基于冠状动脉CT造影的血流储备分数在冠状动脉疾病中的诊断价值

目的探讨基于冠状动脉CT造影的血流储备分数(CT-FFR)在冠状动脉疾病(CHD)诊治中的临床指导意义。方法选取在我院接受冠状动脉CTA(CCTA)检查的患者87例,筛选符合条件血管,评估狭窄程度,并将图像导入数坤AI软件分析CT-FFR值。CT-FFR<0.75或冠状动脉CTA中度以上狭窄(狭窄程度≥50.0%)推荐血运重建手术;CT-FFR≥0.75或冠状动脉中度以下狭窄(狭窄程度<50.0%)推荐药物维持,随访患者实际接受的临床决策,比较冠状动脉CTA方法和CT-FFR方法对冠状动脉疾病的临床指导价值。结果入选136支血管,接受血运重建手术(支架植入或搭桥手术)共27例/48支,药物维持治疗60例/88支。CT-FFR方法灵敏度75.0%,特异度92.1%;冠状动脉CTA方法灵敏度79.2%,特异度60.2%,两者灵敏度差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),特异度差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。结论基于冠状动脉CT造影血流储备分数对心肌缺血有单独预测价值,可以指导临床决策。     

冠状动脉CT血管成像血流储备分数研究进展

血流储备分数(FFR)是评价冠状动脉血管生理功能的金标准,利用冠状动脉CT血管成像(CCTA)获得的冠状动脉图像进行流体力学运算,得到的FFR值(CT-FFR)能够无创性评估冠状动脉血流动力学改变,从而同步实现对冠状动脉疾病(CAD)患者缺血病灶解剖和功能的评估.CT-FFR与FFR具有良好的相关性,有利于指导CAD患...     

HIV感染患者冠状动脉斑块特征定量参数、高危斑块形态特征与CT-FFR的相关性研究

目的 基于冠状动脉CT血管造影(CCTA)研究人类免疫缺陷病毒感染[HIV(+)]患者中冠状动脉斑块特征参数及高危斑块形态学特征与血流储备分数(FFR)测量值之间的相关性。方法 回顾性分析行CCTA检查的121例HIV(+)共167支血管的临床及影像资料。所有患者均接受CCTA检查。测量计算冠状动脉血管基于CCTA的无创性血流储备分数(CT-FFR)值,将CT-FFR≤0.80定义为冠状动脉缺血性改变,并依据CT-FFR值将其分为CT-FFR>0.80组(n=103)和CT-FFR≤0.80组(n=64)。使用半自动软件测量其斑块特征参数：斑块总体积、脂质斑块体积、钙化斑块体积、纤维斑块体积、非钙化斑块体积、最小管腔面积、斑块长度、狭窄程度、重塑指数及偏心指数;分析高危斑块形态学特征：低衰减斑块、正性重构、点状钙斑、“餐巾环征”。分析比较两组间冠状动脉斑块特征参数及高危斑块形态特征的差异,采用单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析CT-FFR≤0.80的相关危险因素。结果 与CT-FFR>0.80组相比,CT-FFR≤0.80组中斑块长度更长[13.2 mm(8.5 mm,...     

基于CCTA的ΔCT-FFR对重度钙化冠状动脉功能学评估的临床价值分析

目的 探讨基于冠状动脉计算机断层扫描血管成像(CCTA)的血流储备分数(CT-FFR)和冠状动脉病变最严重狭窄处的近端与远端CT-FFR测量差值(ΔCT-FFR)对重度钙化冠状动脉功能学评估诊断效能的临床价值。方法 收集2018年1月-2019年6月解放军总医院心血管内科收治住院的107例冠心病(CAD)患者的149支血管进行回顾性分析。所有患者住院期间依次进行CCTA、CT-FFR、侵入性冠状动脉造影(ICA)和有创血流储备分数(FFR)检查。以单支冠状动脉钙化积分(CACS)≥100判断为血管水平的重度钙化,根据CACS水平将冠状动脉分为CACS≥100组(n=56)和CACS<100组(n=93)。以FFR≤0.8作为诊断冠状动脉血流动力学异常的“金标准”,ΔCT-FFR定义为冠状动脉病变最严重狭窄处近端与远端CTFFR的测量差值。采用Pearson相关和Bland-Altman图评估血管水平CT-FFR与FFR值的相关性和一致性。通过ΔCT-FFR校正CT-FFR的检测结果,使用Delong检验比较不同诊断方法间受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)的曲线下面积(AUC),在血管水...     

