Chartis系统联合经支气管镜呼气末CO_2监测定位难治性气胸漏气支气管3例及文献复习

目的探讨Chartis系统联合经支气管镜呼末气CO_2监测定位难治性气胸漏气支气管的价值。方法筛选2015年1月-2016年4月期间我院就诊的难治性气胸患者,且经Chartis系统检测考虑存在可疑漏气支气管3例,联合经支气管镜呼出气CO_2监测定位漏气支气管,然后进行选择性支气管封堵。结果 Chartis系统和呼气末CO_2监测的漏气支气管结果一致;对两例患者采取自体血加凝血酶封堵,1例置入EBV封堵。两例采用自体血封堵者分别于术后第6天及第4天停止漏气,EBV置入1例术后第3天停止漏气。3例患者术后随访6个月,未见气胸复发及其他不良反应。结论 Chartis系统联合Et CO_2监测定位难治性气胸漏气支气管,能提高定位成功率和准确性,特别是对于存在侧支旁路或多瘘口的病例有很高的临床应用价值。     

胸腔冲洗及引流在肺切除术后支气管胸膜瘘治疗中的应用观察

目的 观察胸腔冲洗及引流治疗肺切除术后支气管胸膜瘘的疗效.方法 6例肺切除术后发生支气管胸膜瘘的患者,根据瘘口直径大小,2例先行胸腔闭式引流,然后在纤维支气管镜下将一直径2 mm导管通过鼻腔经支气管残端瘘口置入胸腔,经导管向胸腔滴注生理盐水;1例采用纤维支气管镜经瘘口注入造影剂,CT下定位残腔并置管引流;3例于锁骨中线第2肋间置管作为冲洗管,于同一腔内低位置管引流.结果治愈4例,死亡2例.结论胸腔冲洗及充分引流治疗支气管胸膜瘘疗效良好.     

经支气管镜单向活瓣肺减容术的分析及护理

<正>经支气管镜肺减容术(bronchoscopic lung volume reduction,BLVR)是根据肺减容的原理,通过支气管镜将单向活瓣置入到靶支气管内,使靶区的气体出多进少,以最终达到靶区肺不张或体积显著缩小的减容效果,从而减轻对相对正常肺区的压迫、使低平的膈肌部分恢复型态、增加收缩力。BLVR对慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive     

应用引流管侧释放套管针胸腔内置入双腔球囊导尿管治疗气胸29例临床观察

目的 观察改良胸腔套管针胸腔内置入双腔球囊导尿管治疗气胸的疗效和安全性.方法 29例自发性气胸患者,应用引流管侧释放套管针,经胸壁胸腔内置入可冲洗胸腔引流管治疗气胸.结果 2周后有效率90%(23/29),无明显不良反应.结论 应用引流管侧释放套管针,胸腔内置入双腔球囊导尿管治疗气胸是一种简单、安全、价廉和有效的方法.     

硝酸银治疗难治性气胸12例报告

开放性气胸或张力性气胸经胸腔水封瓶闭式引流3周后仍溢出气体者称难治性气胸。近年来, 我们采用硝酸银治疗难治性气胸12例,取得了满意疗效。 资料与方法:本组12例均经胸部X线检查确诊为气胸。男9例,女3例;年龄23～67岁。开放性气胸7例,张力性气胸5例,其中3例为复发性。患侧肺被压缩均>50％以上,其中5例>90％。12例患者经胸腔水封瓶闭式引流3周后,引流瓶内仍有气泡溢出,考虑为胸膜破裂口未愈所致,故采用胸膜药物粘连术。术前肌注度冷丁50mg。取0.1％硝酸银液20ml通过胸腔闭式引流管注入,嘱反复转动体位,再在臀部垫上枕头稍向患侧偏斜后转动体位,使药液达肺上部。引流管保持通畅,观察有无     

