Inhibition of Fas-mediated apoptosis by the B cell antigen receptor through c-FLIP

Cross-linking of the B cell antigen receptor (BCR) induces resistance to Fas (APO-1 / CD95)-dependent apoptosis and thereby regulates one mechanism of B cell selection during antigen stimulation. To investigate the molecular mechanism by which BCR signaling regulates the Fas pathway, we examined the expression of constituents of the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC), including Fas, FADD, caspase-8 and cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein (c-FLIP). No significant changes in the cellular levels of Fas, FADD or caspase-8 were observed after BCR cross-linking. By contrast, the long isoform of c-FLIP (c-FLIP(L)) was significantly up-regulated by BCR cross-linking in primary B cells and in two B cell lines, A20 and WEHI-279. Moreover, transfection of c-FLIP(L) into A20 cells inhibited Fas-dependent apoptosis and suppressed recruitment of caspase-8 to the DISC. BCR cross-linking or FLIP overexpression also protects B cells from TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Thus, BCR signaling up-regulates c-FLIP(L) and suppresses the Fas- and TRAIL-receptor apoptosis pathways which could be important for tolerance and selection of antigen-specific B cells.     

TGF-beta1 modulates Fas (APO-1/CD95)-mediated apoptosis of human pre-B cell lines

We have previously shown that Fas-induced apoptosis is markedly enhanced by IL-7 in human pre-B but not pro-B cell lines. In addition, pre-B cell receptor (pre-BCR) ligation significantly potentiates the IL-7 effects on Fas-triggered pre-B cell death. We show herein that transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta 1 sharply reduces Fas-induced death rate of pre-B but not pro-B cells. TGF-beta 1 causes inhibition of Fas-mediated disruption of mitochondrial transmembrane potential and cleavage of caspase 8, Bid and caspase 3. Bcl2 expression is markedly increased in TGF-beta 1-treated pre-B cells, whereas cellular FLICE-like inhibitory protein long (c-FLIPL), Bcl-XL, Bax, and Bad expression remains unchanged. TGF-beta 1 causes a selective growth arrest of pre-B cells in G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle and induces a partial down-modulation of both Fas and pre-BCR expression. All TGF-beta 1-mediated effects, but Bcl2 up-regulation, can be reproduced by the LY294002 phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt inhibitor but not by inhibitors of the MAPK/ERK (MEK) and Janus kinase (Jak)/STAT pathways, which promote cell death. Akt phosphorylation is strongly inhibited by TGF-beta1 in pre-B but not pro-B cells and is not modified by Fas engagement. Altogether, our findings suggest that TGF-beta1 prevents Fas-induced apoptosis of pre-B lines by inhibiting PI3K pathway and by enhancing expression of Bcl2. They also suggest that the PI3K/Akt pathway is involved in the control of Fas and pre-BCR expression, a checkpoint in B cell development.     

Apoptosis induced by the antigen receptor and Fas in a variant of the immature B cell line WEHI-231 and in splenic immature B cells

Signaling by the BCR causes proliferation and resistance to Fas-induced apoptosis in mature B cells, but growth arrest and apoptosis in immature B cells. We have identified a variant of the immature B cell line WEHI 231 that retains the apoptotic response to the BCR but has acquired susceptibility to Fas-induced apoptosis. The Fas susceptibility was associated with increased Fas expression on the cell surface and down-regulated IgD expression. These cells exhibited a distinctive functional relationship in response to signals from the BCR, Fas and CD40: BCR stimulation markedly promoted Fas-mediated apoptosis (and vice versa) and Fas-induced apoptosis was not subject to modulation by CD40 signaling. While BCR-induced apoptosis was effectively rescued by CD40, it was not affected by the expression of a dominant-negative FADD. The mechanistic distinctions between BCR- and Fas-induced apoptosis were further characterized by the differential effects of different caspase inhibitors on these two processes which imply the involvement of different subsets of caspases. For BCR-induced apoptosis, we provide evidence that the final apoptotic destruction phase can be inhibited by the pan-caspase inhibitor BOC-Asp-FMK (BD) and that, in the presence of BD, the BCR only induces growth arrest which is reversible. The striking enhancing effects of Fas on BCR-induced apoptosis seen in the variant cells prompted us to examine if a similar cooperation in induction of apoptosis occurs in the highly tolerizable immature B cells of the spleen. We found that the splenic immature B population contains a significant number of Fas-expressing cells, but neither Fas-induced apoptosis nor an enhancing effect of Fas on BCR-induced apoptosis of these cells was detected in vitro.     