图像质量对冠状动脉CT血流储备分数诊断效能的影响

目的探讨冠状动脉CT血管成像(CCTA)图像质量及其相关因素对CT血流储备分数(CT-FFR)诊断效能的影响。方法该研究基于CT-FFR CHINA临床试验, 多中心前瞻性纳入疑诊冠心病患者, 并行CCTA、CT-FFR检查和经导管血流储备分数(FFR)测量。对CCTA图像质量进行主观和客观评价, 以导管FFR为参考标准, 使用χ2检验和DeLong检验比较不同主观图像质量分组(无伪影组、有伪影组)、冠状动脉血管强化程度(≤400、401～500、>500 HU)、主动脉根部信噪比(SNR)(≤16.9、>16.9)、体质指数(BMI)(<25、≥25 kg/m2)和心率组(<75、≥75次/min)间CT-FFR诊断心肌缺血准确度、灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、受试者操作特征曲线下面积(AUC)的差异。FFR与CT-FFR≤0.8认为心肌缺血。结果本研究共纳入317例患者, 共366支血管。CCTA图像所有靶血管均成功进行CT-FFR分析, 无伪影组准确度、灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、AUC分别为90.45%、86.75%、93.10%、...     

光谱CT碘密度成像与CT-FFR预测主要心血管不良事件的效能比较

目的 探讨光谱CT碘密度成像与基于人工智能技术的冠状动脉CT血流储备分数(CT-FFR)预测主要心血管不良事件(MACE)的相关性。方法 回顾性分析2021年1月至6月在常熟市第二人民医院采用双层探测器光谱CT行冠状动脉CT血管造影(CCTA)检查的62例胸痛患者的临床和影像资料,分析冠状动脉管腔狭窄程度并于碘密度图定量评估左心室心肌灌注情况;通过人工智能技术(DV-FFR)计算CT-FFR,随访患者6个月后MACE是否发生。以有无MACE发生为参考标准,通过受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)评估CCTA、CT-FFR和碘密度图的灵敏度和特异度,并分析其预测MACE的效能。结果 发生MACE组(n=12)与未发生MACE组(n=50)两组患者间年龄、性别及危险因素差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。缺血心肌碘浓度(IC)值明显低于远处正常心肌(t=-14.573,P<0.001),且缺血心肌的标准化碘浓度(NIC)值低于正常心肌的NIC值(t=-17.952,P<0.001)。碘密度图预测MACE的灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为80%、100%、100%、9...     

基于冠状动脉CT血管成像的狭窄率与斑块特征联合分析对提高CT诊断心肌缺血效能的价值

目的:探究冠状动脉CTA（CCTA）诊断的狭窄程度与斑块特征联合应用对冠状动脉缺血病变的诊断效能。方法:2018年11月至2020年3月,在全国5家临床试验中心纳入疑诊或已知冠心病并拟行冠状动脉造影（ICA）的患者,所有患者于1周内依次行CCTA、ICA及血流储备分数（FFR）检查。测量并收集所有病变血管的斑块特征,包...     