选择性支气管封堵术治疗18例难治性气胸的临床体会

目的 探讨球囊探查加选择性支气管封堵术治疗难治性气胸的疗效、安全性及并发症.方法 选取我院2013年8月至2015年8月期间18例难治性气胸患者,进行球囊探查加选择性支气管封堵术治疗.在常规电子支气管镜检查基础上采用双腔球囊导管对脏层胸膜瘘口所属的引流支气管进行探查定位,然后经双腔导管确认的目标支气管注入不同剂量的自身全血加凝血酶,观察是否成功封堵及相关并发症.结果 16例成功定位引流支气管,2例无法探查到引流支气管.对16例球囊探查成功者顺利施行自体血封堵术,首次封堵成功13例,其中3例于72 h内复发,对该3例行第2次封堵后2例成功,另1例封堵失败患者转入胸外科行手术治疗.封堵术最终成功并顺利拔出胸腔引流管12例,失败4例.在失败的4例中l例患者签字带管出院(跟踪随访半月,胸腔引流瓶内未见气泡逸出,复查胸片提示肺复张,遂拔出胸腔引流管);另外3例未探查到引流支气管,其中2例转入胸外科行手术治疗.结论 球囊探查加选择性支气管封堵术是治疗难治性气胸安全、有效、可行的介入治疗方法.     

选择性支气管封堵术在难治性气胸治疗中的应用

目的评价选择性支气管封堵术在难治性气胸治疗中的应用价值。方法 2010年1月至2015年1月共有26例难治性气胸患者于本院行选择性支气管封堵术,在支气管镜下寻找胸膜瘘口所属支气管,局部注入纤维蛋白原加凝血酶。观察疗效及并发症。结果 26例患者中,21例第1次封堵成功,2例第2次封堵成功,3例转胸外科行外科手术治疗,最终封堵成功率为88.5%(23/26)。术后复查CT,均未发生肺不张。术中共有10例患者出现一过性SaO_2下降,均自行恢复。2例出现术后低热,经对症治疗后恢复。结论选择性支气管封堵术是治疗难治性气胸的安全有效的方法,值得临床推广。     

经纤维支气管镜肺减容术对猪肺气肿并发症的影响及安全性

目的探讨经纤维支气管镜肺减容术(BLVR)治疗小型猪肺气肿动物模型的并发症发生率及BLVR的安全性。方法小型猪8只,制作出肺气肿动物模型。然后经纤维支气管镜置入单向活瓣装置,通过术前、术后的肺CT影像改变及肺组织病理改变,比较活瓣置入前后的效果。结果置入单向活瓣装置后猪左肺CT较实验前相比体积缩小,恢复正常的肺纹理。肺大体病理学观察:放置活瓣后,远端肺组织可见肺组织外观体积局限性缩小,颜色为暗褐色。HE染色后光镜下病理学观察,放置活瓣远端肺组织可见肺泡萎陷,明显与周围组织形成分界。结论经纤维支气管镜单向活瓣装置肺减容术是切实有效的,为晚期肺气肿的治疗提供了新思路、新方法;同时也为支气管单向活瓣装置的国产化提供了一个基本模型。     

Dumon 支架治疗气道消化道瘘31例近期疗效观察

目的：探讨 Dumon 硅酮支架治疗气道消化道瘘的近期疗效及可行性。方法回顾性分析了在本中心经硬质支气管镜放置 Dumon 支架治疗的气道消化道瘘31例，包括气道食管瘘23例(气管食管瘘16例，左主支气管食管瘘6例，右中间支气管食管瘘1例)，气道胸腔胃瘘6例(气管胸腔胃瘘3例，右主支气管胸腔胃瘘3例)，气管吻合口瘘1例，同时有气管食管瘘、左主支气管吻合口瘘2个瘘口1例。支架置入后对患者的近期疗效进行评估。结果31例(32个瘘口)均成功植入支架，共放置 Y 型支架28枚，直管型支架3枚，沙漏状支架1枚。完全缓解15例(48.4%)，部分缓解13例(41.9%)，无效3例(9.7%)，总有效率为90.3%。主要并发症有痰液潴留、肉芽增生、咳嗽、支架移位。结论 Dumon 硅酮支架治疗气道消化道瘘封堵瘘口效果良好，操作安全，并发症可接受。     

胸腔冲洗在结核性支气管胸膜瘘术前治疗中的价值(附68例报告)