B cell receptor signaling mediates immediate protection from Fas-induced apoptosis upstream of caspase activation through an atypical protein kinase C isozyme and de novo protein synthesis

Signaling through the B cell receptor (BCR) of normal splenic B cells, as well as B cell lymphoma lines, can abrogate Fas-mediated apoptosis. Using the B lymphoma line A20.2J, BCR signaling immediately inhibited Fas-induced apoptosis upstream of caspase-8 activation, as determined by Ile-Glu-Thr-Asp-(IETD)ase activity and cleavage of the caspase-8 substrate Bid. Furthermore, following overexpression of a human Fas:FLICE construct, which directly induces caspase activation in a death-inducing signaling complex-independent manner, cells could not be protected through BCR stimulation.Co-incubation with cycloheximide partially reversed protection from apoptosis and increased Fas-stimulated initiator and effector caspase activation, suggesting new protein synthesis is necessary to induce protection upstream of caspase activation. Furthermore, co-incubation with a broad-spectrum protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, such as bisindolylmaleimide (Bis), also partially reversed protection from apoptosis, and examination of a panel of PKC inhibitors suggested a role for atypical isozymes in protection. Bis also acted to increase initiator and effector caspase activation upon anti-IgG and anti-Fas treatment. These data suggest that BCR-induced protection is being mediated upstream of initiator caspase activation, and is partially dependent upon both PKC family members and new protein synthesis.     

Feedback Regulation of Mitochondria by Caspase-9 in the B Cell Receptor-Mediated Apoptosis

During the germinal centre reaction (GC), B cells with non-functional or self-reactive antigen receptors are negatively selected by apoptosis to generate B cell repertoire with appropriate antigen specificities. We studied the molecular mechanism of Fas/CD95- and B cell receptor (BCR)-induced apoptosis to shed light on the signalling events involved in the negative selection of GC B cells. As an experimental model, we used human follicular lymphoma (FL) cell line HF1A3, which originates from a GC B cell, and transfected HF1A3 cell lines overexpressing Bcl-x_L, c-FLIP_long or dominant negative (DN) caspase-9. Fas-induced apoptosis was dependent on the caspase-8 activation, since the overexpression of c-FLIP_long, a natural inhibitor of caspase-8 activation, blocked apoptosis induced by Fas. In contrast, caspase-9 activation was not involved in Fas-induced apoptosis. BCR-induced apoptosis showed the typical characteristics of mitochondria-dependent (intrinsic) apoptosis. Firstly, the activation of caspase-9 was involved in BCR-induced DNA fragmentation, while caspase-8 showed only marginal role. Secondly, overexpression of Bcl-x_L could block all apoptotic changes induced by BCR. As a novel finding, we demonstrate that caspase-9 can enhance the cytochrome-c release and collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential (Δ Ψ _m) during BCR-induced apoptosis. The requirement of different signalling pathways in apoptosis induced by BCR and Fas may be relevant, since Fas- and BCR-induced apoptosis can thus be regulated independently, and targeted to different subsets of GC B cells.     

PI3K / Akt 通路调节LPS 诱导的小胶质细胞内HSPA12B 表达

目的:探讨PI3K/ Akt 通路对内毒素脂多糖(Lipopolysaccharide,LPS)诱导的小胶质细胞内热休克蛋白A12B(Heat shock proteins A 12B,HSPA12B)表达的影响。方法:体外培养小胶质细胞,并分三组处理:对照组、0.1 μg/ ml LPS 刺激组、PI3K/ Akt 通路抑制LPS 刺激组。Western blot 法检测小胶质细胞内HSPA12B 和Akt 磷酸化的蛋白水平表达,间接免疫荧光标记法检测HSPA12B 在小胶质细胞中的细胞表达定位。结果:LPS 刺激2 h 后,小胶质细胞内HSPA12B 和Akt 磷酸化的表达增加;应用LY294002 预处理后,LPS 诱导HSPA12B 蛋白水平表达显著抑制。免疫细胞荧光染色证明小胶质细胞LPS 组HSPA12B 核周荧光强度明显增强,LY294002 预处理组HSPA12B 荧光强度明显减弱。结论:PI3K/ Akt 途径参与调控LPS 诱导小胶质细胞HSPA12B 表达。     

Angiopoietin-1 inhibits doxorubicin-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cell death by modulating fas expression and via the PI3K/Akt pathway.

Angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) is essential for the maturation of blood vessels during vasculogenesis. Besides angiogenesis, recent publications indicate that Ang-1 is also a potent survival factor for endothelial cells; however, the mechanisms by which pathways remain elusive. Doxorubicin (DOX) is a powerful anticancer drug, but its use is severely restricted by its cardiotoxicity. The authors report here that Ang-1 inhibits DOX-induced cell death in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Interestingly, the DOX-induced up-regulation in Fas (CD95/APO-1) and Fas ligand expression could be blocked by Ang-1, indicating a pivotal role of Ang-1 in DOX-induced Fas and Fas ligand expression. In addition, the prevention of cell death in this model system seems to be dependent on the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt, as Ang-1 fails to inhibit DOX-induced cell death while PI3K/Akt pathway was blocked by the PI3K inhibitor LY294002. Moreover, Ang-1 inhibits DOX-induced up-regulation of p53 through PI3K/Akt. Therefore, Ang-1 is a potent inhibitor for DOX-induced cell death through Fas and PI3K/Akt-mediated pathways.     

羟氯喹通过PI3K/Akt通路对系统性红斑狼疮外周血单个核细胞凋亡的作用研究

目的：探讨羟氯喹对SLE患者外周血单个核细胞的凋亡作用及其相关机制。方法：对30例活动期SLE患者及15例正常健康人抽血分离PBMCs细胞进行培养,分为正常对照组、SLE组、羟氯喹5 mg/L、羟氯喹25 mg/L组,MTT法检测细胞生长抑制,采用Annexin V/PI流式细胞仪细胞检测凋亡率,Western blot方法检测BAX、BCL-2、PI3K、pAKt及mTOR等相关蛋白的表达影响。同时加入羟氯喹HCQ 25 mg/L和PI3K/AKT通路抑制剂LY294002 20 μmol/L,作用SLE患者的PBMCs细胞48 h,检测PBMCs细胞生长抑制和凋亡率。结果：SLE组比正常对照组PBMCs细胞生长抑制率和凋亡率显著升高（P<0.05）;与SLE组相比,羟氯喹5 mg/L和25 mg/L组细胞生长抑制率和凋亡率显著升高（P<0.05）。羟氯喹组与SLE组比较,PI3K、pAKt、mTOR、bcl-2的表达明显下降,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,bax和caspase-3的表达增加,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。PI3K/AKT抑制剂 LY294002能够阻断羟氯喹导致的SLE患者PBMCs细胞凋亡。结论：羟氯喹能够通过PI3K/Akt信号通路促进SLE患者体外PBMCs的凋亡。     

Ghrelin对棕榈酸诱导的内皮细胞凋亡的影响及机制

 目的 探讨ghrelin能否抑制棕榈酸诱导的大鼠主动脉内皮细胞凋亡及其与PI3K/Akt通路的关系。 方法 大鼠主动脉内皮细胞在分别在含或不含0.3mM棕榈酸的DMEM培养基中孵育,培养基中加或不加ghrelin及PI3K/Akt的阻断剂LY294002,流式细胞仪Annexin Ⅴ/PI法检测凋亡,分光光度计检测caspase-3活性,Western blot检测总Akt及磷酸化Akt。 结果0.3mM棕榈酸作用24小时增加大鼠主动脉内皮细胞凋亡,Ghrelin抑制棕榈酸诱导的内皮细胞凋亡。棕榈酸干预内皮细胞24小时能显著抑制Akt的磷酸化,加入ghrelin可引起Akt的活化。Ghrelin引起的Akt的活化能够显著地被PI3K/Akt阻断剂LY294002所阻断,而且LY294002能够阻断ghrelin对棕榈酸诱导的内皮细胞凋亡的保护作用。 结论 Ghrelin能够抑制棕榈酸诱导的大鼠主动脉内皮细胞凋亡,ghrelin的抗凋亡作用至少是部分通过PI3K/Akt通路起作用的。     

LY294002 inhibits LPS-induced NO production through a inhibition of NF-kappaB activation: independent mechanism of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase

Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) is critical player in cell proliferation and survival. The effects of LY294002 and wortmannin, inhibitors of PI3K, on nitric oxide (NO) production and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in lipoploysaccharide (LPS)-induced Raw 264.7 cells were investigated. Significant inhibition of LPS-induced protein kinase B (PKB, Akt) phosphorylation occurred at 25 microM LY294002 or 0.5 microM wortmannin. At the same concentrations, LY294002, but not wortmannin, significantly inhibited NO production and iNOS expression. LY303511, an inactive analogue of LY294002, also inhibited NO production and iNOS expression. In addition, LY294002 and LY303511 significantly inhibited the DNA binding activity of NF-kappaB and NF-kappaB dependent reporter gene expression. These results suggest that LY294002 inhibits iNOS expression at least in part via inhibition of NF-kappaB activation, independent of PI3K.     