第2代追踪冻结技术下冠状动脉钙化积分、CAD-RADS评分及CT血流储备分数的相关性分析

目的 ：探讨512层螺旋CT第2代追踪冻结技术（SSF2）下冠状动脉钙化积分（CACS）、CT血流储备分数（CT-FFR）与冠状动脉疾病报告和数据系统（CAD-RADS评分）的相关性。方法：以行冠状动脉CT血管成像（CCTA）检查的42例疑似冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病（冠心病）患者为研究对象,检查数据行SSF2算法校正重建与标准重建,比较不同重建方式下图像质量评分、密度、噪声及SNR差异。通过SSF2分析患者的左前降支、左旋支、右冠状动脉CT-FFR值、CACS及狭窄程度,分析CT-FFR、CACS与冠状动脉狭窄程度的相关性。结果：SSF2重建与标准重建比较,图像质量评分更高、噪声更低、SNR更好（均P<0.05）。2名医师对SSF2重建图像质量评判的一致性较好（K=0.848,P<0.001）。左前降支中段、左旋支近段及右冠状动脉远段中度以上狭窄占比均较高。左前降支、左旋支及右冠状动脉均以混合斑块占比较高。左前降支重度钙化、左旋支无钙化及右冠状动脉轻度钙化占比均较高。左前降支、左旋支、右冠状动脉的CAD-RADS评分与CACS均呈中度正相关（r=0.519,0.554,0....     

冠状动脉CT血流储备分数评估心肌缺血：基于计算流体力学仿真技术

目的:探讨国产首款基于计算流体力学仿真技术的计算软件测量的冠状动脉CT血流储备分数(CT-FFR)对心肌缺血的诊断价值。方法:回顾性将临床疑似或已知为冠心病而在本院行冠状动脉CTA和有创性冠脉动脉造影(ICA)检查且有完整FFR测量(ICA-FFR)数据的44例患者(共55支血管)纳入本研究。由独立核心实验室基于CTA图像重建三维血管模型,通过仿真计算得到血管狭窄处的CT-FFR值(≤0.8为心肌缺血风险高),同时计算狭窄位置近端和远端2cm处CT-FFR值的差值(△CT-FFR)。基于CTA和ICA,分别获得冠脉狭窄处的血管狭窄率(SR)。以ICA-FFR≤0.8作为心肌缺血的诊断标准,采用ROC曲线分析评估CT-FFR、△CT-FFR、ICA-SR和CTA-SR对心肌缺血的诊断效能。分别采用Pearson相关分析和Bland-Altman分析评估CT-FFR和ICA-FFR之间的相关性和一致性。结果:基于血管水平,CT-FFR、△CT-FFR、ICA-SR和CTA-SR诊断心肌缺血的AUC分别为0.914(95%CI:0.807～0.973,P<0.001)、0.902(95...     

FFR CT对CCTA判定冠状动脉临界狭窄病变血流动力学变化的分析

目的评价基于冠状动脉CT血管成像（CCTA）的冠状动脉血流储备分数（FFR_CT）对CCTA判定临界狭窄病变冠状动脉血流动力学变化的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析了18例同时进行CCTA和有创冠状动脉造影（ICA）的病人,男13例,女5例,年龄49~76岁,平均（61±9）岁。选择冠状动脉临界狭窄病变（狭窄率为50%~70%）为靶血管,经ICA测定血流储备分数（FFR）;记录CCTA影像数据,计算FFR_CT。FFR及FFR_CT均以≤0.80表示受累冠状动脉出现血流动力学改变并需要进一步治疗。以FFR为金标准,计算CCTA及FFR_CT的诊断准确度、敏感度、特异度、阴性预测值及阳性预测值,通过绘制受试者操作特征（ROC）曲线并采用Bland-Altman分析及Spearman相关分析评价CCTA狭窄及FFR_CT对冠状动脉缺血的诊断效能。结果18例病人共27段冠状动脉接受评价,以FFR为金标准,FFR_CT诊断准确度88.9%,敏感度100%,特异度62.5%,阳性预测值86.4%,阴性预测值100%;FFR_CT与FFR呈中等程度相关（r=0.663,P<0.001）;Bland-Altman分析显示FFR_CT与FFR的一致性较好（95%CI：-0.23~0.20）,96.3%（26/27）的点落在一致性界限内,3.7%（1/27）的点在?95%一致性界限外。FFR_CT?ROC曲线下面积大于CCTA的（分别为0.947、0.500,P<0.001）。结论对于冠状动脉临界狭窄病变血流动力学变化的评价,FFR_CT能够提高CCTA在冠状动脉临界狭窄病变缺血方面的诊断能力。     

Pre-procedural planning of coronary revascularization by cardiac computed tomography: An expert consensus document of the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography

Coronary CT angiography (CCTA) demonstrated high diagnostic accuracy for detecting coronary artery disease (CAD) and a key role in the management of patients with low-to-intermediate pretest likelihood of CAD. However, the clinical information provided by this noninvasive method is still regarded insufficient in patients with diffuse and complex CAD and for planning percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and surgical revascularization procedures. On the other hand, technology advancements have recently shown to improve CCTA diagnostic accuracy in patients with diffuse and calcific stenoses. Moreover, stress CT myocardial perfusion imaging (CT-MPI) and fractional flow reserve derived from CCTA (CT-FFR) have been introduced in clinical practice as new tools for evaluating the functional relevance of coronary stenoses, with the possibility to overcome the main CCTA drawback, i.e. anatomical assessment only. The potential value of CCTA to plan and guide interventional procedures lies in the wide range of information it can provide: a) detailed evaluation of plaque extension, volume and composition; b) prediction of procedural success of CTO PCI using scores derived from CCTA; c) identification of coronary lesions requiring additional techniques (e.g., atherectomy and lithotripsy) to improve stent implantation success by assessing calcium score and calcific plaque distribution; d) assessment of CCTA-derived Syntax Score and Syntax Score II, which allows to select the mode of revascularization (PCI or CABG) in patients with complex and multivessel CAD.The aim of this Consensus Document is to review and discuss the available data supporting the role of CCTA, CT-FFR and stress CT-MPI in the preprocedural and possibly intraprocedural planning and guidance of myocardial revascularization interventions.     

Prognostic value of CT myocardial perfusion imaging and CT-derived fractional flow reserve for major adverse cardiac events in patients with coronary artery disease

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to analyze the prognostic value of dynamic CT perfusion imaging (CTP) and CT derived fractional flow reserve (CT-FFR) for major adverse cardiac events (MACE).Methods81 patients from 4 institutions underwent coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) with dynamic CTP imaging and CT-FFR analysis. Patients were followed-up at 6, 12, and 18 months after imaging. MACE were defined as cardiac death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, unstable angina requiring hospitalization, or revascularization. CT-FFR was computed for each major coronary artery using an artificial intelligence-based application. CTP studies were analyzed per vessel territory using an index myocardial blood flow, the ratio between territory and global MBF. The prognostic value of CCTA, CT-FFR, and CTP was investigated with a univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression model.Results243 vessels in 81 patients were interrogated by CCTA with CT-FFR and 243 vessel territories (1296 segments) were evaluated with dynamic CTP imaging. Of the 81 patients, 25 (31%) experienced MACE during follow-up. In univariate analysis, a positive index-MBF resulted in the largest risk for MACE (HR 11.4) compared to CCTA (HR 2.6) and CT-FFR (HR 4.6). In multivariate analysis, including clinical factors, CCTA, CT-FFR, and index-MBF, only index-MBF significantly contributed to the risk of MACE (HR 10.1), unlike CCTA (HR 1.2) and CT-FFR (HR 2.2).ConclusionOur study provides initial evidence that dynamic CTP alone has the highest prognostic value for MACE compared to CCTA and CT-FFR individually or a combination of the three, independent of clinical risk factors.     

CT Fractional Flow Reserve for the Diagnosis of Myocardial Bridging-Related Ischemia: A Study Using Dynamic CT Myocardial Perfusion Imaging as a Reference Standard