回顾性分析2010年1月至2016年12月河北省胸科医院胸外科收治的68例结核性支气管胸膜瘘患者的临床资料。68例患者均给予规律有效的抗结核药物治疗12~18个月,术前均通过胸腔冲洗(根据细菌培养情况给予生理盐水+异烟肼,或生理盐水+左氧氟沙星,或生理盐水+醋酸氯已定)治疗3~12个月,后经单纯胸腔冲洗、胸膜纤维板剥脱术、支气管胸膜瘘修补术、胸廓成形术等方法治疗。结果显示,68例患者经单纯胸腔冲洗瘘口闭合未行手术治疗治愈者7例;行胸膜纤维板剥脱及瘘口修补术治愈20例;行胸廓成形及瘘口修补术治愈38例;长期带管生存3例。对结核性支气管胸膜瘘患者术前应用胸腔冲洗可有效控制胸腔感染,为后期手术创造有利条件。     

Efficacy and complications of transthoracic needle biopsy of lung in patients with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and AIDS

Transthoracic needle biopsy of lung was performed under fluoroscopic guidance in 16 patients with AIDS or suspected AIDS for diagnosing 18 episodes of possible P carinii infection. Diagnostic information was obtained in 15 of 18 cases. P carinii (10) and other infections agents (5) were diagnosed by TNB. The complications were pneumothorax in 44% (17% requiring chest tube drainage) and minor hemoptysis in 11%. Our incidence of pneumothorax following TNB in patients with diseases other than AIDS is 17% with 4.8% requiring chest tube drainage. Although TNB under fluoroscopic guidance is a cost-effective, rapid procedure with a high diagnostic yield, it is frequently complicated by pneumothorax in AIDS patients with diffuse pulmonary disease. This procedure should therefore only be performed in AIDS patients when transbronchial biopsy has failed to provide the diagnosis and prior to considering such patients for open lung biopsy.     

The efficacy of endobronchial valves for the treatment of bronchopleural fistula: a single-arm clinical trial

BackgroundA bronchopleural fistula (BPF) is defined as communication between the bronchus and pleural cavity, and it is a dreaded complication of severe pulmonary disease. Surgical intervention, pleurodesis, and prolonged chest tube drainage have several disadvantages. To overcome these, many attempts have been made to treat BPF with bronchoscopy, especially with the insertion of an endobronchial one-way valve (EBV). Endobronchial valves for the treatment of BPF which had less trauma, relatively short operation time, better safety, and patients are more likely to accept this operation. If there is a definite efficacy, it should be widely used in later clinical practice. This study aimed to confirm the efficacy of endobronchial valves for the treatment of BPF.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed data from 26 patients who were treated for BPF using an EBV between August 2017 and October 2020. This sample constitutes all patients treated in our hospital (Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine) for this condition and with this intervention during this timeframe. We collected general information about the patient, complications of the procedure, and chest tube indwelling to assess the efficacy and safety of the procedure.ResultsA total of 26 patients underwent EBV placement procedures; left upper lobe (LUL) was the most common lobe in which the valves were placed. The underlying etiologies for BPF were postoperative BPF (50%; n=14), pneumothorax (15%; n=4), non-tuberculosis mycobacteria (NTM) (19%; n=5), and tuberculosis (12%; n=3). Eleven patients underwent chest tube insertion. The average chest tube duration in the group of patients before receiving valves was 66 days (median, 65 days; range, 14–187 days). The average duration after which the chest tube was removed was 17.5 days after EBV placement (median, 7 days; range, 2–90 days). The effective rate of EBV for the treatment of BPF was 73.1%. Patients for whom the valves were not removed, there were no valve related complications.ConclusionsEBV placement is a relatively mature procedure, which is safe and effective, and generates less trauma and fewer complications. And this intervention may be suitable for wide application in clinical practice.     

Chartis系统辅助经支气管镜肺减容术治疗重度慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并肺气肿1例临床观察

目的介绍Chartis系统辅助的经支气管镜肺减容术(BLVR)的方法及提高对其认识。方法对2011-05-05中国医科大学附属第一医院收治的1例重度慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)合并肺气肿患者行Chartis系统辅助的BLVR治疗的诊治过程及短期疗效。结果与治疗前比较,患者Chartis系统辅助的BLVR术后3个月的肺功能和圣乔治呼吸问卷(SGRQ)各指标得到了改善,6MWT中SpO2min略有提高,且出现SpO2min时的步行距离有所提高。术后第4天出现1枚气道瓣膜脱出,经重新植入后恢复良好。结论 Chartis系统辅助的BLVR安全、有效,并发症少。     

Radiotherapy: a novel treatment for pneumothorax.