Human T-cell leukemia virus type-I oncoprotein Tax inhibits Fas-mediated apoptosis by inducing cellular FLIP through activation of NF-kappaB

Human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) is an etiologic agent of adult T-cell leukemia and induces autoimmune disease. Previous analyses of tax transgenic mice suggested that protection of peripheral T-cells from Fas-mediated apoptosis by virus-encoded oncoprotein Tax was relevant to the onset of HTLV-I-induced diseases. Here, we show the high level expression of cellular FLICE/caspase-8-inhibitory protein (c-FLIP) in Tax-expressing HTLV-I-infected T-cells. The silencing of c-FLIP expression by a lentivirus-based RNA interference system rendered Tax-positive HTLV-I-infected T-cells sensitive to Fas-mediated apoptosis. Exogenously expressed Tax by using a conditional Cre-loxP-mediated inducible system also inhibited Fas-mediated apoptosis by up-regulating c-FLIP expression in HTLV-I-negative T-cells. Tax mutant d3 which cannot activate CREB/ATF1, while another M22 mutant which cannot activate NF-kappaB did not, suppressed Fas-mediated apoptosis by inducing c-FLIP expression. Furthermore, expression of the dominant negative mutant of either NF-kappaB or IkappaBalpha canceled not only c-FLIP expression but also inhibitory activity against Fas-mediated apoptosis by Tax. Inactivation of NFAT, however, did not decrease the expression of c-FLIP in HTLV-I-infected T-cells. Taken together, Tax inhibits Fas-mediated apoptosis by up-regulating c-FLIP expression in HTLV-I-infected cells, and NF-kappaB activity plays an essential role in the up-regulation of c-FLIP.     

Regulation of CD38 expression in human airway smooth muscle cells: role of class I phosphatidylinositol 3 kinases

The ADP-ribosyl cyclase activity of CD38 generates cyclic ADP-ribose, a Ca(2+)-mobilizing agent. In human airway smooth muscle (HASM) cells, TNF-α mediates CD38 expression through mitogen-activated protein kinases and NF-κB and AP-1. The phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/Akt (PI3K/Akt) pathway is involved in TNF-α signaling and contributes to airway hyperresponsiveness and airway remodeling. We hypothesized that PI3Ks mediate CD38 expression and are involved in the differential induction of CD38 by TNF-α in asthmatic HASM cells. HASM cells were treated with pan-PI3K inhibitors (LY294002 or wortmannin) or class I-selective (GDC0941) or isoform-selective PI3K inhibitors (p110α-PIK-75 and p110β-TGX-221) with or without TNF-α. HASM cells were transfected with a catalytically active form of PI3K or phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) or nontargeting or p110 isoform-targeting siRNAs before TNF-α exposure. CD38 expression and activation of Akt, NF-κB, and AP-1 were determined. LY294002 and wortmannin inhibited TNF-α-induced Akt activation, whereas only LY294002 inhibited CD38 expression. P110 expression caused Akt activation and basal and TNF-α-induced CD38 expression, whereas PTEN expression attenuated Akt activation and CD38 expression. Expression levels of p110 isoforms α, β, and δ were comparable in nonasthmatic and asthmatic HASM cells. Silencing of p110α or -δ, but not p110β, resulted in comparable attenuation of TNF-α-induced CD38 expression in asthmatic and nonasthmatic cells. NF-κB and AP-1 activation were unaltered by the PI3K inhibitors. In HASM cells, regulation of CD38 expression occurs by specific class I PI3K isoforms, independent of NF-κB or AP-1 activation, and PI3K signaling may not be involved in the differential elevation of CD38 in asthmatic HASM cells.     