ObjectiveTo investigate the diagnostic performance of CT fractional flow reserve (CT-FFR) for myocardial bridging-related ischemia using dynamic CT myocardial perfusion imaging (CT-MPI) as a reference standard.Materials and MethodsDynamic CT-MPI and coronary CT angiography (CCTA) data obtained from 498 symptomatic patients were retrospectively reviewed. Seventy-five patients (mean age ± standard deviation, 62.7 ± 13.2 years; 48 males) who showed myocardial bridging in the left anterior descending artery without concomitant obstructive stenosis on the imaging were included. The change in CT-FFR across myocardial bridging (ΔCT-FFR, defined as the difference in CT-FFR values between the proximal and distal ends of the myocardial bridging) in different cardiac phases, as well as other anatomical parameters, were measured to evaluate their performance for diagnosing myocardial bridging-related myocardial ischemia using dynamic CT-MPI as the reference standard (myocardial blood flow < 100 mL/100 mL/min or myocardial blood flow ratio ≤ 0.8).ResultsΔCT-FFR_systolic (ΔCT-FFR calculated in the best systolic phase) was higher in patients with vs. without myocardial bridging-related myocardial ischemia (median [interquartile range], 0.12 [0.08–0.17] vs. 0.04 [0.01–0.07], p < 0.001), while CT-FFR_systolic (CT-FFR distal to the myocardial bridging calculated in the best systolic phase) was lower (0.85 [0.81–0.89] vs. 0.91 [0.88–0.96], p = 0.043). In contrast, ΔCT-FFR_diastolic (ΔCT-FFR calculated in the best diastolic phase) and CT-FFR_diastolic (CT-FFR distal to the myocardial bridging calculated in the best diastolic phase) did not differ significantly. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that ΔCT-FFR_systolic had largest area under the curve (0.822; 95% confidence interval, 0.717–0.901) for identifying myocardial bridging-related ischemia. ΔCT-FFR_systolic had the highest sensitivity (91.7%) and negative predictive value (NPV) (97.8%). ΔCT-FFR_diastolic had the highest specificity (85.7%) for diagnosing myocardial bridging-related ischemia. The positive predictive values of all CT-related parameters were low.ConclusionΔCT-FFR_systolic reliably excluded myocardial bridging-related ischemia with high sensitivity and NPV. Myocardial bridging showing positive CT-FFR results requires further evaluation.     

Rationale and design of the HeartFlowNXT (HeartFlow analysis of coronary blood flow using CT angiography: NeXt sTeps) study

IntroductionCoronary CT angiography (CTA) is an established noninvasive method for visualization of coronary artery disease. However, coronary CTA lacks physiological information; thus, it does not permit differentiation of ischemia-causing lesions. Recent advances in computational fluid dynamic techniques applied to standard coronary CTA images allow for computation of fractional flow reserve (FFR), a measure of lesion-specific ischemia. The diagnostic performance of computed FFR (FFR_CT) compared with invasively measured FFR is not yet fully established.Methods/DesignHeartFlowNXT (HeartFlow analysis of coronary blood flow using coronary CT angiography: NeXt sTeps) is a prospective, international, multicenter study designed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of FFR_CT for the detection and exclusion of flow-limiting obstructive coronary stenoses, as defined by invasively measured FFR as the reference standard. FFR values ≤0.80 will be considered to be ischemia causing. All subjects (N = 270; 10 investigative sites) will undergo coronary CTA (single- or dual-source CT scanners with a minimum of 64 slices) and invasive coronary angiography with FFR. Patients with insufficient quality of coronary CTA will be excluded. Blinded core laboratory interpretation will be performed for FFR_CT, invasive coronary angiography, and FFR. Stenosis severity by coronary CTA will be evaluated by the investigative site in addition to a blinded core laboratory interpretation. The primary objective of the study is to determine the diagnostic performance of FFR_CT compared with coronary CTA alone to noninvasively determine the presence of hemodynamically significant coronary lesions. The secondary end point comprises assessment of diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of FFR_CT.     

Unusual origin and course of the first septal branch of the left coronary artery: Angiographic recognition

The anatomical variants of the origin and course of the first septal branch (S1) of the left coronary artery system have received little attention in the literature dealing with coronary angiography. We describe here the angiographic features of the ectopic origin of S1 from epicardial branches of the left coronary artery other than the left anterior descending artery as observed in 8 cases from a series of 700 consecutive patients (1.1%). The S1 originated from the left main coronary artery in 1 case, from a diagonal branch in 4, and from an intermediate branch in 3 cases. Previous reported cases are reviewed. Because the S1 may supply up to 15% of the blood to the myocardium, the recognition of this variable origin may have clinical implications and has to be considered as a part of the complete evaluation of coronary arteriograms of patients referred for coronary artery revascularization.     