Pneumothorax is a relatively common condition that is usually managed either conservatively, by chest tube drainage or, if a refractory air leak persists, then with cardiothoracic intervention. However, there is a small group of patients with a persistent air leak in whom surgical intervention is felt to be inappropriate. This study looks at a novel management strategy in a patient presenting with this scenario. A male with underlying bullous lung disease presented with a right pneumothorax. Complete re-expansion was not achieved, despite chest tube drainage and suction. Cardiothoracic intervention was felt to be inappropriate and the air leak persisted despite prolonged conservative management. Ventilation scintigraphy was therefore used to localise the air leak prior to targeted radiotherapy in an attempt to seal the leak via radiation-induced fibrosis. Three weeks after the first fraction of radiotherapy, the air leak ceased. In complex cases of pneumothorax with persistent air leak where cardiothoracic intervention is deemed inappropriate, identification of the air leak site and localised radiotherapy could be considered.     

133Xenon ventilation scintigraphy applied to bronchoscopic lung volume reduction techniques for emphysema: relevance of interlobar collaterals

BACKGROUND: 133Xenon ventilation scintigraphy and (99m)Tc-MAA perfusion scintigraphy can be used to assess dynamic ventilation patterns in patients with severe emphysema. AIM: To describe the scintigraphic features of attempted bronchoscopic lung volume reduction (BLVR), exploring mechanisms that might explain the unexpected lack of postoperative atelectasis. METHODS: Five patients with heterogenous severe upper lobe emphysema were evaluated with 133Xenon ventilation and (99m)Tc-MAA perfusion scintigraphy, chest radiography, bronchoscopy and high resolution computed tomography before and up to 1 month after endoscopic placement of bronchial prostheses (BLVR). Ex vivo assessment of the lungs of two further patients with severe upper lobe emphysema was performed. RESULTS: No significant subsegmental or lobar collapse was evident on post-procedure chest radiography or high resolution computed tomography, despite bronchoscopic confirmation of adequate position and functioning of prostheses. 133Xenon ventilation scintigraphy confirms significantly decreased upper lobe wash-in (P < 0.023), unchanged lower lobe wash-in and significantly increased lower lobe wash-out rates (P < 0.005) after BLVR. Significant redistribution of perfusion to the lower lobes occurred after BLVR (P < 0.025). Ex vivo experiments on explanted emphysematous lungs demonstrated that these findings could best be explained by collateral interlobar ventilation, which was calculated in one specimen to be as high as 15% of total lower lobe ventilation. Peri-valvular leak is a much less likely possibility. CONCLUSION: 133Xenon ventilation scintigraphy indicated the presence of significant interlobar collateral ventilation in patients with severe emphysema that may have major relevance to these novel alternative techniques to lung volume reduction surgery. 133Xenon scintigraphy can be used in the evaluation of severe emphysema before and after novel therapeutic interventions.     

Intractable pneumothorax successfully treated by talc slurry pleurodesis and video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery in a patient with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis]

Pneumothorax associated with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is intractable and often fatal because the patients are usually under a long-term steroid therapy, and are associated with severely impaired lung function. Further, pneumothorax itself recurs frequently, and acute exacerbation of IPF may develop after a surgical intervention. Here, we describe a case of intractable pneumothorax developed in a patient with IPF who was successfully treated with repeated talc pleurodesis combined with video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery under local anesthesia. A 67-year-old male with IPF who was under a long-term treatment with steroid, developed right-sided pneumothorax. A chest drainage tube was placed in the right pleural cavity, and repeated pleurodesis with minocycline or fibrinogen was challenged, but the outcome turned out to be unsuccessful. Then, talc slurry was applied repeatedly, resulting in a high-grade fever associated with reactive accumulation of pleural effusion. However, air leakage did not cease completely despite the eight-times pleurodesis with talc using 16 g in total. Finally, video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery under local anesthesia was undertaken and the pulmonary fistula was successfully closed.     