Akt/GSK-3β介导高糖上调肾小管上皮细胞Snail1的表达

 目的：观察高糖对原代肾小管上皮细胞Snail1和蛋白激酶B/糖原合成酶激酶3β（Akt/GSK-3β）信号通路的影响,探讨糖尿病肾病时Snail1表达的调节机制。方法：原代培养大鼠肾小管上皮细胞（RTECs）,随机分为正常糖对照组、高渗组和高糖组。Western blotting检测不同处理组 RTECs不同培养时点（30 min、2 h、12 h、24 h、48 h和72 h）Snail1、Akt1、GSK-3β、磷酸化Akt（p-Akt,Ser473）和磷酸化GSK-3β（p-GSK-3β,Ser9）蛋白的水平。RT-PCR检测Snail1、Akt1和GSK3β mRNA的表达。RTECs以磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶（PI3K）抑制剂LY294002（25 μmol/L）预处理50 min,再与高糖共同培养24 h,Western blotting检测上述指标蛋白的表达。结果：与正常糖对照组比较,高糖组RTECs Snail1和Akt1蛋白和mRNA的表达上调,p-Akt及p-GSK-3β蛋白表达增加,但总GSK-3β蛋白和mRNA表达无变化。以LY294002处理后,高糖组RTECs Snail1、p-Akt及p-GSK-3β蛋白表达水平较未处理高糖组明显下降,但LY294002不影响总Akt1和GSK-3β蛋白表达。结论：Akt/GSK-3β可能介导了高糖诱导的RTECs锌指转录因子Snail1的表达上调。     

过表达脑红蛋白通过激活PI3K/Akt信号通路防治AD的体外研究

 目的:探索过表达脑红蛋白（neuroglobin,NGB）对转染了pAPPswe的SH-SY5Y细胞的神经保护作用及机制。方法: 成功构建过表达NGB的质粒pEGFP-NGB并转染入已预先转染了pAPPswe的SH-SY5Y细胞,MTT法检测过表达NGB对该细胞存活率的影响;JC-1法检测其对细胞线粒体膜电位的影响;流式细胞术检测过表达NGB对细胞凋亡的影响;Western blotting法检测其对细胞中p-Akt、 Akt和caspase-3/9表达的影响;ELISA法检测其对细胞内Aβ42生成的影响。结果: MTT结果显示,与对照组和空质粒组比较,转染NGB后,pAPPswe-SH-SY5Y细胞的存活率明显提高,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。JC-1染色结果显示过表达NGB能够明显抑制转染pAPPswe对SH-SY5Y细胞线粒体膜电位的降低作用（P<0.05）。流式细胞术结果显示过表达NGB能够抑制早、晚期细胞的凋亡。而Western blotting显示过表达NGB不仅能抑制细胞内caspase-3和caspase-9蛋白水平的表达,而且还能够促进细胞内p-Akt蛋白的表达,而这种促进作用能够被PI3K/Akt的抑制剂LY294002所抑制。ELISA结果显示过表达NGB能够明显抑制细胞内Aβ42的生成。结论: 过表达NGB能够显著抑制pAPPswe诱导的细胞损伤,而且还抑制与细胞凋亡密切相关的caspase-3和caspase-9等蛋白表达。NGB的神经保护作用可能是通过激活PI3K/Akt信号通路来实现的。     

PI3K/Akt通路在滋养细胞增殖中的调控机制研究

旨在探讨PI3K/Akt信号转导通路在滋养细胞增殖中的作用及具体调控机制。体外培养滋养细胞系EVT。应用MTT法检测不同浓度表皮生长因子（EGF）刺激后EVT的增殖情况;应用流式细胞技术检测不同处理组EVT凋亡情况。使用PI3K抑制剂LY294002处理细胞后,检测以上各项结果的变化。结果发现：1.随EGF浓度增高,EVT增殖呈现增强趋势,EGF在10ng/ml及其以上时效应明显;2.EGF能够显著降低EVT的凋亡发生;3.使用PI3K抑制剂LY294002明显逆转EGF的促进EVT增殖的效应。提示表皮生长因子可以活化滋养细胞的PI3K/Akt信号通路,进而促进细胞增殖,并且抑制其凋亡,PI3K抑制剂可以明显抑制EGF的促EVT增殖作用。     