64层螺旋CT冠状动脉钙化积分的再认识

目的：研究64层螺旋CT（64-MSCT）冠状动脉钙化积分（CACS）与冠状动脉狭窄间的关系,初步探讨诊断冠状动脉狭窄的钙化积分的合适切点（OCP）。方法：对150例同期行常规冠状动脉成像（CAG）和64层螺旋cT冠状动脉成像（cTA）的连续患者进行回顾性分析,定量评价钙化积分与冠状动脉狭窄的关系。结果：患者钙化积分与年龄、狭窄程度及病变支数均成正相关（r=0．41、0．37、0．41,P〈O．001）。对患者、分支、节段冠状动脉狭窄≥50％的诊断,R0c曲线下面积分别为0．78、0．76、0．67,对狭窄≥70％的诊断,ROC曲线下面积分别为0．76、0．75、0．66。依据R0c曲线获得诊断患者冠状动脉狭窄≥50％、≥70％的钙化积分切点为255分、374分（特异度均为95％,敏感度分别为42．2％和39．4％）。结论：钙化积分可反映冠状动脉病变的程度及范围,对患者或每支冠状动脉狭窄有较高的诊断准确性。对于冠状动脉大量钙化患者,钙化积分可作为传统冠状动脉造影前的筛查手段或辅助CTA诊断。     

Multislice CT coronary angiography: how to do it and what is the current clinical performance?

The introduction of multislice computed tomography (MSCT) has allowed non-invasive coronary angiography. Although widely applied, extensive information on technical details of the technique is lacking. This survey offers detailed information on patient preparation, data acquisition, reconstruction and interpretation. In addition, a summary of the available studies using MSCT for non-invasive angiography is provided. Based on pooled analysis of direct comparisons between MSCT and invasive angiography, the weighted mean sensitivity and specificity of current 16-slice MSCT for the detection of coronary artery disease are 88% and 96%, respectively. At present, the technique is particularly well suited for reliable exclusion of coronary artery disease. It is important to emphasise that MSCT only provides anatomical images, visualising the presence of atherosclerosis; information on the haemodynamic significance of these lesions (i.e. ischaemia) cannot be derived.     

CT-SYNTAX评分在复杂冠状动脉疾病心肌血运重建决策中的应用进展

复杂冠状动脉疾病（CAD）心肌血运重建治疗策略的选择是临床医师关注的问题,基于有创冠状动脉造影（ICA）的SYNTAX评分是当前重要的临床指导依据。随着冠状动脉CT血管成像（CCTA）的普及,基于CCTA的SYNTAX评分（CT-SYNTAX）成为研究热点。基于CCTA的血流储备分数（FFR_CT）可提供CAD的功能学信息,实现了CT-SYNTAX评分从解剖学向功能学的提升。就CT-SYNTAX评分在复杂CAD病人治疗策略中应用的研究进展予以综述。     

冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块的影像学评价

冠状动脉硬化斑块易发和腐蚀和破裂,导致急性冠状动脉综合征,引起急性心肌梗塞.有效的评价斑块的结构及成分特点,监测其演变过程,对选择治疗时机和治疗方案有重要意义.本文综述了冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块的病理特点和演变规律,评价了各种影像技术包括血管内超声,多层螺旋CT和磁共振,冠状动脉造影对其诊断的价值以及应用的限度.     

Physiologic evaluation of ischemia using cardiac CT: Current status of CT myocardial perfusion and CT fractional flow reserve

Cardiac CT, specifically coronary CT angiography (CTA), is an established technology which detects anatomically significant coronary artery disease with a high sensitivity and negative predictive value compared with invasive coronary angiography. However, the limited ability of CTA to determine the physiologic significance of intermediate coronary stenoses remains a shortcoming compared with other noninvasive methods such as single-photon emission CT, stress echocardiography, and stress cardiac magnetic resonance. Two methods have been investigated recently: (1) myocardial CT perfusion and (2) fractional flow reserve (FFR) computed from CT (FFRCT). Improving diagnostic accuracy by combining the anatomic aspects of coronary CTA with a physiologic assessment via CT perfusion or FFRCT may reduce the need for additional testing to evaluate for ischemia, reduce downstream costs and risks associated with an invasive procedure, and lead to improved patient outcomes. Given a rapidly expanding body of research in this field, this comparative review summarizes the present literature while contrasting the benefits, limitations, and future directions in myocardial CT perfusion and FFRCT imaging.