作成肺气肿模型.术后8周进行动脉血气分析和肺功能检查.结果 与B组比较,D组pH、氧分压(PaO2)和氧饱和度(SaO2)显著升高(P＜0.05),PaCO2显著降低(P＜0.05);F组pH、PaO2和SaO2显著升高(P ＜0.01),PaCO2显著降低(P＜0.01).与D组比较,F组pH、PaO2和SaO2显著升高(P＜0.05),PaCO2 显著降低(P＜0.05).与B组比较,C组和E组肺功能无显著性差异(P＞0.05);D组0.5s用力呼气容积( FEV0.5)和FEV0.5/FVC(用力肺活量)显著升高(P＜0.05),功能残气量(FRC )/TLC(肺总容积)、动态顺应性(Cld)和呼气相气道阻力(Re)显著降低(P＜0.05);F组FEV0.5和FEV0.5/FVC显著升高(P＜0.01),FRC/TLC、Cld和Re显著降低(P＜0.01).与D组比较,F组FEV0.5和FEV0.5/FVC显著升高(P＜0.05),FRC/TLC 、Cld和Re显著降低(P＜0.05).观察期内双侧肺减容术组兔死亡2只,其余各组兔均存活.结论 双侧肺减容术较单侧肺减容术更能改善动脉血气和肺通气功能.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.