桔皮素对人非小细胞肺癌细胞生长及侵袭的影响

目的:探讨桔皮素(TGN)对非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)细胞生长和侵袭的影响及其分子机制。方法:体外培养非小细胞肺癌A549细胞,分别用不同浓度的TGN处理,MTT比色法检测细胞活性,Annexin V-FITC/PI染色及流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率,Transwell检测细胞侵袭,RT-PCR分析MMP-2和MMP-9的mRNA表达水平,Western blotting检测Ki67、Cyt C、caspase-3、cleaved caspase-3、MMP-2、MMP-9、Akt、p-Akt以及p-PI3K表达水平。结果:桔皮素剂量依赖性地抑制A549细胞增殖(P0.05),同时伴随有增殖标记分子Ki67表达水平的下调。分析发现,桔皮素诱导细胞中Cyt C、caspase-3和cleaved caspase-3的表达上调(P0.01),加速A549细胞的凋亡。此外,桔皮素作用后,A549细胞中侵袭相关蛋白MMP-2和MMP-9的表达量下降,且侵袭数目随桔皮素浓度增加而减少。进一步研究表明,桔皮素作用后A549细胞中p-Akt和p-PI3K表达水平降低(P0.05),阻断PI3K/Akt信号通路后,不同浓度TGN对细胞活性影响没有变化。结论:桔皮素能抑制A549细胞生长及侵袭,促进细胞凋亡,可能通过抑制PI3K/Akt信号通路的激活起作用。因此,本研究将为非小细胞肺癌的防治提供新的研究方向。     

Nerve Growth Factor Protects the Ischemic Heart via Attenuation of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Induced Apoptosis by Activation of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase

Background: Increased expression of nerve growth factor (NGF) has been found in the myocardium suffered from ischemia and reperfusion (I/R). The pro-survival activity of NGF on ischemic heart has been supposed to be mediated by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) signaling pathway. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which is activated initially as a defensive response to eliminate the accumulated unfolded proteins, has shown a critical involvement in the ischemia induced myocardial apoptosis. This study was aimed to investigate whether NGF induced heart protection against I/R injury includes a mechanism of attenuation of ER stress-induced myocardial apoptosis by activation of PI3K/Akt pathway.Methods: Isolated adult rat hearts were perfused with a Langendörff perfusion system. Hearts in the Sham group were subjected to 225 min of continuous Krebs-Henseleit buffer (KHB) perfusion without ischemia. Hearts in I/R group were perfused with KHB for a 75-min of equilibration period followed by 30 min of global ischemia and 120 min of KHB reperfusion. Hearts in the NGF group accepted 45 min of euilibration perfusion and 30 min of NGF pretreatment (with a final concentration of 100 ng/ml in the KHB) before 30 min of global ischemia and 120 min of reperfusion. Hearts in K252a and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"LY294002","term_id":"1257998346","term_text":"LY294002"}}LY294002 groups were pretreated with either a TrkA inhibitor, K252a or a phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase inhibitor, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"LY294002","term_id":"1257998346","term_text":"LY294002"}}LY294002 for 30 min before NGF (100 ng/ml) administration. Cardiac hemodynamics were measured from the beginning of the perfusion. Cardiac enzymes and cardiac troponin I (cTnI) were assayed before ischemia and at the end of reperfusion. Myocardial apoptosis rate was measured by TUNEL staining, and expression of glucose-related protein 78 (GRP78), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP), caspase-12, total- and phospho-(Ser473)-Akt were assessed by Western blot analyses.Results: NGF pretreatment significantly improved the recovery of post-ischemia cardiac hemodynamics. Reduced creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and cTnI levels, as well as decreased myocardial apoptosis ratio were observed in the NGF group. The improvement of NGF on recovery of cardiac function and alleviation of myocardial injury were completely abolished by K252a or {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"LY294002","term_id":"1257998346","term_text":"LY294002"}}LY294002. GRP78, caspase-12 and CHOP were highly expressed in ischemic myocardium, while NGF significantly inhibited the overexpression of these proteins which were involved in ER stress-induced myocardial apoptosis. NGF pretreatment also induced phosphorylation of Akt. When the activation of PI3K/Akt pathway is blocked by {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"LY294002","term_id":"1257998346","term_text":"LY294002"}}LY294002, the NGF induced suppression of the apoptosis-related proteins expression was reversed.Conclusions: NGF pretreatment may protect the ischemic heart via inhibition of the ER stress-induced apoptosis; this pro-survival effect is mediated by PI3K/Akt pathway.     

胰岛素样生长因子2通过磷酯酰肌醇-3激酶/蛋白激酶B信号通路调控人卵巢颗粒细胞增殖的机制

目的 检测胰岛素样生长因子2(IGF2)对人卵巢颗粒细胞(KGN细胞)增殖的调控作用及作用机制.方法 将体外培养的KGN细胞,分不同浓度IGF2处理组(对照组和25 μg/L、50 μg/L、100μg/L IGF2组)和磷酯酰肌醇-3激酶/蛋白激酶B(PI3K/Akt)信号通路干预组(以LY294002干预处理将细胞...