The use of endobronchial valve device to eliminate air leak

We evaluated an endobronchial valve device in the treatment of surgically created air leak or pneumothorax by eliminating antegrade flow. METHODS: Six sheep underwent general anesthesia with positive pressure ventilation and left thoracotomy. After division of the mediastinal pleura, the contralateral cranial lobe was identified and a 2.5 cmx1.5 cm laceration created with resultant air leak. Using bronchoscopy, we deployed a valve device in the bronchus of the injured segment. Chest drainage tube was placed and the thoracotomy closed. At 1 week (n=3) and 4 weeks (n=3), the animals underwent general anesthesia, bronchoscopy and right thoracotomy. RESULTS: All animals survived the procedure. Bronchoscopic valve device placement in the segmental bronchus resolved the air leak immediately. After closure of thoracotomy, the chest tube demonstrated minimal drainage with no air leak. At 1 and 4 weeks, bronchoscopy showed no change in device location, and the treated segments were atelectatic with fibrous scar at the injured site. CONCLUSIONS: Collapse of a selected lung segment with resolution of air leak can be achieved using bronchoscopically implanted valve device. The valve device may facilitate treatment of patients with post-surgical or post-traumatic persistent air leak.     

Simultaneous bilateral spontaneous pneumothoraces

Seven cases (1.9%) of simultaneous bilateral pneumothoraces were found in a retrospective study of 377 patients with spontaneous pneumothorax during the period from July, 1977 to June, 1989. Their symptoms were essentially those of unilateral pneumothorax, but with more severe dyspnea. All but two cases, both young, had underlying pulmonary diseases. Three (two lung cancers and one metastatic lung disease) had malignant pulmonary disease. During this period, five lung cancer patients were complicated with pneumothorax, and two of them had simultaneous bilateral pneumothoraces. Therefore the frequency of bilateral pneumothoraces in the lung cancer patients associated with pneumothorax is high. In these three patients with malignant disease, tube drainage was carried out but all died of respiratory failure. Two senile patients had small bilateral pneumothoraces. Bed rest without invasive treatment led to successful cure. Two younger patients without underlying pathology initially underwent tube drainage, followed by operation. We conclude that many patients with simultaneous bilateral spontaneous pneumothoraces have underlying pulmonary disease, the frequency of lung cancer being particularly high. Young patients without underlying disease should be operated on following alleviation of symptoms by tube drainage. Older patients and patients with malignancy should be treated with great care and individually.     

Lung cancer detected in a patient under age 40 treated for pneumothorax]

We report a case of lung cancer in a relatively young patient who presented pneumothorax. A 31-year-old man complaining of pressure in his left chest was admitted with left pneumothorax disclosed on X-ray film. Although pleural drainage was performed for a week, the left lung did not expand well, and surgical treatment was required. During surgery, a tumor (1.5 x 1.0 cm in size) was discovered in the upper lobe of the left lung (S3). Histopathological examination revealed that it was a large cell carcinoma. People under the age of 40 account for only a small fraction of the entire lung cancer patient population. Pneumothorax occurs together with lung cancer, especially in people under age 40. We reasoned that lung cancer should be considered a possible complication in patients under 40 who experience recurrent or prolonged bouts of pneumothorax.     

Cardiac output increases prior to development of pulmonary edema after re-expansion of spontaneous pneumothorax

Pulmonary edema following reexpansion of spontaneous pneumothorax is an uncommon complication. The underlying mechanism of this condition is unclear. We report the hemodynamic characteristics in a series of 7 male patients with spontaneous large (>50%) pneumothoraces of > or = 24 h and correlate the changes with reexpansion pulmonary edema (REPE). A pulmonary artery floatation catheter was inserted and hemodynamic data were obtained before therapeutic chest tube insertion, 1 h after chest tube insertion and the following day. Four (57%) patients developed REPE. There was a tendency for larger pneumothorax to develop REPE. Capillary wedge pressure did not change significantly 1 h after the insertion of chest tube in all our patients. Cardiac output increased significantly in patients who developed REPE compared to those who did not (+ 1.06 l/min vs -0.27 l/min; P = 0.03) 1 h after insertion of chest tube. One patient did not develop pulmonary edema despite having a large (> 80%) pneumothorax. His cardiac output did not rise 1 h after chest tube insertion. REPE is not an uncommon complication following chest tube drainage in patients with large and long-standing pneumothorax. The increase in cardiac output after chest tube insertion may be associated with subsequent development of REPE.